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Risk Factors
• Corticosteroids• Existing arthritis• Articular infection• Infection elsewhere• DM• Trauma• None
Frequency of Joints
• Knee• Hip• Ankle• Elbow• Wrist• Shoulder• Sternoclavicular
Pathology
• High vascularity• S. aureus collagen-binding adhesin associated with osteomylitis but not septic joint
• Disruption of normal joint by pre-existing joint disease
• Proteolytic enzymes released
Signs and Symptoms
• Joint pain, swelling, warmth, and decreased range of motion
• Joint tenderness to pressure or movement
• Tendon tenderness• Fever• May resemble acute crystal dz. or hemothrosis
Organisms Associated
• Neisseria-1-12%• Non-gonorrhea-S. aureus-37-56%, Streptococcal-10-28%, GNR-4-19%, coagulase negative staph-5%, anaerobic-2%, PMB-less than 10%
• Am Rheum Disease-2002, 61:267
Septic Arthritis-odd organisms
• Lyme, Mycoplasma• Listeria, enterococcus, chlmydia
• M. tuberculosis, atypical Tb• Candida, sporothrix, blastomycosis, coccidiom\
• Rubella, hep b and c, EBV, parvovirus, mumps
Synovial Effusion
• Normal-clear, viscous, colorless-<200 wbc (<25% pmns)
• Noninflammatory-clear, viscous, yellow 200-2000 wbc-<25% pmns
• Inflammatory-cloudy, watery, yellow-2000-50,000 cells (>50% polys)
Synovial Effusion, continued
• Infected-purulent->50,000 cells (>75% pmns)
• Great overlap at times
Gonococcal vs. non gc Arthritis
• Gc-sexually active adults, migratory polyarthralgias, tenosynovitis, dermatitis common, >50% polyarthritis, BC positive <10%, joint fluid positive 25%
GC vs. non GC
• Non GC-very young or elderly, polyarthralgias, tenosynovitis rare, dermatitis rare, >85% monoarthritis, BC positive 50%, joint fluid positive 85-90%
• NEJM-1985, 312:764-771
Outcome of Bacterial Arthritis
• 154, 121 adults-half had joint disease
• 29% of joints contained synthetic material
• Poor outcome in 21% of patients
• Poor joint outcome in nearly 50% of patients
Outcome continued
• Risk factors for poor outcome include-older age, existing joint disease, synthetic joint
• Arthritis and Rheumatism• 1997, 40:884.
Factors Associated with Poor Prognosis
• Age >60 years• Pre-existing rheumatoid arthritis or hip or shoulder infection
• >1 week of infection• >4 joints involved• Positive cultures after 7 days of appropriate treatment
Management
• Antimicrobials do achieve adequate levels in joint fluid
• Joint effusion drainage necessary but best method to drain is uncertain
Prosthetic Hip Infxns, Organisms
• Gram positive-CNSE>S. aureus>streptococcus>enterocc
• Gram negative-Enteric>pseudomonas
• Anaerobes least common• J Bone Jt. Surg-1996, 78:512
Results of Rx of Infxns-Prosthetic Hip • Positive intraoperative-28/31 good outcome (90%) 3.5 year followup
• Early Postoperative 25/35 (71% good outcome) 3.3 yrs followup
• Late chronic-29/34 (85%) good outcome-2.6 years followup
Results of Treatment continued
• Acute hematogenous-3/6 (50%) good outcome-2.6 years followup
• Journal Bone and Joint Surgery 1996, 78:512
Prosthetic Joint Infection
• Positive intraoperative cx-6 weeks iv with no surgical Rx
• Early (one month)-surgical, remove lines, leave bone components, 4 weeks iv antibiotics
Prosthetic Joint Infection
• Late chronic infection-debridement, remove components and cement, 6 weeks iv antibiotics
• Acute hematogenous-treatment same as early postoperative, replace components if loose
• J Bone Jt Surg 1995, 77: 1576
Rifampin Containing Regimens
• Proven S. aureus or coagulase negative staph infxns.
• Stable joint with sms less than 21 days
• Initial debridement and 2 weeks of antistaph followed by oral for 3 months if hip or 6 months if hip
Rifampin Containing Regimens
• 12/12 cured with cipro+rifampin
• 7/12 cured with cipro plus placebo
• JAMA-1998, 279, 1537• Lancet 2001, 1:175.
Suppression with oral
• In one study of patients who were high risk/poor function if joint removed-treatment mean was 37.6 months
• 10/13 patients required prothesis removal for recurrent infections (mean 21.6 months
Suppression-continued
• Conclusion-benefits are limited
• Orthopaedics-1991, 14:841.
Osteomyelitis classification
• Cierny and Mader-Orthopaedic Review-1987, 16:259
• I-medullary, II-superficial, III-localized, IV-diffuse
• Host factors-A-normal, B-compromised, C-prohibitive
• Waldvogel-NEJM-1970, 282:198• Hematogenous, continguous
Osteomyelitis diagnosis
• Staging studies-MRI, CT, nuclear scans, ESR, CRP, bone biopsies and cultures
Osteomyelitis treatment
• Surgery and antibiotics• Controversies in length of treatment, etc.
Diabetic Foot
• MRI-99% sensitive, 83% specific
• Plain x-ray-60% sensitive, 66% specific
• Tc99m bone scan-86% sensitive, 45% specific
• In111 WBC-89% sensitive, 78% specific, CID 1997: 25: 1318
Probing to Bone
• Technique to determine bone infection
• Sterile, steel probe used• positive test if bone can be touched with probe
• Sensitivity-89%, specificity-85% JAMA-1995. 273:721
Diabetic Foot
• 254 isolates from 96 patients• S. aureus-38 isolates, Enterococcus-31, peptostreptococcus-31, CNSE-27, streptococcus sp-27, proteus-10, klebsiella-10
• CID-1995, 20 (supplement 2).
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