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5 Rotorcraft Vision 2025Rotorcraft Vision 2025
April 14, 2000
George PriceGeorge PriceNASA Ames Research CenterNASA Ames Research Center
650-604-4549650-604-4549gprice@mail.arc.nasa.govgprice@mail.arc.nasa.gov
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Rotorcraft Vision Workshop Conducted at NASA Headquarters on April 14, 2000
Purpose Envision potential rotorcraft applications in 2025
Identify technology barriers
Identify innovative/radical/disruptive enabling technologies
Develop inputs to rotorcraft systems analysis
Participants from: NASA Ames, Langley, Glenn
U.S. Army AFDD
Rotorcraft industry
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Features of 2025 World Environment
High time value for travelers and goods
Demand for rapid, reliable transportation
Increasing urban/suburban land value
Demand for routine access to remote areas
Need for robust military systems
Opportunities for advanced technologies
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2025 Rotorcraft Vision
•Affordable, reliable, accessible, safe, and timely system solutions
• A wide variety of vehicles and subsystems to perform specific tasks
• Infrastructure to enable full 3-D operation from zero altitude up
A mix of vertical lift air vehicles operating within a three-dimensional grid
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2025 Rotorcraft Missions• Point-to-point passenger and express service
• Door-to-door personal transport
• Bulk or large cargo movement
• UAV surveillance & info-on-demand
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5Role of Rotorcraft in NASA Goals Structure
Analysis Approach
Goals (Pillars) Objectives
PRIMARY:
Revolutionize air transportation mobility
Enable advanced space transportation
SECONDARY:
Pioneer technical andengineering innovation
TERTIARY:
Extend the benefit ofEnterprise investments
Safety; Environment;Throughput; Door-to-Door Speed
Access to Space;In-Space Transportation
Technology Innovation;Revolutionize theEngineering Culture and Tools
TechnologyCommercialization
Systems Analysis;Expert Assessment
Systems Analysis;Expert Assessment
Expert assessment;Systems Analysis
Market Analysis;Expert Assessment
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Goal: Revolutionize Air Transportation Mobility
Only vertical lift vehicles can take full advantage of the 3-D grid and not be tied to a need for large acreage on the ground, therefore…
…only vertical lift vehicles can truly meet NASA’s
goal to revolutionize air transportation mobility
Objective Rotorcraft Impact
Safety - Equivalent to airline operations
Environment - Noise level below annoyance threshold
- Less congestion and pollution from ground vehicles
- Less acreage devoted to transportation
Throughput - Increased capacity of transportation system
- More efficient use of fixed-wing airliners and hubs
Door-to-Door Speed
- True door-to-door transport
- No ground delays
- Universal access to air transportation
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Vision 2025 Barriers & Key Attributes
X Primary influence
X Secondary influence
Vehicle Efficiency
(hover, cruise,
structural)
Cruise Speed
External Noise
Vibration & Internal Noise
Intelligent Automation
Design for Reliability & Safety
All-Weather
Operability (icing, IFR,
etc.)
