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S3 Computer Literacy
Computer Hardware
Overview of Computer Hardware
MotherboardCPURAMHarddiskCD-ROMFloppy DiskDisplay CardSound CardLAN Card
MotherboardIt is the main circuit board that links all the hardware components together.There are many chips or IC (Integrated Circuit) on the motherboard which contains millions of transistors.
Bus LinesBus line is a physical wiring that connects the components of the computer system on the motherboard.
Types of BusSystem Bus
Data transmission between CPU and the main memory via System Bus. It is also known as the Front Side Bus (FSB).
Peripheral BusData transmission between main memory and peripherals via Peripheral Bus.
Bus WidthIt is the size of the bus lines.It determines the number of bits that the computer can transmit at one time (say, one clock cycle).
eg: a 32-bit bus can transmit 32 bits at a time.the larger the bus width, the faster the transmission.
Examples of Peripheral Bus
ISA BusOld sound cardFaded out already
PCI BusFor most of the interface card like
LAN CardMODEMSound CardCapture Card
Examples of Peripheral Bus
AGP BusDesigned for Display Card only
USB BusFor most of the peripheral
MP3 Player, Digital CameraKeyboard, MousePrinter, Scanneretc
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
It interprets and performs instructions of a computer program.The most determining factor in how powerful a computer is.A CPU in a common PC system is known as the microprocessor.
A model of Computer
CPUA CPU consists of two parts, the ALU and the CU.Both the ALU and the CU contains registers, which are
high-speed memory temporarily hold data and instructions during processing.
CPU Performance depends on…
Clock ratethe speed at which the CPU can execute an instruction.unit is Hertz (Hz).
CPU Performance depends on…
Cache Memorymemory that is placed inside the CPU. it is random access memory (RAM) that a microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access main memory.acts as an intermediate between registers and the main memory.it stores some frequently accessed data so it shorten the time of accessing the RAM.increasing the size of the cache memory will greatly improve the overall performance of the computer system.
Different kind of CPUIntel
CeleronPentium 4Xeon
AMDDuronAthlon XPSempronAthlon 64
Common features
Clock rate > 2GHz
DifferencesWord SizeCache Memory SizeFront Side BusNo. of transistors
Main MemoryStorage media installed on the motherboard
store data and instruction to be executed by the CPU
Main memory is classified intoRAMROMCMOS
RAMRAM – Random Access MemoryRAM is volatile
data is lost when the power to the computer is turned off
The instructions and data for the job performing are written to RAM and read from it as needed.
RAMTwo operations of RAM
Loading means copying data from the secondary storage to the main memory Saving means copying data from RAM to the non-volatile secondary storage.
Types of RAMSRAMDRAMSDRAMDDR-RAM
ROMROM – Read Only MemoryROM is non-volatile
Data are stored permanentlyData can only be read but cannot be changed
Store instructions and tells the computer how to load the operations system when booting up
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
CMOSCMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor MemoryIt has the characteristics of both ROM and RAM, ie:
it is non-volatileinformation in CMOS can be changed
In computer, CMOS stores the configuration information about a computer like capacity of the hard disk and the current time and date.
Ports and Interface CardsThe interface between peripheral devices and the CPU.A port is built on the motherboard while an interface card is inserted into slots on the motherboard.Sometimes, an interface card may become a built-in function on the motherboard.
Case StudiesFor the following 2 computers, state its specifications.You should try to point out what are those hardware components and how they are different.
Case Studies 1The followings are the true pictures
Case Studies 2The followings are the true pictures
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