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Router
A network device that forwards packets from one network to another, Based on internal routing tables, routers read each incoming packet and decide how to forward it. The destination address in the packets determines which line (interface) outgoing packets are directed to. In large-scale enterprise routers, the current traffic load, congestion, line costs and other factors determine which line to forward to.
A device that forwards data packets along networks, A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts
Very little filtering of data is done through routers.
1. perform routing Means to make communication possible between two different networks using a device called router. For ex
One side IP is 10.0.0.0 and other network is 11.0.0.0
2. Chose the shortest path first
a c
b d
2
If send file router a to router b so it select shortest path
But if we want send in other path then we must increase the bandwidth
Router Interface Serial & Ethernet or Fast Ethernet
Serial we use for Wide Area
Ethernet we you in local Area
Ethernet 10 mb (in 2500 S Router)
fast Ethernet 100 mb (in 2600 and 2800 S Router)
Serial
s0/0 s0/0
DCE DTE
Female cable Male Cable
Clock Rate always we define in DCE Side
DCE :- Data Communication equipment
DTE:- Date terminal equipment
V.35 DTE and DCE Cables
3
V.35 cables for back-to-back connections between routers.
Smart Serial Cable (1700, 1800, 2600, 2800)
USB-to-Serial Connector for Laptops
Using the Tab Key to Complete Commands
When you are entering a command, you can use the Tab key to complete the command. Enter the first few characters of a command and press the Tab key. If the characters are unique to the command, the rest of the command is entered in for you. This is helpful if you are unsure about the spelling of a command.
Router#sh tab key = Router#show
Using the Question Mark for Help
The following output shows you how using the question mark can help you work through a command and all its parameters.
4
Router#? Lists all commands available in the current command mode
Router#c? Lists all the possible choices that start with the letter c
clear clock
Router#cl? Lists all the possible choices that start with the letters cl
clear clock
Router#clock Tells you that more parameters need to be entered
% Incomplete Command
Router#clock ? Shows all subcommands for this command (in this case, Set, which sets
the time and date) Set
Router#clock set 19:50:00 14 Pressing the Enter key confirms the time and date configured.
July 2007 ? Enter
Router# No error message/Incomplete command message means the command
was entered successfully.
5
ROUTER COMPONENTS RAM Random-Access Memory similar to the function as RAM in PCs. This is where the IOS runs its processes. It also contains the running configuration, routing and other tables as well as packet buffers.
ROM
This Read-Only Memory stores a older 'lite' IOS used to boot the router for the very first time, or when the
Flash memory is erased or corrupted. FLASH
This piece of 'flash-able' memory stores the IOS image, the operating system of the router.
NVRAM
In contradiction to normal RAM, Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory is a special type of memory that doesn't lose its content when the router's power is turned off. It stores the startup configuration and the configuration register.
Config register
The NVRAM has a special location that contains the 16-bit configuration register. Every time the router boots it
reads this value. The config-register value is a hexadecimal value ranging from from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF and can be set byusing the config-register command. The most important portion of the configuration register to understand
for the exam is the boot field (bit 0 through 3, hexadecimal range 0x0000-0x000F). The boot field value is used to
specify from which location the IOS image should be loaded or bypassed even during startup.
Boot field Meaning
0x0 The router will enter ROM monitor mode
and remain at the system bootstrap
prompt.
0x1 The IOS image stored in ROM will be
loaded.
0x2-0xF The router will boot as normal and load
the default IOS image stored in Flash and
enables boot system commands.
The remaining 12 bits of the configuration register are used for various functions such as enabling/disabling the
Break function, setting the Console line speed, bypassing NVRAM, and controlling the broadcast address. To change
the configuration register you have to enter be in global configuration mode. Use the command configure terminal
often abbreviated to conf t in privileged EXEC mode to enter global config mode. You can enter privileged EXEC
mode using the enable command. When you enter the correct password the prompt will change to Router# (where
"Router" is the hostname of the router).
Once you are in global config mode use the following Router(config)#config-register 0x2102 where 0x2102 is an example of a config-register value.
6 command to change configuration register value:
You can view the current configuration setting by using the Router#show version command. The last line of the output will display the current value and if it is different, the value after reboot:
Configuration register is 0x2142 (will be 0x2102 at next reload)
Router Mode
1. User EXEC mode Limited to basic monitoring commands
2. Privileged EXEC mode Provides access to all other router commands
3. Global Configuration mode Commands that affect the entire system
4. Specific Configuration modes Commands that affect interfaces/processes only
5. Setup mode Interactive configuration dialog
1. User EXEC mode R1>
2. Privileged EXEC mode R1#
3. Global configuration mode R1(config)#
4. Specific configuration mode R1( config-if)#
Router Mode
Router(config-subif)# Subinterface mode
Router(config-line)# Line mode
Router(config-router)# Router configuration mode
Router Commands
Show Running Config (Show All Configuration)
Bhai>enable
7
Bhai#show running-config
!
end
Bhai# Show Startup-config (Show All Configuration )
Bhai>enable
Bhai#show startup-config
!
end
Bhai#
Difference between running-config & startup-config
The statup-config is the configuration that is loaded when the router boots or powers up.
The runnning-config is the current configuration in the router. It may have been modified since the last boot and so might be different.
Having these two provides a nice safety feature. Changes can be made to the running-config and if something badly goes wrong, you can restart the router and get back to the configuration without the changes. Data & Time Setting
Bhai#clock set 01:12:12 21 March 2009 How to Check Date & Time Bhai#show clock
01:12:17.977 UTC Sat Mar 21 2009
Setting the Clock Time Zone
Router(Config)# clock timezone GMT +5 Sets the time zone for
display purposes. Based on
Router(config)#clock Timezone GMT coordinated universal time.
8 Host Name
Router>
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname Bhai
Bhai(config)# For Restart Router
R1#Reload For Comments (and Router Mood)
! Comments
Router#undebug all
All possible debugging has been turned off How to Copy Router1#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router1#write memory
Building configuration...
[OK]
What’s the difference between copy running-config startup-config and Write Memory On a Cisco Switch or Router?
The difference is that the write memory command is being discontinued. It is being replaced by the copy command and is the one you should use on the cisco tests. This command on some routers such as 831, 871, 3002, 2950, 2600 however it appears that as of IOS 12 it will be gone.
Clock Rate:-
This command simply sets the Serial interface clock rate in BPS (bits per second). It is only applicable on a serial interface. In most instances the service provider sets this speed, you need just match it. This has nothing to do with bandwidth per se. The bandwidth is preset by the service provider. Clock rate just allows the routers or DCE equipment to communicate properly.
The clock rate interface command has been enhanced for the synchronous serial port adapters.
9 The clock rate command is used mostly when you need to connect two routers with a cable and are not using a real T1.
Normally the Telco provides a clock signal (DCE side) which the router (DTE) locks on to when it is
receiving or transmitting. If you don't have a Telco you need to provide your own clock. You then get to choose the clock rate.
