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Restoring rivers in global biodiversityRestoring rivers in global biodiversityGUIDELINES FOR ORAL
PRESENTATIONS
g g yg g yhotspots undergoing climate hotspots undergoing climate change.change.
PRESENTATIONSProfessor Peter DaviesUniversity of Western Australia
Global Biodiversity Hotspots
Biodiversity inBiodiversity in southwesternsouthwestern AustraliaAustraliaBiodiversity in Biodiversity in southwesternsouthwestern AustraliaAustralia
G h fG h f 2424 l b l hl b l hGreater southwest one of Greater southwest one of 24 24 global hot spots global hot spots for biodiversity.for biodiversity.
44 000000 species of vascular plantsspecies of vascular plants44,,000000 species of vascular plants species of vascular plants ((6060%% endemic).endemic).
Over Over 560560 species of invertebrates identified species of invertebrates identified pp4545%% restricted to freshwater.restricted to freshwater.
Horwitz, P. , Bradshaw, D., Hopper, S., Davies, P., Froend, R. & Bradshaw, F. (2008). Hydrological change escalates risk ofecosystem stress in Australia’s threatened biodiversity hotspot. J.Roy.Soc. WA. 91: 1-11.
Climate change and temperature
Temperature: Environmental lapse ratesTemperature: Environmental lapse rates
Changes in species’ distribution (Northern Hemisphere):( p )
• Movement north (1°C = 145kms)• Higher altitudes = an average 6 49°C/1000 m• Higher altitudes = an average 6.49 C/1000 m
Species movement in the northern Hemisphere
Movement northwardsv w d
Movement upslopeMovement upslope
B ll h f h•Bellwether for other biodiversity hotspots?
•Transferable restoration techniques?
Climate change in southwest:g
0.8OC increase temperature (20C by 2050)
Fitzgerald River National Park
Davies, P.M. (2010). Climate Change Implications for River Restoration in Global Biodiversity Hotspots. Journal Restoration Ecology 18: 261-268.
River restoration for climate change:River restoration for climate change: building resilience through biophysical envelopes(due to geographic constraints)(due to geographic constraints)
Davies, P.M. (2010). Climate change implications for river restoration in global biodiversity hotspots. Journal of Restoration Ecology 18: 261-268.Davies, P.M., Cook, B., Rutherford, J.C., Walshe, T. (2004). Riparian Restoration reduces in-stream thermal stress. Rip Rap 26: 16-19. ISSN 1324-6941.
Riparian influences – Shade
Davies, P. M. & Bunn, S.E. Restoring fundamental ecological processes in small, forested uplands streams: The importance of riparian vegetation. In Eds Rutherfurd, Bartley R., In “Second Australian Stream ManagementConference, Vol. 1”. Adelaide, pp 193-198.
Temperature model: Temperature can be predicted to within ±1oC with estimates of depth, velocity, bed material, shade and meteorology.
30
26
28
ratu
re (º
C)
presentunshadedrestored
22
24
Wat
er te
mpe
restored
18
20
W
18
11-D
ec
12-D
ec
13-D
ec
14-D
ec
15-D
ec
16-D
ec
17-D
ec
18-D
ec
Rutherford, Marsh and Davies (2004). Effects of patchy shade on stream water temperature: how quickly do small streams heat and cool? Marine and Freshwater Research 55, 737-748
Tasmania Tasmania –– cool temperatecool temperate
Southeast Queensland Southeast Queensland -- subtropicssubtropics
KimberleyKimberley -- tropicstropicsKimberley Kimberley tropicstropics
Douglas, M.M., Bunn, S.E., Davies, P.M. (2005). River and wetland food webs in Australia’s wet-dry tropics: general principlesand implications for management. Marine Freshwater Research 56: 1-14.
Effect of latitude on riparian shading
N
0
1 )
Far North Qld South west WASouth-east Qld
3040506070
D (
mol
m-2
d-1
100 200 3001 100 200 30010
102030
100 200 3001
PP
F
Julian Day
Total PPFD above canopy
Total direct PPFD below canopy
Davies, Peter M., Bunn, Stuart, E and Hamilton, Stephen, K. (2008). Primary production in tropical streams and rivers. In (ed Dudgeon, D). Chapter 2 (pages 23-42)“Tropical Stream Ecology”. Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-088449-0.
