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Reporting category #2- Mechanisms of genetics. Se 6- the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids & the principles of Mendelian Genetics. DNA. A with T C with G Deoxyribose sugar + Nitrogen base + Phosphate= Nucleotide. Chromosomes contain genes. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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REPORTING CATEGORY #2- MECHANISMS OF GENETICS
SE 6- THE MECHANISMS OF GENETICS, INCLUDING THE ROLE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS &
THE PRINCIPLES OF MENDELIAN GENETICS
DNA
A with TC with G
Deoxyribose sugar +Nitrogen base +
Phosphate= Nucleotide
CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN GENES
CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN GENES
GENETIC CODE- DETERMINED BY THE ORDER OF THE NITROGEN BASES
DNA SPECIFIES TRAITS
Central dogma
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:The sugar & phosphate portions of a DNA molecule function mainly to do which of the following?
A. store & transmit information about an organism’s traitsB. attract the units that are used to create new DNA
moleculesC. provide the structural support for the sequence of
nitrogenous base pairsD. provide the energy that the molecule needs to carry out
its functionQuestion #2:DNA affects the organism’s traits by doing which of the following?
A. directing the assembly of amino acids to form proteinsB. determining which traits will be most beneficial to the
organismC. establishing the rules by which all of the elements in the
body will form compoundsD. identifying which genetic material should be expressed
& which material discarded
THE GENETIC CODE IS COMMON TO ALL ORGANISMS
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:What do these three statements describe?I. Instructions for translating information into proteinsII. Alignment & sequence of genes on a chromosomeIII. Composed of nucleotide triplets
A. protein synthesisB. the genetic codeC. cell differentiationD. DNA fingerprinting
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:
Refer to the chart. The triplet codes found in this chart apply to:
A. humans only.B. plants & animals.C. prokaryotes only.D. all living things.
RNA
Single strandU instead of T
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA making RNA
Animation linkVideo link
TRANSLATION Animation linkVideo link
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
The diagram shows how a section of protein containing the amino acid sequence “QYWQ” is formed. What is the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA section shown?
A. 5'UCGGAUACUACU3‘ B. 5'CCACCACCACCA3‘
C. 5'ACUUCGGAUACU3‘ D. 5'CAGUAUUGGCAA3'
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:
The illustration shows the transcription process. What is the main purpose of the structure labeled W?
A. carrying instructions for protein synthesisB. transforming into a proteinC. replacing damaged DNAD. passing traits to offspring
GENE EXPRESSION IS A REGULATED PROCESS
Animation link
GENE EXPRESSION IS A REGULATED PROCESS
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:Every cell contains DNA. The main purpose of DNAis to store the cell’s genetic information. How does DNA control the cell?
A. DNA activates nerve signalsB. DNA protects the cell from invadersC. DNA speeds up chemical reactionsD. DNA determines what proteins are made
Question #2:The base sequence that remains after RNA splicing, & can be translated into a protein is a/an:
A. exon.B. deletion.C. insertion.D. intron.
MUTATION
MUTATION= CHANGE IN A CHROMOSOME
MUTATION & SIGNIFICANCE
Beneficial or
detrimental?
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:A scientist is searching for a chemical that can alter the characteristics a pea plant will pass on to its offspring. The scientist needs a chemical that can affect pea plants in which way?
A. by altering the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the plant’s DNA
B. by reducing the total number of copies of the plant’s genetic material
C. by changing the spiral shape of the plant’s DNA molecules to wheels or horseshoes
D. by adding extra deoxyribose molecules to each strand of the plant’s genetic material
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:Mutated DNA in somatic cells occurs frequently, but this modified DNA cannot be passed along to offspring because:
A. modified DNA in somatic cells is recessive.
B. offspring typically reject modified DNA.
C. only gamete cells carry genetic material to offspring.
D. offspring mutations happen only when somatic cells are diseased.
HETEROZYGOUS & HOMOZYGOUS
MONOHYBRID CROSS
DIHYBRID CROSS
UNUSUAL PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
NOM-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Extranuclear inheritance
X-inactivation
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:Look at the Punnett square shown below.
In pea plants, having round peas (R) is dominant over wrinkled peas (r). Two plants with round (Rr) peas were crossed. If 4 offspring are produced, how many offspring are expected to have round peas?
A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:
Refer to the diagram. What are the genotypes of the parents in this cross?
A. TTRr & ttRrB. TtRr & TtRrC. TTrr & TtRrD. TTRr & TtRr
MEIOSIS ALLOWS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Occurs in sex cells4 cells result
½ # of chromosomes
Crossing over + Independent assortment
Video link
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:A rat has 42 chromosomes in each somatic cell. How many chromosomes are in each gamete?
A. 18B. 21C. 40D. 42
Question #2:The diagram shows the process of meiosis. The chromosome separation that occurs during meiosis results in a:
A. single fertilized egg cell.B. group of genetically identical cells.C. single sperm cell.D. reduction in the number of chromosomes
per cell.
HOW TO STUDY A GENOME
DNA fingerprinting Genome
sequencing (can you find the hidden words?)
lqvrdlmnqvtthequickababcmfxlqbrownfoxjulrvsmpedoverthelazyyyzplfdogjjiurttiythedoglayhhbeldquietlydreaminghwwiqldnsofdinnerplwosiucnd
Karyotype analysis
HOW TO STUDY A GENOME
DNA fingerprinting Genome
sequencing (did you find the hidden words?)
lqvrdlmnqvtthequickababcmfxlqbrownfoxjulrvsmpedoverthelazyyyzplfdogjjiurttiythedoglayhhbeldquietlydreaminghwwiqldnsofdinnerplwosiucnd
Karyotype analysis
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:Which of the following is an inappropriate place to gather information for a karyotype?
A. a sex cellB. a skin cellC. a nerve cellD. a muscle cell
Question #2:Most species have a standard karyotype. It is common, however, that there is a difference between males & females within a species. How does the human karyotype differ between males & females?
A. males only have 45 chromosomes & females have 46B. the sex chromosomes in males are XY & in females
they are XX C. scientists cannot tell the difference but know there is
oneD. males have two satellites attached to their sex
chromosomes
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