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ROCKS, ROCKS, AND MORE ROCKS!Chapters 5 and 6 (Glencoe Earth Science)
What is a rock?
A rock is a hard substance made of one or more minerals
There are 3 types of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
What’s an Igneous Rock?
Formed by crystallization of magma Igneous comes from the latin word for fire These rocks are associated with fiery lava
flows Lava is magma that flows on the Earth’s
surface
Types of Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Formed from lava on Earth’s surface that
cooled quickly Known as volcanic rock Fine-grained
Intrusive Formed inside the Earth Magma rises up into pre-existing rocks and
hardens Coarse-grained Called “Plutonic” rocks after Pluto, the god of
the Underworld These rocks commonly produce landforms Granite is most common
Igneous Rocks
Which is the intrusive rock? Which is the extrusive rock?
What About Igneous Rocks?
Useful as building materials Interlocking grainy texture provides
strength Resistant to weathering Granite is especially durable
Used for columns, tiles and countertops, etc. Valuable ore deposits are often
associated with igneous rocks
It’s Sedimentary, Watson!
What’s a sedimentary rock? A rock formed from sediments Sediments are pieces of material that have
been carried/deposited by wind, water, etc. Sedimentary rocks form when these pieces
are cemented together
How do Sedimentary Rocks Form? Weathering
Processes that break rock into smaller pieces Chemical-minerals in rock are dissolved or
chemically changed Physical-minerals are unchanged; rock fragments
break off Erosion
Movement of materials from one location to another Caused by wind, moving water, gravity, glaciers
(ice) Eroded materials almost always moved downhill
Sediments, Classified
Clastic Rock Refers to fragments of rock and minerals
created by weathering and erosion Clastic comes from the Greek word for
“broken” Classified by particle size
Deposition
Occurs when sediments are laid down on the ground or sink to the bottom of a body of water
When wind/water slows down, largest particles settle out first, etc. Smallest particles settle last.
Sediments moved by glaciers and landslides are not sorted.
Burial
Most sediments are deposited in basins (depressions)
As more sediments are deposited, the layers on the bottom are exposed to more heat and pressure.
Causes lithification Physical and chemical processes that turn
sediment into sedimentary rock
Process of Lithification
1-Compaction Weight of sediments forces them closer
together Water is squeezed out of mud Sand resists compaction because of grain-
to-grain contact
Process of Lithification
2-Cementation Temperatures increase Buried sediments can be chemically changed Mineral growth cements sediments together
into solid rock Two types of cementation
A new mineral grows between grains OR The same mineral grows between or over grains
Features of Sedimentary Rock Horizontal layering (bedding)
Graded bedding: particle size becomes more coarse/heavy toward bottom layers
Cross-bedding: formed as inclined layers of sediment move forward across a horizontal surface
Fossils Evidence of once-living organisms
Types of Sedimentary Rock
Clastic Rock Most common; formed from deposits of
loose sediments 1/3 or more is pebble-called conglomerate
Not as common as rock w/ smaller pieces If made with sandy grains-called
sandstones Very common
Particles smaller than sand-called shale
Types of Sedimentary Rock
Chemical Rocks Formed when water evaporates leaving
minerals behind Ex: Rock salt, some limestone
Stalactites, stalagmites
Organic Sedimentary Rocks Formed from remains of a once-living thing Ex: coal
Why are Sedimentary Rocks Important? Energy Resources
Coal, Oil, Natural gas are found in sedimentary rock
Many metals are mined from sedimentary rocks
Used in making cement (limestone) Used in making blocks for walls (sandstone,
limestone)
Metamorphic Rock
Changing one type of rock into another as a result of extreme heat, pressure, and/or chemical reactions
Can be formed from any of the three types of rock
The ‘new’ rocks have different properties than the rock did before the ‘morph’
The Rock Cycle
Continuous changing and remaking of rocks Rocks are constantly being recycled from one type to another
Example of the Path of a Rock Through the Rock Cycle Granite (igneous rock) Wind/rain erodes exposed rock, bits flake off,
carried to bottom of stream carried to river, along with other sediments carried to sea, deposited
Deposits build up form sandstone (sedimentary rock)
Sediments continue to be buried and are under more pressure/higher temps pressed together even more form quartzite (metamorphic rock)AND THE CYCLE CONTINUES…
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