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Review 600 - 1450
Famous Buildings to know…
Hagia Sophia
Explain the development of Christianity as a unifying social and political factor in medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire.
Medieval (Western Europe) “Feudalism and the manor system created divisions
among people. Shared beliefs in the teachings of the Church bonded people together. During an era of constant turmoil, the Church was a stable force. The Church provided Christians with a sense of security and a religious community to which they might belong.” (read more on pgs. 332-333)
Byzantine Empire Close connection between church & state Use of Greek language created linguistic unification Common religious ideology unified people
Compare the characteristics of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
Roman Catholicism Services in Latin Pope has authority over all other bishops & claims
authority over all kings & emperors Priests may not marry Divorce is not permitted
Eastern Orthodoxy Services conducted in Greek or local languages The patriarch and other bishops head the church as a
group Emperor claims authority over patriarch Priests may be married Divorce allowed under certain conditions
How did feudalism and manorialism develop?
see pencast
How did the spread of Islam affect societies, and, in turn, how did the societies conquered by Islam impact the religion? (Islam’s impact on Europe, Asia and Africa)
Unifying across tribal associations Allowed conquered to retain own religions Encouraged literacy & education Many converted
Genuine desire + no poll tax Some societies such as Ghana still retained
some aspects of their traditional animistic religions after “converting” to Islam
Islamic architecture in Spain and other areas along the Mediterranean
Describe the interactions among Muslim, Christian, and Jewish societies in Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
Muslims ruling most of Spain at the time - treat Christians and Jews relatively well
Crusades – major interaction between Muslims & Christians
Religious intolerance grows in Europe after the Crusades but learn much from Muslim societies
European Christians blame the Jews for the Plague
In Muslim states– Christians & Jews played important roles as officials and bureaucrats
Describe the interactions between Muslim and Hindu societies in South Asia. (Don’t worry about for test – we’ll get to it in next unit)
Muslim tribes from Central Asia invade northwestern India in the 600s Turkish warlords invade India in 1000 and establish the Delhi Sultanate,
where Hindus were treated as conquered people Mughal ruler Akbar establishes a golden age in India Religious freedom for Hindus and non-Muslims Taxation on Hindu pilgrims and on non-Muslims abolished Mingling of Arabic, Persian, and Hindu cultures that lead to new
developments in art and literature and the Urdu language in army camps Shah Jahan – construction of the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife Aurangazeb – expansion of Mughal empire throughout most of the Indian
subcontinent Harsh policies against Hindus including bringing back the tax on
pilgrimages, banning of Hindu temple construction, destruction of Hindu monuments, and dismissal of Hindus from government positions
Militant Hindus known as Marathas establish a breakaway state in southern India
Sikhs break away and establish a separate state in Punjab
How did the Crusades, the Black Death, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Great Schism contribute to the end of medieval Europe?
Crusades Failures except for 1st Pope’s power declines Power of feudal nobles weakens Italian cities expand trade and grow rich
Black Death Church lost some authority & credit Disrupted feudal society
Ex. Fewer peasants meant they could negotiate with landlords Hundred Years’ War
Created more nationalism Intense religious devotion & the code of chivalry disintegrated
Great Schism Deteriorated the “age of faith”
Summarize the major political, economic, and cultural developments in Tang and Song China and their impact on Eastern Asia.
Tang 7th-9th centuries Expanded China into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea Bureaucracy improved and greatly expanded Confucian revival enhanced position of the scholar-gentry class Art, architecture, science, philosophy, porcelain-making, silk-weaving,
transportation Poetry Collapsed due to local warlords gaining power
Song 960-1279 Built on Tang’s artistic & philosophical accomplishments but not as
strong militarily or politically as Tang Strongly promoted interests of Confucian scholar-gentry Civil service examinations routinized Encyclopedias, histories Printing processes -> spread of these literatures throughout Asia
Don’t forget the Sui too! Ended 4 centuries of
regional divisions Grand Canal
Connected the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Yangtze River
Much like the Qin Short! -> 39 years (589-
618) Huge construction projects
at expense of the people Ended in rebellion
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong
Analyze how the Silk Road and the Africa gold-salt trade facilitated the spread of ideas and trade.
See PP called “Africa during the Middle Ages”
What were the impacts of Mongol invasions of Russia, China, and the Islamic world?
Russia not unified, princes of various cities/regions
Paid tribute to the Golden Horde 250 years under Mongol control Worst for the peasants Religiously tolerant of Orthodox
church Moscow benefits & grows while
the Golden Horde declines 1380 – princes of Moscow shifts
from tribute collectors to defending Russia Form alliance with other Russian
vassals -> defeated Golden Horde
Mongols in Russia
Kubilai creates Yuan Dynasty Mongolians on top of social
hierarchy Only time merchants &
traders valued more than the scholar-gentry & artists
Mongolian women have more rights but eventually see their freedom & power reduced
Refused to reinstate civil service examinations
Religiously tolerant Many foreigners travel here
Marco Polo
Mongols in China
Ilkhan Empire Baghdad sacked in
1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty
Shattered the central cities to Islamic civilization
Christians sometimes helped the Mongol military to defeat Islamic cities
Mongols in the Islamic heartlands
How was the Indian Ocean trade network influenced by physical geography?
Indian Ocean trade Long-distance trade across
the Indian Ocean between the Swahili City-States and South Asia
Indian Ocean calmer compared to Atlantic & Pacific Oceans
powerful monsoons create strong winds meaning ships could easily sail west early in the season, then wait a few months and return eastwards
Identify Justinian.
Ruler of Byzantine Empire - 527 Expanded empire into many parts of
the former Roman Empire – most of Italy & into Spain
Married Theodora Justinian Code Hagia Sophia and other churches Baths Aqueducts Law courts Schools Hospitals
Describe the Americas before the Age of Explorations, including the Maya, Aztec and Incan Empires.
Maya Olmec influences City-states such as Chichen Itza Ball game with religious & political significance Sophisticated farming methods Written language Religion
Polytheistic Occasional human sacrifice Leads to development of calendar, mathematics, astronomy
Social hierarchy king Noble class, including priests Merchants peasants
Aztec Capital: Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco Human sacrifice – both religious and to intimidate rivals Chinampas
Inca Andes Mountains Complex road system No written language but quipu for record keeping
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