Bandwidth
In computer networks, bandwidth is often used as a synonym for data transfer rate - the amount of data that can be carried from one Router to another in a given time period (usually a second). This kind of bandwidth is usually expressed in bits (of data) per second (bps). Occasionally, it's expressed as bytes per second (Bps).
it should be remembered that a real communications path usually consists of a succession of links, each with its own bandwidth. If one of these is much slower than the rest, it is said to be a bandwidth bottleneck.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
PPP runs at the Data link layer (ISO layer 2), providing symmetric, peer-to-peer connections utilizing encapsulation, transmission and link management services for the upper layer network protocols. Modems, routers and even workstations utilize PPP for various serial connections.
Metric
Metrics are cost values used by routers to determine the best path to a destination network. Several factors
help dynamic routing protocols decide which is the preferred or shortest path to a particular destination.
If a router learns two different paths for the same network from the same routing protocol, it has to decide which route is better
and will be placed in the routing table. Metric is a measure used to decide which route is better (lower number is better). Each
routing protocol uses its own metric. For example, RIP uses hop counts as a metric, while OSPF uses cost.
Administrative distance
A network can use more than one routing protocol, and routers on the network can learn about a route from multiple sources. Routers need to find a way to select a better path. Administrative distance number is used by routers to find out which route is better (lower number is better). For example, if the same route is learned from RIP and EIGRP, a Cisco router chooses EIGRP route and stores the route in the routing table. This is because EIGRP routes have, by default, an administrative distance of 90, while RIP route have a higher administrative distance of 120.
10
How to Assign IP Addresses
11
How to Assign IP Addresses on Routers
On Router One
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 11.0.0.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0 10.0.0.1 YES manual down down
Serial0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
12
ON Router Two
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 12.0.0.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0 10.0.0.2 YES manual up up
Serial0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
13
How to Assign IP Addresses on Computer (Packet Tracer)
14
How to Assign IP Addresses
15
ON Router One
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
16
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
Serial0/0 10.0.0.1 YES manual down down
Serial0/1 13.0.0.1 YES manual down down
ON Router Two
Router2>enable
Router2#configure terminal
Router2(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
17
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router2(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 15.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#exit
Router2#copy running-config startup-config
Router2#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
18
FastEthernet0/0 15.0.0.2 YES manual up up
Serial0/0 10.0.0.2 YES manual up up
Serial0/1 11.0.0.1 YES manual down down
ON Router Three
Router3>enable
Router3#configure terminal
Router3(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router3(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router3(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router3(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router3(config-if)#ip address 14.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#exit
Router3#copy running-config startup-config
Router3#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status
FastEthernet0/0 14.0.0.2 YES manual up
Serial0/0 12.0.0.2 YES manual down
Serial0/1 13.0.0.2 YES manual up
ON Router Four
19
Protocol
up
down
up
20
Router4>enable
Router4#configure terminal
Router4(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router4(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown
Router4(config-if)#exit
Router4(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router4(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown
Router4(config-if)#exit
Router4(config)#exit
Router4#copy running-config startup-config
Router4#show ip interface brief
21
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
Serial0/0 12.0.0.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/1 11.0.0.2 YES manual up up
Assigning a Local Host Name to an IP Address
PING with Router Name
22
First of all Double Click on that Computer Which Have IP Address is 12.0.0.2
Change the Display Name as Following
23
After that try to ping if you ping with name it is not possible but if you ping with IP address is Possible
Router#ping 12.0.0.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 12.0.0.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 47/59/63 ms Router#ping BHAI
24
Translating "BHAI"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unrecognized host or address or protocol not running.
Router#
If you want to ping with Name then
Router#conf t
Router(config)#ip host BHAI 12.0.0.2
Router(config)#exit Router#ping BHAI
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 12.0.0.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 62/62/62 ms Router#
Router(config)#ip host BHAI 12.0.0.2 Assigns a host name to the IP address. After this
assignment, you can use the host name rather than an IP
address when trying to Telnet or ping to that
Address.
Router#ping BHAI Both commands execute the same objective: sending a
ping to address 12.0.0.2.
Router#ping 12.0.0.2
25
After Reading this chapter you would be able to describe
Routing
Routing rules
Types of routing
Static Routing
Routing Protocols
Routed Protocols
IGP
EGP
Distance Vector
Link State
Enhanced Distance Vector A process of transferring a packet from one network to another is called routing. Routing Rules 1. If the destination is in the same subnet or network then a device directly forwards a packet to destination. Note:- ARP request is used to find out destination Mac-address. 2. If the destination is not in the same subnet or network then a device directly forwards a packet to default gateway. Note:- ARP request is used to find out default gateway Mac-address
Static Default Dynamic
Routing On Cisco Devices
Routing
Routing Types
In static routing we define route manually with appropriate next-hop. In static routing we always define indirectly connected network. Advantages Easy to implement Less CPU-overload less bandwidth consumption Disadvantages Not scale-able
It is used on stub router or network. A stub router has only one entry or exit point. It can be used to reduce the size of routing table Limitation it can cause of loop in the network.
In dynamic routing we use routing protocol. They dynamically learn about route & do send route information to the neighbor’s routers.
They are those protocol which have capabilities to send data from one device to another device. Like IP,IPX, Apple Talk
IGP EGP
Static Routing
Default Routing
Dynamic Routing
Routed Protocols
Routing Protocol Types
They are those protocols which are designed to work within AS. IGP Types Distance Vector Link State Enhanced DV (Hybrid) AS (Autonomous System) A collection of router managed by single Organization..
They are designed to work over AS. BGP is only EGP Protocol. Note EGP was a protocol itself in past
A Distance Vector routing protocol selects the route based on distance that is called hop count. Hop Count When a packet across a router that is called one hop. A Distance Vector routing protocol select that route which provides a network at least hop. Examples:- RIP, IGRP.
As name tells us link state a link state routing protocol sends update based in the state of link. When a link comes up & goes down it sends update. It sends update with a sequence number. 0x80000001 goes till 0xFFFFFFFF. Examples:- OSPF,IS-IS.
Interior Gateway Protocol
Exterior Gateway Protocol
Distance Vector
Distance Vector
EIGRP is an Enhanced DV routing protocol based in distance vector algorithm. & sends incremental update like link state i.e. some people called it hybrid. But Cisco called it Enhanced DV.
STATIC Routing
Static routing is not really a protocol, simply the process of manually entering routes into the routing table via a configuration file that is loaded when the routing device starts up. As an alternative, these routes can be entered by a network administrator who configures the routes. Since these routes don't change after they are configured (unless a human changes them) they are called 'static' routes. Static Routing occurs when you manually add router in each router’s routing table. Static Routing has the following Benefits:
There is no overhead on the router CPU, which means you could possibly buy a cheaper router then you would use if you were using
dynamic routing. There is no bandwidth usage between routers, which means you could possibly save money on WAN link. It adds Security because the administrator can choose to allow routing access to certain networks only.
Static Routing has the following Disadvantages:
The administrator must really understand the internetwork and how each router is connected in order to configure routers correctly. If a network is added to the internetwork, the administrator has to add a route to it on all routers by hand. It’s not feasible in large networks because maintaining it would be a full time job in itself.
Default Routing We use default routing to send packets with a remote destination network not in the routing table to the next-hop router. You should only use default routing on stub networks-those with only one exit path out of the network. If you tried to put a default route on router R3, packets wouldn’t be forwarded to the correct networks because they have more then one interface routing to other routers. You can easily create loops with default routing, so be careful! By using a default router, you can just create one static route entry instead; this sure is easier then typing in all those router!