Cost per Seat-Mile or Ton-Mile x x x x x
Community Acceptance x x
Reliable All-Weather Service x x x
Perceived Safety x x x
Passenger Comfort
x x
Piloting Skill Required x x x
Operation Within 3-D Grid
x x x x
ATTRIBUTESB
AR
RIE
RS
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2025 Attributes RequiredATTRIBUTE CURRENT LEVEL 2025 REQUIREMENT
Figure of Merit = 0.78 0.9
Vehicle L/D = 7 at Vcruise 12 at Vcruise
EW Fraction = .45 (helo) - .55 (tiltrotor) .4 - .5
Helicopter = 170 kts 200 kts
Tiltrotor = 250 kts 350 - 400 kts
External Noise (TBD) dB Below annoyance threshold
Vibration & Internal Noise .05g vibration Imperceptible
Pilot aiding
Autonomous flight (UAV)
(TBD) MTBMA (TBD)
(TBD) Equivalent to fixed-wing airliners
IFR-capable Fully autonomous zero-zero
Limited icing capability Full icing capability
Fully autonomous, ultra-safe, fault tolerant mission execution & replan
Reliability & Safety
All-Weather Operability
Vehicle Efficiency
Cruise Speed
Intelligent Automation
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Bio-Analogous Distributed Systems
Active aerodynamic controls
Intelligentoperatorinterface
Self-monitoring, adaptive, reconfigurable,
self-healing systems
Distributed sensors,
processors, and actuation
devices
Distributed sensors, processors, and actuation devices tailor drag and lift, counter vibration,
diagnose faults, and implement corrective action
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• Swashplate-less control
• Reverse velocity airfoils
• Low-noise geometry
• Active vibration and noise control
• Super-safe rotor and drive shaft
• Active blowing and boundary layer modification
• Variable speed drive system
Advanced Rotor/Drive System Concept
• Smart material “morphing” blade geometry
Continuous control of shape and airflow achieves near-ideal performance
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Environmentallyfriendly
• Low-noise rotor
Personal Transport Rotorcraft
• Low-cost construction
• Affordable propulsion system
Economical
•Auto-Trim Rotor•Smart autonomous self-reconfigurable control system• Super-safe health & usage monitoring and advanced diagnostics
Safe and easy to operate
Vertical flight or Extremely Short Takeoff enables true
door-to-door mobility
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Ducted Coaxial RotorDucted Coaxial Rotor
Folding Prop-RotorFolding Prop-Rotor Canard Rotor / WingCanard Rotor / Wing
Quad Tilt RotorQuad Tilt Rotor
Advanced Vehicle ConfigurationsHigh speed enhances productivity of
piloted and uninhabited rotorcraft
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5Candidate Innovative Technologies
Applications of nano, micromechanical, and microfluidic technologies Damage tolerant design combined with multiple load paths for single point components and sensors and for near real time fault detection (e.g., nanotubes)
Actuation using multiple micromechanical devices to provide redundancy and fault tolerance
Advanced concepts for reliable and efficient de-icing
Intelligent rotorcraft systems Distributed intelligence and actuation devices (bio-analogy)
Advanced prognostics, self-reconfiguration and repair, and adaptive self-monitoring/ self-healing control and actuation systems
Reconfigurable vehicle elements (folding or retractable rotors, tilt mechanisms, etc.)
Variable-speed drive train
Synthetic environment and synthetic vision for all-weather flight
Integrated ideal rotor
Including active controls, smart materials, on-blade intelligence, advanced actuators
Intelligent design, analysis, and optimization Total-system large scale multidisciplinary optimization and integrated design tools
Advanced concepts for high-speed rotorcraft configurations
Spectrum of physics-based models to enable performance prediction and design for advanced configurations
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Impact of Innovative Technologies
X Primary influence
X Secondary influence
Nano and Micro Technologies
Intelligent Rotorcraft Systems
Integrated Ideal Rotor Intelligent Design
Vehicle Efficiency x x x x
Cruise Speed x x x x
External Noise x x x x
Vibration & Internal Noise x x x x
Intelligent Automation x x x
Design for Reliability & Safety x x x x
All-Weather Operability x x
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
AT
TR
IBU
TE
S
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Role of Systems Analysis
CandidateTechnologies
Mission Attributes
Systems Analysis
Candidate System Concepts
sensitivities
impacts
requirements
Assessments of Concepts and Technologies
characteristics
sensitivities characteristics
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5Missions-to-Technologies Matrices
Vehicle Efficiency
(hover, cruise,
structure)
Cruise Speed
External Noise
Vibration & Internal Noise
Intelligent Automation
Design for Reliability &
Safety
All-Weather Operability (icing, IFR,
etc.)
Personal Transport
Passenger & Express
Cargo
UAV
ATTRIBUTES
MIS
SIO
NS
SY
ST
EM
CO
NC
EP
TS
TECHNOLOGIES
Vehicle Efficiency (hover, cruise, structure)
Cruise Speed
External Noise
Vibration & Internal Noise
Intelligent Automation
Design for Reliability & Safety
All-Weather Operability (icing, IFR, etc.)
AT
TR
IBU
TE
S
SYSTEM CONCEPTS
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5Technology-Mission-Goals Linkages
Technology 1 Technology 2 Technology 3 Technology 4 Technology 5
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 3 Concept 4
Attribute 4Attribute 3Attribute 2Attribute 1
Mission 2 Mission 4
Goal 1 Goal 2 Goal 3
Mission 1 Mission 3
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