Stream orientationStream orientation
Booloumba CreekPeters Creek Bundaroo Creek
ol m
-2 d
-1)
405060
70
PPFD
(mo
0102030
Julian Day
Canopy cover: 74 %Canopy cover: 75 % Canopy cover: 73 %
100 200 3001 100 200 3001100 200 3001
py
Channel width: 13 m
py
Channel width: 13 m
py
Channel width: 11 m
Davies, Peter M., Bunn, Stuart, E and Hamilton, Stephen, K. (2008). Primary production in tropical streams and rivers. In (ed Dudgeon, D). Chapter 2 (pages 23-42) “Tropical Stream Ecology”. Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-088449-0.
Lethal temperaturestemperatures
(LD50 testing)
Location In-stream temperature threshold (oC)
Darwin 29.0
Cairns 29.0
Broome 29.0
Townsville 28.4
Rockhampton 26.5
Alice Springs 26.3
Carnarvon 25.8
Forrest 23.0
Perth 22.5
Sydney 21.5
Adelaide 21.0
Albany 21.0
Melbourne 21.0
Hobart 21.0
Location In-stream temperature threshold (oC)
Shade target (%)
Darwin 29.0 45
Cairns 29.0 50
Broome 29.0 60
Townsville 28.4 50
Rockhampton 26.5 65
Alice Springs 26.3 30
Carnarvon 25.8 70
Forrest 23.0 50
Perth 22.5 70
Sydney 21.5 75
Adelaide 21.0 60
Albany 21.0 50
Melbourne 21.0 55
Hobart 21.0 15
TropicalTropical stream temperatures: stream temperatures: seasonal differences seasonal differences
(modeled 0% shade first order)(modeled 0% shade first order)(modeled, 0% shade, first order)(modeled, 0% shade, first order)
TemperateTemperate stream stream temperature: temperature: seasonal differences seasonal differences
((modeled 0% shade first order)modeled 0% shade first order)((modeled, 0% shade, first order)modeled, 0% shade, first order)
Temperature modelingp g
TROPICAL
KUNUNURRADARWIN
TEMPERATE
FORREST
ALBANY
Spatially optimizing riparianrestoration for temperature control
How much?Where in the catchment?
Stream temperature: guide to managers (topographic and vegetative shade)(topographic and vegetative shade)
Restoration at a catchment scale
Guide to
catchment scale
Guide to managers: the processp
Burns Creek catchmentcatchment
Step 1 – Obtain aerial photo to be used in vegetation mapping
Step 2 – Map riparian vegetation using ordinal classes
Step 3 – Obtain Digital Elevation Model for mapping solar radiation
Step 4 – Map solar radiation using index algorithm
Step 5 – Use a GIS to extract solar radiation for streams
Vegetation mapping + Radiation Mapping and modelling
= Priority map
CatchmentCatchment scale
priority map
Davies, P.M. and Walshe, T.V. (2006). River restoration: optimizing riparian re-vegetation at a catchment scale. Bulletin of the North American Benthological Society 23: 104.
Riparian influences – Shade
Davies, P. M. & Bunn, S.E. Restoring fundamental ecological processes in small, forested uplands streams: The importance of riparian vegetation. In Eds Rutherfurd, Bartley R., In “Second Australian Stream ManagementConference, Vol. 1”. Adelaide, pp 193-198.
34
Southwestern Australia
- 34
ALGAE- 32
ALGAEC
(‰)
- 30δ13C
Invertebrates
- 28RIPARIAN
- 26POOLS COBBLESGRAVEL
RUNSRUNSHABITAT
Shade and ecosystem processesprocesses
2000
GPP1500
m-2
d-1)
R24
P = R
forest canopy cover
1000
m (
mg
C m
forest R24
forest canopy cover
500
etab
olis
m
forest GPP0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Me
Canopy cover (%)
Bunn, S.E., Davies, P.M. & Mosisch, T. (1999). Ecosystem measures of river health and their response to riparian and catchment degradation. Freshwater Biology. 41: 333-345.
Riparian vegetationp g
CO22
R l d li f bRegulator and supplier of carbon
River restoration for climate shift in global biodiversity hotspots
• Biodiversity hotspots typically geographically constrained • Building an in situ biophysical envelope (lessons from SW WA)• “Over” restoration (revised temperature targets: 10% shade per 0C) • Modelling limitations after 2050• Modelling limitations after 2050• Refugia (with longitudinal connectivity)• Catchment scale offsets between riparian restoration and e-flowsp•Environmental triage• Manage other environmental insults (”levers” maybe different)
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