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anatomy and physisology - respiratory system
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Respiratory system
Mrs. Jenny.JClinical instructor,
FAHS.
Introduction
• Thorax forms upper part of the trunk of the body.• The trunk of the body is divided by the diaphargm, into an
upper part called the thorax.• And lower part called the abdomen.• It is supported by a skeletal frame work- Thoracic cage • The thoracic cavity contains- Lungs & heart.
Skeleton of the thorax• Also known as the thoracic cage• It is an osseocartilaginous, elastic
cage.• Designed for increasing and
decreasing the intrathoracic pressure, so that air is sucked into the lungs during inspiration & expelled during expiration.
FormationAnteriorly - sternumPosteriorly – 12 thoracic vertebraeEach side – 12 ribs with their cartilage
• Shape – Truncated cone.arrow above broad below
Bones of the thorax
Ribs( Costae) Sternum Vertebral columnRibs• 12 ribs on each side forming the greater
part of the thoracic skeleton• Ribs are bony arches arranged one
below the other• The gaps between the ribs are called
intercostal spaces.
Sternum
It is a flat bone; The anterior median part of the thoracic skeleton
Shape- Resembles ashort sword Parts1. Upper part –Manburium2. Middle part- Body3. Lower part- Xiphoid process or
xiphisternum4. Its about 17cmlong5. It is longer in males than in
females.
Vertebral column• It is also called the spine, spinal
column or back bone.• It is the central axis of the body• It supports the body weight and
transmits it to the ground through the lower limbs.
• It is made up of 33 vertebrae. 7 cervical,12 thoracic,5
lumbar,5sacral,4 coccygeal.• Length of the spine is about 70cm in
males and about 60cm in females.• The number of vertebrae corresponds
to the number of spinal nerves.
Muscles of the thorax• Pectoralis major• Pectoralis minor • Serratus anterior• Latissimus dorsi• Diaphargm• Sternocleidomastoid muscles• External intercostal• Internal intercostal muscles
Organs of respiration
• The different organs of the respiratory system such as nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli.
• carry out the process of respiration• All these organs play an important
role in supplying oxygen to the body.
Organs:1.Upper respiratory tract - Nasal
cavity, Pharynx, Larynx.2.Lower respiratory tract – trachea,
bronchi, lungs.
Organs of respiration
• Nose Vestibule is a part of nostrils - lined with coarse hair. Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity in two parts. The floor of nasal cavity is formed of hard and soft palates. Cartilage is an external part of the nose which forms the tip. The bony shelves which project from lateral walls of the nose
are referred to as inferior, middle and superior nasal conchae. Meatuses are the spaces present between conchae.
Pharnyx
• Pharynx is a tubular part of the respiratory system which allows the passage of air into lungs.
• It is located behind the nasal and oral cavities. The different parts of pharynx are as follows:Nasopharynx: It connects the upper portion of the throat with the nasal cavity.Oropharynx: It is located between the soft palate and upper part of epiglottis.Laryngopharynx: This part of the pharynx is located below the epiglottis. It opens into the esophagus and larynx.
Epiglottis
• It is a flap-like structure (epiglottis) which prevents food or water from entering the trachea at the time of swallowing.
• Epiglottis is composed of cartilaginous tissue. It is located at the opening of larynx (back of the tongue); the epiglottis is covered with mucous.Since the epiglottis gets abraded easily (it lies in the digestive tract), its surface is covered with a layer of non-keratinized and stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Larynx(Voice box)• It is a part of the respiratory
system which connects the trachea with laryngo pharynx.
• The larynx controls the flow of air at the time of breathing.The larynx, also known as sound box, is formed of cartilages.
• Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid are the three important cartilages of larynx
Trachea• The trachea, also known as windpipe,
extends from larynx to bronchi.• The trachea gets branched into
bronchi. The trachea facilitates the flow of air towards the bronchi.
• Trachea lies to the anterior side of the oesophagus;
• It is tubular in shape with a diameter of 1 inch. and length of 4.25 inch.
• Length of the trachea spans between the 6th cervical and 5th thoracic vertebrae.
• The trachea is composed of 15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.
Bronchi
• Bronchus (singular of bronchi) is a passage which allows the flow of air into lungs. The bronchi extend from trachea to the lungs.
• The tracheal tube, when divided into two at the caudal end, gives rise to the left and right bronchus.
• The left bronchus is shorter than the right one; the left one is sub-divided into 2 lobar bronchi; right bronchus, on the other hand, is sub-divided into 3 lobar bronchi.
Lungs Lungs occupies the major portions
of the thoracic cavity Leaves little space for the heart.
Which occupies more of the left lung.
Lungs are pair of respiratory organs - thoracic cavity
Each lung invaginates corresponding pleural cavity.
Right and left lung – mediastinum Right lung- 700g( 50-100g) heavier
than left lung
Features1. Apex- upper end2. Base- resting on diaphargm3. Three borders – Anterior,
posterior& inferior4. Two surfaces – Costal &
medial Fissures & lobes of the lungs5. Right lung - 3lobes & two fissures6. Left lung – Two lobes & one fissures.
Features• Apex It is blunt & lies above the anterior end of the first rib• Base It is semilunar and concave It rests on the diaphargm Which separates the right lung from right lobe of the liver And left lung from left lobe of the liver, Fundus of the stomach, &
spleen.BordersAnterior border Anterior border is very thin It is shorter than the posterior border Posterior border It is thick and ill definedInferior border It separates the base from the costal and medial surface
Surfaces Costal surface It is large and convex Contact with the costal pleura and
the overlying thoracic wall`Medial surface Divides into Posterior or vertebral
part Anterior or mediastinal part Vertebral part- Intervertebral discs Posterior- Intercostal vessels Mediastinal – Cardiac
impressions ,& the hilum of the lung
Fissures & lobes of the lungs• Right lung• Upper, middle, & lower• Horizontal & oblique • Left lung• Upper & lower lobe• Oblique fissures• Tongue shape projection - Lingula
Pleura• Pleura is a serous membrane of
the lung• Two pleural sacs• Outer layer- parietal pleura• Inner layer – Visceral or
pulmonary pleura• Pleural cavity – between two
pleura• Pleural fluid.
• Arterial supply of the lungs• Bronchial arteries – nutrition to the bronchial tree &
Pulmonary tissue.• Deoxygenated blood- lungs- Pulmonary arteries• Oxgenated blood returned – the heart - pulmonary veins• Venous drainage of the lung• Bronchial veins- Azygos veinNerve supply of the lung • Parasymapathetic• Sympathetic - Located in the lungs
Bronchial tree• Trachea divides at the level of the 4th thoracic
vertebra – two primary bronchi• Right Primary bronchus It is 2.5 cm long Shorter & wider More line the trachea than the left primary
bronchus Inhaled particles – tend to pass more in right
lung Infections are common on the right side than
left side. • Left primary bronchus It is 5cm long Longer and narrower & more oblique than the
right bronchus.
Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometres of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli.
Bronchopulmonary segments• DefinitionThese well defined sectors of the lung, each one of which is aeratedby a tertiary or segmentalbronchus. There are 10 segments on the
right side and 10 on the left.
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