Enhance Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Config t ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 An interface can be used as an alternative to and IP address. To use serial0/0 for destinations not in the routing table, use: Ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0
26
DYNAMIC
Dynamic routing protocols are software applications that dynamically discover network destinations and how to get to them. A router will 'learn' routes to all directly connected networks first. It will then learn routes from other routers that run the same routing protocol. The router will then sort through its list of routes and select one or more 'best' routes for each network destination it knows or has learned. Dynamic protocols will then distribute this 'best route' information to other routers running the same routing protocol, thereby extending the information on what networks exist and can be reached. This gives dynamic routing protocols the ability to adapt to logical network topology changes, equipment failures or network outages 'on the fly'.
Static Routing
DCE S/0 11.0.0.1 11.0.0.2 S/0 DTE
E/0 10.0.0.2 12.0.0.2 E/0
On DCE Router Ethernet Serial 0 Define Clock Rate 64000
On Both Routers Ethernet Serial 0 Define encapsulation ppp
On Both Routers Ethernet Serial 0 Define IP Route
27
Static Routing
On Router One
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname Router1
Router1(config)#interface s0 Router1(config-
if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router1(config-if)#encapsulation
ppp Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.2
Router1(config)#interface e0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1#
After That Go to Router 2
Router>enable Router#configure
terminal
Router(config)#hostname Router2
Router2(config)#interface s0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
28
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1
Router2(config)#interface e0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2#
Wait Few Second than
Router2#show ip route
C 11.0.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0
S 10.0.0.0 [1/0] via 11.0.0.1
C 12.0.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Router2#ping 10.0.0.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.0.0.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/4
ms Router2#ping 11.0.0.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 11.0.0.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms
29
Router2#
Go To Router One
Router1#show ip route
S 12.0.0.0 [1/0] via 11.0.0.2
C 10.0.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 11.0.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0
Router1#ping 12.0.0.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 12.0.0.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms
30
Static Routing With 4 Routers
31
Static Routing With 4 Routers
ON Router One
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
32
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#
Router#conf t
Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.2
Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Router(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Router(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.2
Router(config)#exit
33
ON Router Two
Router2>enable
Router2#configure terminal
Router2(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router2(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 15.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
34
Router2(config)#exit
Router2#copy running-config startup-config
Router2#conf t
Router2(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.2
Router2(config)#ip route 13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
Router2(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
Router2(config)#exit
ON Router Three
Router3>enable
Router3#configure terminal
Router3(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router3(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router3(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#interface serial 0/1
35
Router3(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router3(config-if)#ip address 14.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#exit
Router3#copy running-config startup-config
Router#conf t
Router3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.1
Router3(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.1
Router3(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.1
Router3(config)#exit
36
ON Router Four
Router4>enable
Router4#configure terminal
Router4(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router4(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown
Router4(config-if)#exit
Router4(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router4(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown
Router4(config-if)#exit
Router4(config)#exit
Router4#copy running-config startup-config
Router4#conf t
37
Router4(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1
Router4(config)#ip route 13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.2
Router4(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.2
Router4(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1
Router4(config)#exit
Static Routing With Hope Count
38
Static Routing With Hope Count
ON Router One
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
39
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 1
Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.2 2
Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.2 1
Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 2
Router(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 1
Router(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.2 3
Router(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.2 1
Router(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 3
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#show ip route
40
ON Router Two
Router2>enable
Router2#configure terminal
Router2(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router2(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 15.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
41
Router2(config-if)#exit
Router2(config)#exit
Router2#copy running-config startup-config
Router2>enable
Router2#conf t
Router2(config)#ip route 13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 1
Router2(config)#ip route 13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.2 2
Router2(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.2 1
Router2(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 2
Router2(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 2
Router2(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.2 2
Router2(config)#exit
Router2#copy running-config s
Router2#show ip route
42
ON Router Three
Router3>enable
Router3#configure terminal
Router3(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router3(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router3(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router3(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router3(config-if)#ip address 14.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
43
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#exit
Router3#copy running-config startup-config
Router3>enable
Router3#conf t
Router3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.1 1
Router3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.1 2
Router3(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.1 1
Router3(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.1 2
Router3(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 13.0.0.1 2
Router3(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.1 2
Router3(config)#exit
Router3#copy running-config startup-config
Router3#show ip route
44
ON Router Four
Router4>enable
Router4#configure terminal
Router4(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router4(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown
Router4(config-if)#exit
Router4(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router4(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown
Router4(config-if)#end
Router4#copy running-config startup-config
Router4>enable
Router4#conf t
Router4(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1 1
Router4(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.2 2
Router4(config)#ip route 13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.2 1
45
Router4(config)#ip route 13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1 2
Router4(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1 1
Router4(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.2 3
Router4(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 1
Router4(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1 3
Router4(config)#exit
Router4#copy running-config startup-config
Router4#show ip route
Static Routing With Interface
46
ON Router ONE
Router1#show ip route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
Router1#conf t
Router1(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Serial 0/1
Router1(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Router1(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Router1(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/1
Router1#show ip route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0 S
12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1 C
13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1 S
14.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1 S
15.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
ON Router TWO
Router2>enable
Router2#conf t Router2(config)#ip route
12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/1 Router2(config)#ip route
13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0 Router2(config)#ip route
14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0 Router2#show ip route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
S 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1 S
13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0 S
14.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
47
C 15.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
ON Router Three
Router3>enable
Router3#conf t
Router3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Router3(config)#no ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial
0/0 Router3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial
0/1 Router3(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial
0/1 Router3(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial
0/0 Router3#show ip route
S 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1 S
11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0 C
12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0 C
13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 14.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S 15.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
ON Router Four
Router4>enable
Router4#conf t
Router4(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/1
Router4(config)#ip route 15.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/1
Router4(config)#ip route 14.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Router4(config)#ip route 13.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Router4#show ip route
S 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
48
S 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 14.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 15.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
49
Default Routing any IP address with deflate gateway
50
On Router ONE
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#hostname Router1
Router1(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router1(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router1(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Router1(config)#exit
51
Router1#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1
- OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1
- OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter
area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - Periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 10.0.0.2 to network 0.0.0.0
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2
Router1#
52
ON Router TWO
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
53
Router#
Router# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter
area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 10.0.0.1 to network 0.0.0.0
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 10.0.0.1
Router#
Default Routing any IP address With Interface
54
If you don't know the next hop gateway for some reason, you can always create the
Command like this:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1
ON Router ONE
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#hostname Router1
55
Router1(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router1(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router1(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Router1(config)#exit
Router1#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router1#
56
Router1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1
- OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1
- OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter
area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
Router1#
ON Router TWO
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
57
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
Router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
58
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter
area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - Periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
Router#
How to Finish following Message on Router
Translating "CTTC"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
Ctrl+Shift+6
How to off Following Message on Router
59 Translating "CTTC"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
First of all on Router you must assign IP Address both Serial port and FastEthernet0/0
After that write ping with any name
Router#ping CTTC
Translating "CTTC"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unrecognized host or address, or protocol not running.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#exit
Router#ping CTTC
Translating "CTTC"
% unrecognized host or address, or protocol not running.
