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Schizophrenic DisordersLiterally means “split mind”
• About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.
• General onset is between 18-24
• Affects men and women equally, but men’s symptoms are more severe
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
1. Disorganized and delusional thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions. 3. Inappropriate emotions and
actions.
Positive v. Negative Symptoms
Positive Symptoms•Presence of inappropriate symptoms
Negative Symptoms•Absence of appropriate ones.
Disorganized Thinking & Speech (+)
• Thinking is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.
• Breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information strong correlation with ADHD
Disorganized speech (“word salad”)
Inappropriate Emotions and Actions (-)
• Laugh at inappropriate times.
• Flat Effect • Senseless,
compulsive acts.• Catatonia-
motionless Waxy Flexibility
Possible Symptoms of SchizophreniaPersonality deterioration
Incoherent speech (word salad)Very primitive or inappropriate behavior (laughing at a funeral)
Inappropriate affect (mood)Uncontrolled grinning and laughter
Shabby appearanceDelusions of grandeur or persecution that result from a misinterpretation of reality
Periods of excitability followed by deep withdrawal
Parrot-like repeating of other’s speech and movements
Waxy flexibilityAgitation Brian Wilson of
the Beach Boys
Mary Todd Lincoln
Economist John Nash (A Beautiful Mind) John Hinckley Jr.
Dopamine Overactivity
Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine receptors in the brain.
causes/effects(?) of schizophrenia
Knowing this, what kind of medication would a person suffering with schizophrenia most likely be
prescribed:
a dopamine AGONISTOR
a dopamine ANTAGONIST?
Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of
schizophrenic patients.
Paul T
hompson and A
rthur W. T
oga, UC
LA
Laboratory of N
euro Im
aging and Judith L. R
apport, National Institute of M
ental Health
causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia
Enlarged VentriclesB
oth Photos: Courtesy of D
aniel R. W
einberger, M.D
., NIH
-NIM
H/ N
SC
causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia
Viral InfectionSchizophrenia has also been observed in
individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their
fetal development.
causes (?) of schizophrenia
genetic factorsThe likelihood of an individual suffering
from schizophrenia is almost 50% if their identical twin has the disease
Lifetime riskof developingschizophrenia
for relatives of
a schizophrenic
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
0
Generalpopulation
Siblings Children Fraternaltwin
Childrenof two
schizophrenia
victims
Identicaltwin
Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is
genetically predisposed.
Genain Sisters
The genetically identical Genainsisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus there are contributing environmental factors.
Biopsychosocial model
Personality Disorders
• Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.
• Dominates their personality.
Three Clusters• Ten distinct personality clusters are
characterized into three basic clusters
Odd, eccentric cluster• Paranoid Personality Disorder• Schizoid Personality Disorder• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster• Antisocial Personality Disorder• Borderline Personality Disorder• Histrionic Personality Disorder• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Anxious, fearful cluster• Avoidant Personality Disorder• Dependent Personality Disorder• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have sinister motives.
• Usually without any basis for mistrust
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• They search for hidden meanings in everything and read hostile intentions into the
actions of others. •Quick to challenge the loyalties of friends and loved ones •Often appear cold and distant to others. •Usually shift blame to others and tend to carry long grudges.•3% of population•Blame others for own shortcomings
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• People with schizoid personality disorder avoid relationships and do not show much emotion
• Humorless They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not secretly wish for popularity.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs such as being convinced of having extra sensory abilities.
• Some people believe that schizotypal personality disorder is a mild form of schizophrenia.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Lack of empathy.• Little regard for other’s
feelings.• View the world as hostile
and look out for themselves.
• Don’t usually think about consequences
• Prone to criminal behavior– Tend to lie and steal
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Often referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths
• Evidence is seen in behaviors in childhood or early adolescence
• They often blame the victim for their own stupidity
• Middle to late adulthood tendencies tend to diminish
Biological Link to Anti-Social Behavior?
• PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer
Borderline Personality Disorder• characterized by instability of interpersonal
relationships, self-image, and impulsivity
People with this disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger. Most commonly diagnosed
Histrionic Personality DisorderThey need to be the center of attention all the time, often interrupting others in order to dominate the conversation.
Exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing everyone loves them
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.
• Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
Justin Bieber at the Anne Frank House: “I hope Anne Frank would have been a belieber.”
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Start at 2:34
They tend to be choosy about picking friends, since they believe that not just anyone is worthy of being their friend.
They are generally uninterested in the feelings of others and may take advantage of them.
Avoidant personality disorder
• Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.
• Consider themselves to be socially inept or personally unappealing, and avoid social interaction for fear of being ridiculed or humiliated.
Dependent Personality disorder • Characterized by a pervasive psychological
dependence on other people. • Has difficulty making everyday decisions without
an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
• Characterized by a general psychological inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules and procedures, perfectionism, and excessive orderliness.
• People with OCPD tend to stress perfectionism above all else, and feel anxious when they perceive that things aren't "right".
Facticious DisordersFacticious Disorders: are conditions in
which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms.
Ex. Münchausen syndrome: psychiatric disorder where one fakes physical or psychological illnesses or diseases to gain sympathy for themselves. Münchausen syndrome by proxy: involves inflicting physical symptoms on others usually a child to gain sympathy.
Other Disorders
• Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia)
• Fetishism • sadist, masochist• Eating Disorders• Substance use
disorders• ADHD
Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals
Ethnicity Gender
Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8%
Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8
Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6
Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8
Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5
Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6
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