Renewable Energy Technologies (Wind Energy) Presented by Salman Nazir 1 Section-1: Introduction of...

Renewable Energy Technologies (Wind Energy)

Presented by

Salman Nazir

1Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

Presentation Highlights• Introduction to Renewable Resources Pvt Limited• Need to Introduce Renewable Energies in Power

sector (Introduction of RE)• Global Wind Market• Potential to work in wind Sector-Pakistan• History of Wind Turbine • Wind Energy Basics• Wind Turbine Classification• Wind Resource Assessment/Wind Measurement• Wind Data Analysis/Energy Yield Estimation• Electrical Study• Q&A Session 2Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

Prospects

Introduction(Services of RE2 for RE project developers)

• Renewable Resources (Pvt.) Ltd (RE2) is a consulting company provides end to end solutions in RE sector, EE and Environment

• RE2 is local Partner of Lahmeyer International• RE2 undertakes the project development including

feasibility studies, policy Framework, financial consulting, permits and approvals, overseeing EPC activities etc

• RE2 is engaged as Lenders Engineer for Banks (ADB, OPIC, NB, HBL) and Owners Engineer with companies (Fauji Foundation, Fauji Fertilizers, Three Gorgies First Wind Farm, Tapal Power, United Power (Operating BP in Pakistan)

Our Major Projects

• 10 MW Solar Power Project of Roshan Power-A Beacon house Project

• 02 MW Solar Power Project of 1st Solar

• Development of Micro Finance System for MFIs / DFIs to support Off-Grid Solar PV Applications – A Project of Enercon

• 50 MW Wind Power Project of Three Gorges First Wind Farm Pakistan Pvt. Ltd)

• 100 MW Wind Power Project of United Energy Pakistan Limited

• 50 WM Wind Power Project of Hawa Energy Private Limited

• 50 MW Coal Power Project in Punjab of Malakwal Power- A Project of Beacon house Group

Our Projects CONT…

• 05 MW Wind Project of Albario Energy in Sindh, Pakistan).

• 30 MW Wind Project of Tapal Wind Energy Ltd in Sindh, Pakistan

• Regional Wind Resource Assessment in Kalar Kahar.

• Promoting Sustainable Energy Production and Use of Biomass in Pakistan – A Project of WINROCK / UNIDO

Need of RE

Current Energy Statistics and

Wind Market

197.5%

Tariffs from NEPRA (2012)

Upfront – Wind (RE Tech) US¢14.72/kWh

TGF –Wind (RE Tech) US¢13.99/kWh

165 MW Attock Gen Power Project-Furnace Oil US¢26.92/kWh

209 MW Halmore Power Generation Co Limited-Diesel Oil US¢37.16/kWh

202 MW gas based power Project of Foundation Power Company Daharki Sindh-Natural Gas US¢15.14/kWh

What to Do Then if ??

Go for Natural Energy Sources (RE Sources)

Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan

Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB)

•Promotion, Encouragement and Development of RE•One window service for investor•Transfer of technology and expertise•Established in 2003

Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, 2006

• Grid Access on doorstep provided by power purchaser• 100% Purchase guarantee• 100% Grid Availability• No customs duty on import of Generation equipment

National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)•Grid Code Addendum for Wind Power

• Ease of grid integration

Central Power Purchasing Authority (CPPA)•Energy Purchase Agreement for Wind Power

• Operating Procedure• Compensation• Security

Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan 50 MW Project, WTG Erection

HISTORY OF WIND TURBINE

22Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

History of Wind Turbine

• The era of wind electric generators began close to 1900’s.

• The first modern wind turbine, specifically designed for electricity generation, was constructed in Denmark in 1890

• The first utility-scale system was installed in Russia in 1931. A 100 kW turbine was installed on the Caspian sea shore, which worked for two years and generated about 20,000 kW electricity.

Wind Power: Global Overview

Wind Energy Basic

Main Parts

1.Rotor

2. Nacelle

3. Tower

4. Foundation

5. Substation

• Energy available in wind is the kinetic energy of air masses moving over the earth’s surface.

• Wind turbine blades receive this kinetic energy and transform to mechanical.

• Mechancial energy is converted to electrical forms.

• Conversion efficiency of converting wind to other useful energy forms greatly depends on the efficiency of rotor interaction with the wind stream and efficiency of electrical generator.

Power Curve

m = mass of airV = Velocity of air

V = Velocity of air ᵽa=air densityAT = Cross sectional area of rotor

• A turbine cannot extract this power completely from the wind. When the wind stream passes the turbine, a part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the rotor and the air leaving the turbine carries the rest away.

• Actual power produced by a rotor would thus be decided by the efficiency with which this energy transfer from wind to the rotor takes place.

• This efficiency is usually termed as the power coefficient (Cp). • Thus, the power coefficient of the rotor can be defined as the

ratio of actual power developed by the rotor to the theoretical power available in the wind.

PT= Power Produced by Turbine Rotor

Thrust Curve Curve

• The thrust force experienced by the rotor (F) can be expressed as

• Hence we can represent the rotor torque (T) as

• This is the maximum theoretical torque and in practice the rotor shaft can develop only a fraction of this maximum limit.

• The ratio between the actual torque developed by the rotor and the theoretical torque is termed as the torque coefficient

Wind Turbine Classification

• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine– Most Commercially used design– Higher power coefficient– Low cut in wind speed– Complicated design– Yaw drive arrangement required.