Router1(config)#no ip domain-lookup Turns off name resolution on unrecognized
commands (spelling mistakes).
60
Administrative Distances
The Administrative distance (AD) is used to rate the trustworthiness of routing information received on a router from a neighbor router. An administrative distance is an integer from 0 to 255, where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means no traffic will be passed via this route.
If a router receives two updates listing the same remote network, the first thing the router checks is the AD. If one of the advertised routers has lower AD then the other, then the route with the lowest AD will be placed in the routing table.
If both advertised routes to the same network have the same AD, then routing protocol metrics (Such as hope count or bandwidth or the lines) will be used to find the best path to the remote network. The advertised route with the lowest metric will be placed in the routing table. But if both advertise routes have the same AD as well as the same metrics, then routing protocol will load-balance to the remote network (which means that it send packets down each link).
The following table gives the default administrative distances used by Cisco routers.
Protocol Administrative distance
Directly connected route 0
Static route out an interface 0
Static route to next-hop address 1
EIGRP summary route 5
External BGP 20
Internal EIGRP 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP 120
EGP 140
ODR 160
61
External EIGRP 170
Internal BGP 200
Unknown 255
62
Routing Protocols
1. IGP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) 2. EGP (Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol)
IGP (CCNA) EGP (CCNP)
Used with the autonomous system Used between 2 autonomous system
Some examples of IGP are: Some examples of EGP are:
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) BGP (Border gateway routing Protocol)
IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) ISIS(Intermediate system to intermediate system)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)
Routing protocols technique
Basically there are three types of routing protocols technique.
1. Distance- vector examples are (RIP, IGRP) 2. Link -state examples are (OSPF, BGP, EGP) 3. Hybrid examples are (IS-IS, EIGRP)
Distance-Vector Routing Protocols
This type of routing protocol requires that each router simply inform its neighbors of its routing table. For each network path, the receiving routers pick the neighbor advertising the lowest cost, then add this entry into its routing table for re-advertisement.
Distance Vector protocols reviewer best path on how far it is. Distance can be hops or a combination of metrics calculated to represent a distance value. The IP Distance Vector routing protocols still in use today are: Routing Information Protocol (RIP v1 and v2) and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
63 Distance-vector routing protocols are simple and efficient in small networks, and require little. Its note two things one distance and direction (vector)
Link-state Routing Protocols
A Link-state routing is a concept used in routing of packet-switched networks in computer communications. Link-state routing works by having the routers tell every router on the network about its closest neighbors. The entire routing table is not distributed from any router, only the part of the table containing its neighbors. It is decision on state of link e.g. up down congestion
· It uses the link state algorithm (LSA) to advertise the routing information from routers. · Routers keep communicating with neighbors at latest state. Problem with link-state
· It requires more processing power to communicate with each other.
· It requires more memory to store LSA and topological database.
Hybrid routing
Hybrid Routing, commonly referred to as balanced-hybrid routing, is a combination of distance-vector routing, which works by sharing its knowledge of the entire network with its neighbors and link-state routing which works by having the routers tell every router on the network about its closest neighbors.
· It uses a combination of both balance and hybrid routing. · It uses distance -vector technique for more accurate metrics to determine the best path. · It reports routing information when change occurs in topology - link-state. Link sate and distance vector mixture it is more link sate
64 RIP
The Routing Information Protocol is an open standard based Distance-Vector routing protocol. It comes on two versions RIP v.1 and RIP v.2.
Followings are some important features of RIP:
RIP supports Bellman and Ford algorithm. RIP v.1 uses hop count as a metric while RIP v2 routing protocol metric is also hop count. The maximum hop counts for both are 15. RIP v.1 features the use of broadcast updates while RIP v.2 features the use of multicast routing updates. RIP v.1 is a classful routing protocol while RIP v.2 is a classless routing protocol that supports VLSM. The administrative distance of RIP is 120. RIP supports equal metric load balancing.
FEATURE RIP
Distance Vector Yes
Developed By IEEE (ITEF)
Used Algorithm Bellmen Ford
Routing Table Advertisement Method Broadcast Complete Routing Table
Classful / Classless Classful
Authentication method No authentication
No username no password when update
Update Time 30 seconds
Flush Time 230 Seconds
Path Decision(Metric value calculations) Number of Hop Counts
Metric Formula Hop Count
Max Hop Count Supported 15
Convergence Slow
65
path load balancing Six equal path
By default 4 equal path
If we Run RIP Protocol there is Equal Distance Between Four Router
then it is use for Load Balancing.
VLSM(Variable Length Subnet Mask) Only Rip V2 support
Triggered updates Support Only standard RIP V2
Emergence update
Invalid Path marking for path(starting of hold down If update is not received for 180 seconds mark invalid and puts
timer) hold down timer. If the till 240 seconds any update is not received
the route is removed from routing table
Administrative Distance 120
Scalability No
Max 15 Hope Count
AS No Does not exist
RIP Routing Metric
RIP uses a single routing metric (hop count) to calculate the distance between the source and a destination network. Each hop in a path from source to destination is assigned a hop count value, which is typically 1. When a router receives a routing update that contains a new or changed destination network
66 entry, the router adds 1 to the metric value indicated in the update and enters the network in the routing table. The IP address of the sender is used
as the next hop Metric
Indicates how many internetwork hops (routers) have been traversed in the trip to the destination. This value is between 1 and 15 for a valid route, or 16 for an unreachable
RIP TIMERS
TIMER DEFAULT CONTROLS
Update 30 sec. Interval between route update advertisements
Hold-Down 90 sec. Period a route is withdrawn from the table to prevent a routing loop.
Timeout 180 sec. Interval a route should stay 'live' in the routing table. This counter is reset every time the router hears an update for this route.
Flush 120 sec. How long to wait to delete a route after it has timed out.
Flash out Time : Delete from routing table
Update time : Route update time
Hold time : e.g. (RIP) if Router not update received tell 180
Second then router is Marks invalid and Hold down
Timer will be started.
67
Router Rip (Routing Information Protocol) Protocol
Version 1
68
On Router One
Router>enable
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 Router(config-
if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 Router(config-
if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#exit
Router#show ip interface brief
Router#conf ter Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#exit
Router#show ip route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
R 12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.2, 00:00:03, Serial0/1
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
R 14.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.2, 00:00:03, Serial0/1
69
R 15.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
Router#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip"
On Router Two
Router>enable Router#conf ter Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1 Router(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0 Router(config-if)#ip address 15.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router#show ip interface brief
Router#conf ter Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 15.0.0.0
70 Router(config-router)#exit Router#show ip route C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0 C
11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
R 12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.2, 00:00:06, Serial0/1 R
13.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:21, Serial0/0 R
14.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:21, Serial0/0
[120/2] via 11.0.0.2, 00:00:06, Serial0/1
C 15.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Router#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip"
On Router Three
Router>enable
Router#conf ter
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 Router(config-
if)#encapsulation ppp Router(config-if)#no
shutdown Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 Router(config-
if)#no shutdown
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 14.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
71 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router#show ip interface brief
Router#conf ter Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 14.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#exit Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip route
R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:00, Serial0/1
R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.0.0.1, 00:00:15, Serial0/0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 14.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R 15.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 13.0.0.1, 00:00:00, Serial0/1
[120/2] via 12.0.0.1, 00:00:15, Serial0/0 Router#ping 15.0.0.1
Router#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip"
On Router Four
Router4>enable
Router4#configure terminal
Router4(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router4(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown Router4(config-
if)#exit
72 Router4(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router4(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router4(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router4(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router4(config-if)#no shutdown Router4(config-
if)#exit
Router4(config)#exit Router4#copy running-config startup-config
Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#exit Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip route R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:11, Serial0/1 C
11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0 R 13.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.0.0.2, 00:00:01, Serial0/0 R
14.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.0.0.2, 00:00:01, Serial0/0 R
15.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:11, Serial0/1
Router#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip"
RIP debug
Router#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on
73 Router#no debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is off
The Debug IP RIP Command
The debug ip rip command sends routing updates as they are sent and received on the router to the console session. If you are telnetted into the router, you’ll need to use the terminal monitor command to be able to receive the output form the debug commands.
