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SCALE, SCALE MODELS,AND SKELETONS
APHG
SCALE:a comparison of distances on a map to distances on the earth
METHODS OF PORTRAYING SCALE ON A MAP:
• Graphic Scale = scale bar
• Verbal Scale = written statement
• Fractional Scale = representative fraction
What kind of scale?
“One inch to 5 miles”
Verbal scale
What kind of scale?
1:316,800 or 1/316,800
Fractional Scale
What kind of scale?
Graphic Scale
Scale: One of the “map essentials”!
When scale is not shown on a map – Beware!
The Week Magazine, July 4-11, 2008
These mushroom spores are too small to see, so we put them under a MICROSCOPE.
When we can see them, we can study them.
This planet is too big to see,so we put it under a MACROSCOPE.
When we can see it, we can study it.
“Some things are very tiny, and we must use complex electric and optical means (e.g., a microscope) to enlarge them so as to understand their configuration and structural relationships. In contrast, geographical things are so extensive that we must somehow reduce them to bring them into view.”
- Arthur Robinson, cartographer
We need to use our . . .
MAPS as MACROSCOPES. . .
to help us think critically about problems and “problem spots” on the world stage.
Scale is Critical to Critical Thinking• Using reason to decide what to believe
or do. • Assessing the authenticity, accuracy, or
worth of knowledge claims and arguments.
• Applying careful, precise, persistent and objective analysis of any knowledge claim or belief to judge its validity.
Format of Many pre-1914 German School Atlases
Comparative Size of Germany and USA in 1914
ETHNIC CONFLICT AND THE CONCEPT OF SCALE
Ethnic conflicts abound on the world political map. To understand them, we use a set of concepts:
• minorities • majorities
We count and we quantify. Because we quantify we think our analysis is objective.Because we are objective, we reach unbiased conclusions.
What is a minority?“the smaller in number of two groups constituting a whole”
- Merriam-Webster OnLine
Djibouti’s Ethnic Composition:
Somali 60%
Afar 35%
SERENDIB
CEYLON
SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka
Formerly Ceylon, now an island Republic in the Indian Ocean just southeast of India
A British colony since 1796 became independent in 1948
Marked by hostility among its ethnic groups
With about three-quarters of the population, what ethnic group in Sri Lanka is in the majority?
A. Moors
B. Sinhalese
C. Tamils
D. Burghers
SINHALESE
Language =
Religion =
Sinhala
Buddhist
With about one-fifth of the population, what ethnic group in Sri Lanka comprises the largest minority?
A. Moors
B. Sinhalese
C. Tamils
D. Burghers
TAMILS
Language =
Religion =
Tamil
Hindu
U.S. News and World Report:August 8, 1983Headline: “Sri Lanka’s Racial Riots Could Cost It Dearly”
New York Times: November 7, 2006Headline: “Kidnappings Return to Haunt Long Ethnic War in Sri Lanka”
Lion – Kingdom of KandySinhalese
Green – MuslimOrange - Tamil
Leaves from Pipul treeAre Buddhist symbols
Sri Lanka: 4 million Tamils
Sri Lanka: 15 million Sinhalese
Ethnic comes from the Greek word ethnos meaning “nation” or “life way.” Yet, in our current lexicon we use it not as a synonym for national, but almost as an affront. Within nations exist ethnic minorities.
Ethnic Geography:Who’s the minority?
Sri Lanka: 4 million Tamils
Sri Lanka: 15 million SinhaleseIndia: 63 million Tamils
India: no Sinhalese
Religious Geography:
Sri Lanka: 4 million Hindus
Sri Lanka: 15 million Buddhists
India: 800 million HindusIndia: very few Buddhists
The Buddhist Realm:
Sri Lanka: 15 million Buddhists
Ladakh (Ind.) 200,000 BuddhistsBhutan 2 million Buddhists
Tibet 3 million BuddhistsMyanmar 50 million BuddhistsThailand 60 million BuddhistsChina Buddhist?
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