R1# debug ip rip RIPprotocol debugging is on R1#no debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is off
R1# terminal monitor
How we check Broadcasting in RIP
R1# debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on Router1#RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (10.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 12.0.0.0 metric 2
network 13.0.0.0 metric 1
network 14.0.0.0 metric 2
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (13.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries
network 10.0.0.0 metric 1
network 11.0.0.0 metric 2
network 15.0.0.0 metric 2
That 255.255.255.255 shown broadcasting
Changes timers in RIP Router#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
74 Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 20 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Router#conf t
Router(config-router)#timers basic 60 120 190 300
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 60 seconds, next due in 8 seconds
Invalid after 120 seconds, hold down 190, flushed after 300
Router(config-router)#timers basic 30 90 180 270 360 Changes timers in RIP:
30 = Update timer (in seconds)
90 = Invalid timer (in seconds)
180 = Hold-down timer (in seconds)
270 = Flush timer (in seconds)
Router#show ip rip database Displays contents of the RIP Database
Router#show ip eigrp neighbors detail Displays a detailed neighbor table.
Passive
You can use the passive-interface command to control the advertisement of routing information. The command enables the suppression of routing updates over some interfaces while it allows updates to be exchanged normally over other interfaces.
This command prevents RIP update broadcasts from being sent out a specified interface, yet that same interface can still receive RIP updates.
There are two commands
Passive-interface default
This command will stop RIP update form being propagate out all interfaces
Passive-interface serial 0/0
This Command will stop RIP update from being propagated out serial interface 0/0
Configuration:-
75 First on debug and check from all serial interface send and received updates
ON Router ONE
Router1>enable Router1#debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
Router1#RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (13.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 10.0.0.0 metric 1
network 11.0.0.0 metric 2
network 15.0.0.0 metric 2
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (10.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 12.0.0.0 metric 2
network 13.0.0.0 metric 1
network 14.0.0.0 metric 2
RIP: received v1 update from 10.0.0.2 on Serial0/0
11.0.0.0 in 1 hops
12.0.0.0 in 2 hops
15.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 13.0.0.2 on Serial0/1
11.0.0.0 in 2 hops
12.0.0.0 in 1 hops
14.0.0.0 in 1 hops
Router1#no debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is off
Default Passive
Router1#conf t
Router1(config)#router rip Router1(config-router)#passive-interface default
Router1(config-router)#exit
76 Router1(config)#exit
Router1#debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
Router1#RIP: received v1 update from 13.0.0.2 on Serial0/1
11.0.0.0 in 2 hops
12.0.0.0 in 1 hops
14.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 10.0.0.2 on Serial0/0
11.0.0.0 in 1 hops
12.0.0.0 in 2 hops
15.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 13.0.0.2 on Serial0/1
11.0.0.0 in 2 hops
12.0.0.0 in 1 hops
14.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 10.0.0.2 on Serial0/0
11.0.0.0 in 1 hops
12.0.0.0 in 2 hops
15.0.0.0 in 1 hops
Router1#no debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is off
How to finish Default Passive
Router1#conf t
Router1(config)#router rip Router1(config-router)#no passive-interface default Router1(config-router)#exit
Router1(config)#exit
Router1#debug ip rip
77
RIP protocol debugging is on Router1#RIP: received v1 update from 13.0.0.2 on Serial0/1
11.0.0.0 in 2 hops
12.0.0.0 in 1 hops
14.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 10.0.0.2 on Serial0/0
11.0.0.0 in 1 hops
12.0.0.0 in 2 hops
15.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (13.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 10.0.0.0 metric 1
network 11.0.0.0 metric 2
network 15.0.0.0 metric 2
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (10.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 12.0.0.0 metric 2
network 13.0.0.0 metric 1
network 14.0.0.0 metric 2
Router1#no debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is off
Passive interface
Router1#conf t Router1(config)#router rip
Router1(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0/1
Router1(config-router)#exit
Router1(config)#exit
Router1#debug ip rip
78 RIP protocol debugging is on
Router1#RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (10.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 12.0.0.0 metric 2
network 13.0.0.0 metric 1
network 14.0.0.0 metric 2
RIP: received v1 update from 10.0.0.2 on Serial0/0
11.0.0.0 in 1 hops
12.0.0.0 in 2 hops
15.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 13.0.0.2 on Serial0/1
11.0.0.0 in 2 hops
12.0.0.0 in 1 hops
14.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (10.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 12.0.0.0 metric 2
network 13.0.0.0 metric 1
network 14.0.0.0 metric 2
Router1#no debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is off
How to Finish Passive interface
Router1#conf t Router1(config)#router rip Router1(config-router)#no passive-interface serial 0/1 Router1(config-router)#exit Router1(config)#exit
Router1#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on
79
Router1#RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (13.0.0.1) RIP: build update entries
network 10.0.0.0 metric 1
network 11.0.0.0 metric 2
network 15.0.0.0 metric 2
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0 (10.0.0.1)
RIP: build update entries
network 12.0.0.0 metric 2
network 13.0.0.0 metric 1
network 14.0.0.0 metric 2
RIP: received v1 update from 10.0.0.2 on Serial0/0
11.0.0.0 in 1 hops
12.0.0.0 in 2 hops
15.0.0.0 in 1 hops
RIP: received v1 update from 13.0.0.2 on Serial0/1
11.0.0.0 in 2 hops
12.0.0.0 in 1 hops
14.0.0.0 in 1 hops
Router1#no debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is off
80 Auto-summarization
Auto-summarization only works when routes are from a differerent classful network than the interface it's received on. So if everything in your
network is 10.0.0.0/8 addresses, you won't see much difference (exception = redistribution). But when you see a route come in that's
172.16.1.0, even though you have a /24 mask on the interface, auto-summarization will change that to a /16 in your routing table. No auto-summary, obviously, will stop that procedure.
So looking from a router’s perspective auto-summary is just a mechanism for a router to summaries routes to itself, from routing advertisements about different classful network(s). When auto-summary is configured in RIPv1 and 2 the router will assume the subnet
mask, per class rules (A, B, C). With a no auto-summary configured the router will assume subnet masks based on the incoming interface’s mask, thus its a valid command. Also, with regards to RIPv1 advertisements, the auto-summary command has no effect.
Difference between rip v1 rip v2
RIP V1-----> Classful routing protocol. RIP V2-----> Classless routing protocol
RIP V1------> Subnet masks are NOT included in the routing update. RIP V2------> Subnet masks are included in the routing update.
Here are some of the metrics used to determine the better route:
Bandwidth: Maximum throughput speed in bits-per-second.
Cost: A arbitrary value assigned by the administrator for the crossing and intersection of networks.
Delay (latency): A group of factors such as congestion or distance.
Hop Count: The number of routers a packet passes through to reach its destination.
Load: The measure of traffic that flows through a router.
MTUs (maximum transmission unit): The largest message size allowed on all routes to the destination.
Reliability: A value representing the amount of downtime for a network.
Ticks: A measurement of delay, based on the clock in a personal computer, where one tick is 1/18 of a second. It's used as part of the metric in IPX (Novell) RIP.
81
Router Rip (Routing Information Protocol)
Version 2
82 First Assign IP Address All Routers
On Router ONE
Router1>enable Router1#show ip interface brief Router1#show ip route Router1#conf t
Router1(config)#router rip
Router1(config-router)#version 2
Router1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Router1(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0
Router1(config-router)#no auto-summary
Router1(config-router)#exit
Router1(config)#exit
Router1#copy running-config startup-
config Destination filename [startup-
config]? Building configuration...
[OK] Router1#
ON Router TWO
Router2>enable Router2#conf t
Router2(config)#router rip
Router2(config-router)#version 2
Router2(config-router)#network
10.0.0.0 Router2(config-
router)#network 15.0.0.0
Router2(config-router)#network
11.0.0.0 Router2(config-router)#no
auto-summary Router2(config-
router)#exit Router2(config)#exit
Router2#copy running-config startup-config
83 Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration... [OK] Router2#
ON Router Three
Router3>enable Router3#conf t
Router3(config)#router rip
Router3(config-router)#version 2
Router3(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0
Router3(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0
Router3(config-router)#network 14.0.0.0
Router3(config-router)#no auto-summary
Router3(config-router)#exit
Router3(config)#exit
Router3#copy running-config s
Destination filename [startup-
config]? Building configuration...
[OK] Router3#
NO Router Four
Router4>enable Router4#conf t
Router4(config)#router rip
Router4(config-router)#version 2
Router4(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0
Router4(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0
Router4(config-router)#no auto-summary
Router4(config-router)#exit
84 Router4(config)#exit Router4#copy running-config startup-
config Destination filename [startup-
config]? Building configuration...
[OK] Router4#
Router4#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip"
Router4#show ip route
85
FEATURE RIP IGRP
Distance Vector Yes Yes
Developed By IEEE (ITEF) Cisco Proprietary
Used Algorithm Bellmen Ford Bellmen Ford
Routing Table Advertisement Broadcast Complete Routing Table Broadcast Routing Algorithm
Method
Classful / Classless Classful Classful
Authentication method No authentication No Authentication
No username no password when update
Update Time 30 seconds 90 seconds
Flush Time 230 Seconds 630 Seconds
Path Decision(Metric value Number of Hop Counts Bandwidth and delay (optionally reliability,load and
calculations) MTU(Maximum Transmission Unit ) can be used for
metric computation) constant K1 - K2
Metric Formula Hop Count [k1*bandwidth+{K2*bandwidth)/(256-load)+k3*delay
Max Hop Count Supported 15 Default 100
Max Supported (255)
Convergence Slow Slow
path load balancing Six equal path Six unequal cost path
By default 4 equal path Default is 4
If we Run RIP Protocol there is Equal Distance Between Four
Router then it is use for Load
Balancing.
VLSM(Variable Length Subnet Only Rip V2 support
Mask)
Triggered updates Support Only standard RIP V2 Yes
Emergence update
Invalid Path marking for If update is not received for 180 270 seconds hold down timer 280 and removes after 630
path(starting of hold down seconds mark invalid and puts
hold down timer. If the till 240
86 timer) seconds any update is not
received the route is removed
from routing table
Administrative Distance 120 100
Scalability No Yes
Max 15 Hope Count
AS No Does not exist We use it but no need to register it
One is reg one is not reg on internet
Public and private is called reg and not reg
87
Routed Protocol: A routed protocol is a protocol by which data can be routed. Routed protocol are IP, AppleTalk, and IPX. In this kind of protocols we require an addressing scheme and subnetting. Addressing scheme will be used to determine the network
to which a host belongs and to identifying that host on that particular network.
Routing Protocols: A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other, disseminating information that enables them to
select routes between any two nodes on a computer network. Routing algorithms determine the specific choice of
route. Each router has a priori knowledge only of networks attached to it directly.
88 Hybrid (EIGRP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) or Enhanced IGRP is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol utilizing the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL). EIGRP is a hybrid protocol as it incorporates features of a
Distance Vector routing protocol and features of a Link State routing protocol. EIGRP is often used in Cisco-based networks running multiple network-layer protocols.
EIGRP can redistribute its routes (and metrics) into other routing protocols and accepts redistribution from other routing protocols as well.
Internal AD 90 External AD 170
Multicast Rapid Convergence Fast (Fast convergence) Reduce bandwidth usage less bandwidth Support subnetting (Classless) Uses Dual Algo difusing update algo Low usage of network recourses during normal operation “Hello packet Less Ram Less Process use” Only hello packets in normal operation.
Only partial updates are broadcasted and only when changes in topology are detected
EIGRP does not use periodic (interrupted) broadcasts
Byfault supports classful route summarization Support multiple protocol like IP and IPX
Maintains neighbor table (Neighbors recorded (IP and interface of neighbor)
Dynamically forms neighbor relationships
Maintain topology table contains all the destination routes
Contains all destinations advertised by all neighboring routers
Chooses best successor (route) for destination from topology table and create a routing table Successor are the entries kept in the routing table and that is primary path for the destination
Best Path = sum of best advertised metric from all neighbors and the link cost to the best neighbor
Feasible successor are the backup route they are kept in topology table but identified at the same time when successor are identification.
Supports both equal and unequal path load balancing
Metric includes bandwidth and delay by default
If router is not affected by topology does not re-calculation.
Metrics It is always necessary to discuss what a routing protocol uses for its metrics. In this case, EIGRP can use:
1. Bandwidth 2. Delay 3. Reliability 4. Load
Hello messages are used for neighbor discovery and neighbor recovery. If a hello message is not received within the
Hello Multicast
configured interval, all neighbor entries are removed from the routing table and feasible successor routes re utilized
89
Bandwidth [107 / Minimum bandwidth in the
path] Bandwidth = 10000000/1544=6476
Delay: sums of delays (in tens of
microseconds) 20000+20000=40000
40000/10=4000 (Divide by 10 because delay in usec) Metric
= (107 / Minimum bandwidth) + (sum of delays) * 256
4000+6476*256=2681856
90
Autonomous System:-
On the Internet, an autonomous system (AS) is the unit of router policy, either a single network or a group of networks that is controlled
by a common network administrator (or group of administrators) on behalf of a single administrative entity (such as a university, a business enterprise, or a business division). An autonomous system is also sometimes referred to as a routing domain. An autonomous system is assigned a globally unique number, sometimes called an Autonomous System Number (ASN).
EIGRP uses autonomous system number to-indentify the collection of routers that share route information. Only routers that have the same autonomous system number share routers. In large networks, you can easily end up with really complicated topology and router tables.
Autonomous System = 1 to 65535
Wildcard Mask
You will often come across Wildcard masks, particularly if you work with OSPF and/or Cisco routers. The use of wildcard masks is most prevalent when building Access Control Lists (ACLs) on Cisco routers. ACLs are filters and make use of wildcard masks to define the scope of the address filter. Although ACL wildcard masks are used with other protocols, we will concentrate on IP here.
Let us first take a simple example. We may want to filter a sub-network 10.1.1.0 which has a Class C mask (24-bit) 255.255.255.0. The ACL will require the scope of the addresses to be defined by a wildcard mask which, in this example is 0.0.0.255. This means that the 'Don't care bits' are represented by binary 1's whilst the 'Do care bits' are represented by binary 0's. You will note that this is the exact opposite to subnet masks!
A wildcard mask is basically a mask of bits that indicates which parts of an IP address can assume
any value. In the Cisco IOS, they are used in several places, for example: To indicate the size of a network or subnet for some routing protocols, such as OSPF. To indicate what IP addresses should be permitted or denied in access control lists (ACLs). Quite often, a wildcard mask can basically be thought of as a subnet mask, with ones and zeros inverted;
for example, a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.255 corresponds to a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. A wildcard
mask is usually used in combination with an IP address. For example, in a standard ACL, a statement like
the following: access-list 10 permit 10.0.3.0 0.0.0.255
91 List of Wildcard Mask
Slash Netmask Wildcard Mask
/30 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3
/29 255.255.255.248 0.0.0.7
/28 255.255.255.240 0.0.0.15
/27 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31
/26 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63
/25 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127
/24 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255
/23 255.255.254.0 0.0.1.255
/22 255.255.252.0 0.0.3.255
/21 255.255.248.0 0.0.7.255
/20 255.255.240.0 0.0.15.255
/19 255.255.224.0 0.0.31.255
/18 255.255.192.0 0.0.63.255
92
/17 255.255.128.0 0.0.127.255
/16 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255
/15 255.254.0.0 0.1.255.255
/14 255.252.0.0 0.3.255.255
/13 255.248.0.0 0.7.255.255
/12 255.240.0.0 0.15.255.255
/11 255.224.0.0 0.31.255.255
/10 255.192.0.0 0.63.255.255
/9 255.128.0.0 0.127.255.255
/8 255.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
/7 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255
/6 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255
/5 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
/4 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
93
/3 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255
/2 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255
/1 128.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
94
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
95
On Router One
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#router eigrp 1 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 Router(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 Router(config-router)#exit Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip route
Router#ping 15.0.0.1
Router#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "eigrp 1 "
Router#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 1
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 10.0.0.2 Ser0/0 14 00:04:01 40 1000 0 14
1 13.0.0.2 Ser0/1 13 00:03:09 40 1000 0 13
Router#show ip eigrp topology
On Router Two
Router>enable Router#conf Router#conf terminal Router(config)#router eigrp 1
96 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router(config-router)#network 15.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip route
Router#show ip interface brief
Router#show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "eigrp 1 " Router#show ip eigrp neighbors
97
On Router Three
Router#conf t
Router(config)#router eigrp 1
Router(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router(config-router)#network 14.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip route
On Router Four
Router>enable Router#conf t Router(config)#router eigrp 1 Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 Router(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 Router(config-router)#exit Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip interface brief
Router#show ip route
Router#show ip eigrp neighbors
Router#show ip eigrp topology
Note: - Show ip eigrp topology is shown all possible Routes
Best in Routing Table
98
How to one Debug in Eigrp
On Router One
Router1#debug eigrp packets EIGRP: Received HELLO on Serial0/1 nbr 13.0.0.2
AS 1, Flags 0x0, Seq 9/0 idbQ 0/0 EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Serial0/1
AS 1, Flags 0x0, Seq 11/0 idbQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0
EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Serial0/0
AS 1, Flags 0x0, Seq 11/0 idbQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0
EIGRP: Received HELLO on Serial0/0 nbr 10.0.0.2
AS 1, Flags 0x0, Seq 11/0 idbQ 0/0 EIGRP: Received HELLO on Serial0/1 nbr 13.0.0.2
AS 1, Flags 0x0, Seq 9/0 idbQ 0/0
How to Off Debug in EIGRP
Router1# no debug eigrp packets
99
Link State Protocol (OSPF)
The OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol is one of a family of IP Routing protocols, and is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) for the Internet, used to distribute IP routing information throughout a single Autonomous System (AS) in an IP network.
The OSPF protocol is a link-state routing protocol, which means that the routers exchange topology information
with their nearest neighbors.
Route Packets within the same autonomous system AD110 Update time 40 sec Open Standard developed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) revision 1 and revision 2. Uses SPF Algorithm (SPF) uses topology and routing database Complicated to implement and manage Uses link state Algo (LSA) Classless protocol. Multicast the packets as a 224.0.0.5 Uses Dijkstra’ s Algo Routing domain can be divided in to multiple areas Must have one area called as area 0 All the areas must connect to area 0 Topology database contains LSA from all routers in same area. Uses hierarchical methods that allow dividing Single AS into small areas and does inter-area routing. Create shortest path database from the topology database. Metric link are called cost in OSPF Recalculation is occurred within the area (if link is disturbed only single area is affected) Path decision Metric value calculation = cost (bandwidth) Support sub-netting (Classless)
Conduction Election between Routers and chooses Area 0 (Central Area), Area 1 (Border Router) and
then chooses Designated (elected) Port, Backup designated port and loop back.
100
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
101
What is Area?
An OSPF network can be divided into sub-domains called areas. An area is a logical collection of
OSPF networks, routers, and links that have the same area identification. A router within an
area must maintain a topological database for the area to which it belongs. The router doesn't
have detailed information about network topology outside of its area, thereby reducing the size
of its database.
Area Border Routers
Routers that belong to more than one area are called area border routers. They maintain a separate topological database for each area to which they are connected.
102
Router ID
The highest IP address of the active physical interface of the router is Router ID.
If logical interface is configured, the highest IP address of the logical interface is Router ID
Router Types
In OSPF depending upon the network design and configuration, we have different types of routers.
Internal Routers are routers whose interfaces all belong to the same area. These routers have
a single Link State Database.
Area Border Routers (ABR) It connects one or more areas to the backbone area and has at least one interface that belongs to the backbone, Backbone Router Area 0 routers
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) Router participating in OSPF and other
protocols (like RIP, EIGRP and BGP)
OSPF maintains three tables :
1) Neighbor Table: it contains information about the directly connected ospf neighbors forming the adjacency.
2) Database table: it contains information about the entire view of the topology with respect to each router.
3) Routing information Table: it contains information about the best path calculated by the
shortest path first algorithm in the database table.
103
On Router One
Router#
Router#conf t
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
Router#
Router#conf t
Router(config)#router ospf 1
104
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
On Router Two
Router>
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#exit
105
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 15.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config s
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
Router#
Router#conf t
Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-
router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 15.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
106
On Router Three
Router>
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 14.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
107
Router#
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 14.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
show ip ospf interface
show ip ospf neighbor
show ip ospf database
On Router Four
Router>
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit Router(config)#interface serial 0/1
108
Router(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-
if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
Router#conf t
Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#exit Router(config)#exit
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not
set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
not set Router ID 12.0.0.1
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
109
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
11.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
12.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
11.0.0.1 110 00:00:00
12.0.0.2 110 00:00:00
Distance: (default is 110)
110
ACCESS CONTROL LIST
ACL is a set of rules which will allow or deny the specific traffic moving through the router.
It a Layer 3 security which controls the flow of traffic from one router to another. It is also called as Packet Filtering Firewall.
The access-list number range is 1-99
Can block a network, Host and Subnet
Two way communication is stopped
All services are blocked
Implemented closest to the destination
Filtering is done based on only source IP
address
The Access-list number range is 100-199
Can block a Network, Host, Subnet and
Service
One way communication is stopped
Selected services can be blocked
Implemented closest to the source
Checks source, destination, protocol, port
Number
111
Access-List Rules
Works in Sequential order. All deny statements have to be given first (preferable most cases) There should be at least one permit statement (mandatory)
An implicit deny blocks all traffic by default when there is no match (an
invisible statement).
Can have on access-list per interface per direction. (i.e.) Two access-list per interface, one is inbound direction and one in outbound direction.
Any time a new entry is added to the access-list, it will be placed at the bottom of the list.
Using a text editor for access lists is highly suggested. You cannot remove one line from an access list.
Extended Access List
TASK: Configure the Appropriate router as per the rules given below
1. Deny the users on LAN 192.168.2.0 should not access 192.168.1.3 HTTP service 2. Deny the users on LAN 192.168.3.0 should not access 192.1681.4 FTP service 3. Deny the users on LAN 192.168.3.1 should not access 192.168.1.3 HTTP service
4. Deny the users on LAN 192.168.2.0 should not get DNS service from DNS
server 192.168.1.4
5. Deny the users from the host between 192.168.3.2 and 192.168.1.2 should not be able to send ICMP (ping /Trace) messages
6. Remaining hosts and services should be permitted
NOTE: The Above ACL rules should not affect the other communication
112
IP
TCP UDP ICMP
HTTP
DNS
PING
TELNET
TFTP
TRACEROUTE
SMTP
SNTP
FTP
SNMP
DHCP
Operators: eq (equal to)
neg (not equal to)
lt (less than)
gt (greater than)
113
Network Address Translation
Nat is the method of Translation of private IP address into public IP address. In order to communicate with internet we must have registered public IP address.
Address translation was originally developed to solve two problems:
To handle a shortage of IPv4 address
Hide network addressing schemes
Private Addresses Range
There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are reserved for private Networks. Theses addresses are called private addresses.
Class A 10.0.0.0 To 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 To 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 To 192.168.255.255
Types of NAT
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT Port Address Translation (PAT)
Static NAT Dynamic NAT
(One to One Mapping (One to One Mapping Automatically)
Which are done manually
By the administrator)
192.168.1.1 50.1.1.1 192.168.1.1 50.1.1.1
192.168.1.2 50.1.1.2 192.168.1.2 50.1.1.2
192.168.1.3 50.1.1.3 192.168.1.3 50.1.1.3
192.168.1.4 50.1.1.4 192.168.1.4 50.1.1.4
114
PAT
(Thousands of Private addresses can go to One Public IP address)
192.168.1.1 50.1.1.1
192.168.1.2 50.1.1.2
192.168.1.3 50.1.1.3
192.168.1.4 50.1.1.3
Static NAT
One to one mapping done Manually For every private IP needs on registered IP address (One : One)
115
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic network address translation (Dynamic NAT) is a technique in which multiple public
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are mapped and used with an internal or private IP address.
It allows a user to connect a local computer, server or networking device to an external
network or Internet group with an unregistered private IP address that has a group of
available public IP addresses.
LAB:
TASK:
Configure Dynamic NAT and make sure that the inside LAN users 192.168.1.0/24 get translated to public IP with the range of 50.1.1.1-50.1.1.200/24
116
Port Address Translation
Port Address Translation (PAT) {also known as Network Address Port Translator (NAPT)}.
Port Address Translation (PAT), is an extension to network address translation (NAT) that
permits multiple devices on a local area network (LAN) to be mapped to a single public IP
address. The goal of PAT is to conserve IP addresses.
Port Address Translation is also called porting, port overloading, port-level multiplexed NAT and
single address NAT.
LAB:
117
Troubleshooting Connectivity
1) Serial is up, line protocol is up a. Connectivity is fine.
2) Serial is down, line protocol is down a. Remote device turned off b. Remote port is in shutdown state c. Interface on the remote router has to be configured d. Problem with connectivity
3) Serial is administratively down, line protocol is down a. Local port is shutdown state b. No shutdown has to be given on the local router interace.
4) Serial is up, line protocol is down a. Encapsulation mismatch b. Clock rate command not given on serial interface (only applies is lab scenario) c. If using PPP, then authentication mismatch
WAN PROTOCOLS and Connection
HDLC PPP
Higher Level Data Link Control Protocol Point to Point Protocol
Cisco Proprietary Standard Protocol and different vendor Router
as well cisco router
No Support Authentication, Compression and Supports Authentication, Compression and
Error correction Error correction
Default on serial Links Change to PPP
118
PPP Authentication
PAP CHAP
Password Authentication Protocol Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
PAP provides a simple method for a remote After the PPP link establishment phase is
node to establish its identity using a two-way complete, the local router sends a unique
handshake “challenge” message to the remote node.
PPP is done only upon initial link The remote node responds with a value (MD5)
establishment
PAP is not a strong authentication protocol The local router checks the response against its
own calculation of the expected hash value.
Password are sent across the link in clear text If the values match, the authentication is
acknowledged. Otherwise, the connection is
terminated immediately.
119
PAP Configuration
(Password authentication protocol)
R1(config)#username R2 password cisco123
R1(config)#int s0/0/0
R1(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
120
R1(config-if)#ppp authentication pap
R1(config-if)#ppp pap sent-username R1 password cisco123
R1(config-if)#end
R2(config)#username R1 password cisco123
R2(config)#int s0/0/0
R2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
R2(config-if)#ppp authentication ppp
R2(config-if)#ppp pap sent-username R2 password cisco123
R2(config-if)#end
CHAP Configuration on R1/R2
(Challenge handshake authentication protocol)
121
R1(config)#int s0/0/0 R1(config-
if)#encapsulation ppp R1(config-
if)#ppp authentication chap
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#username R2 password cisco123
R2(config)#int s0/0/0 R2(config-
if)#encapsulation ppp R2(config-
if)#ppp authentication chap
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#username R1 password cisco123
BGP
Routing Protocol Exterior Routing Protocol Routing between AS Routing protocol of internet ISPs Very – 2 Big Organizations can use BGP Having two or more internet connections Multi Homing
122
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