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

• No Yaw arrangement required.

• Gear box and Generator can be accommodated at ground

• Low maintenance cost.

• Usually not self starting

• Low turbine efficiency.

• Chances of high rotational speed and structure breakage.

Wind Resource Assessment

49Section 3: Wind Measurement

Wind Resource Assessment (Basics)

• What is Wind Resource Assessment?• What are basic parameters of Wind Resource Assessment

• Wind Speed• Wind Direction• Air Density• Temperature

• What is importance of Wind Data? • Wind measuring Equipment

Wind Resource Assessment (Key Steps)

• Investigation of Measurement Station• Wind Data Analysis• Micrositing• Energy Yield Estimation

Measurement Equipment

3 CUP Anemometer

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSSensor type 3-cup anemometer Applications wind resource assessment

meteorological studies environmental monitoring

Sensor range 1 m/s to 96 m/s (2.2 mph to 214 mph) (highest recorded)

OUTPUT SIGNAL Transfer function m/s = (Hz x 0.765) + 0.35 [miles

per hour = (Hz x 1.711) + 0.78] Accuracy within 0.1 m/s (0.2 mph) for

the range 5 m/s to 25 m/s (11 mph to 55 mph)

Calibration calibrated version available Swept diameter of rotor 190 mm (7.5 inches) 56Section 3: Wind Measurement

Wind Direction Vane

Temperature Sensor

DESCRIPTION Sensor type integrated circuit temperature sensor

with six plate radiation shield

Applications wind resource assessment meteorological studies environmental monitoring

Sensor range -40 °C to 52.5 °C (-40 °F to 126.5 °F) OUTPUT SIGNAL

Transfer function Temp = (Voltage x 55.55) – 86.38 °C[Temp = (Voltage x 100) – 123.5 °F]

Accuracy offset is +/- 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) maximum nonlinearity is +/- 0.33 °C (+/- 0.6 °F) maximum total error +/- 1.1 °C (2 °F)

RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS Thermal time constant 10 minutes

Data Logger

DATA COLLECTION Sampling interval 2 seconds Averaging interval 10 minute fixed Real time clock internal battery-backed with leap year

correction,

Storage medium 16 MB MultiMedia Card (MMC), non-volatile FLASH

Maximum data storage 664 days Parameters recorded for each channel

each data interval is time-stamped average standard deviation min max

Data delivery MMC cards internet email via GSM, AMPS or dial-up with optional iPack

Data Analysis

62Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy Estimation

Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)

Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis) Accuracy Verification of Data:•Correlation with other data sets from area

Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis) Accuracy Verification of Data: (Long Term Analysis)

Energy Yield Estimation

Energy Yield Analysis

• Determine Energy Production (kWh)• Plant specific parameters such as capacity factor• Required by:

• Project company• Financial assessment

• Project lenders• Risk / Financial assessment

• Power Purchaser• Planning / Forecasting• Determination of Energy Price from Plant

Energy Yield Analysis (Components)

• Topographic Effects• Wind Resource• Micrositing• Generator

• Renowned Tools• WAsP (Wind Analysis & Simulation Programing)• Wind Pro• Wind Farmer

• Production (kWh) dependent upon:• Wind resource • Wind Turbine Generator• Siting of Wind Turbines

Micrositing Example:

5 MW, 2 x 2.5 MW, Nordex WTG

4.8 MW, 3 x 1.6 MW, GE WTG

Major Losses:•Array Loss•Turbine Availability•Electrical Losses•Blade degradation•Substation unavailability

Type of Turbine GE 1.6-82.5 NORDEX N100

Turbine Capacity [kW] 1,600 2,500Number of WTG [-] 3 2Installed Park Capacity [kW] 4800 5000Hub Height [m] 80 80Rotor Diameter [m] 82.5 100Gross Energy Production [MWh/a] 19,083.0 19,492.00

Losses [%] 3.14% 2.05%Wake Reduced Power [MWh/a] 18,484 19,092

Other Losses [%] 5.74% 5.74%Net Output [MWh/a] 17,422.4 17,996.1Rotor area per WTG [m2] 5,346 7,854Rotor area, sum [m2] 16,037 15,708Specific Energy Production [kWh/a/m2] 1,086 1,146

Full load hours [h/a] 3,630 3,599Capacity Factor [%] 41.43% 40.09%

Uncertainty:•Calibration•Mounting•Anemometer selection•Adjustment (internal)•Long term correlation

Electrical Study

Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid

Objectives:

•Reliability•Dependability•Safety•Security•Economic

New plant

Analysis / Studies:

•Load Flow• Steady State condition• Contingency Analysis• Voltages, Current flows, Real and Reactive Power flows

Analysis / Studies:

•Short Circuit• Current flows under fault conditions• Max SC levels

• Identify need for upgrading breakers etc.• Min SC levels

• Identify reduction in network strength PQ issues

Analysis / Studies:

•Dynamic / Transient• Time varying nature of Wind Power

• Voltage changes check impact on excitation of other generation

• Response of bus voltages in event of fault• Impact on frequency• Power recovery of Wind Farm after fault clearance (LVRT)

Analysis / Studies:

•Power Quality• Voltage unbalance• Flicker• Harmonics• Governed by grid code

Profession involved in Wind Power / RE

• Engineer• Non - Engineer

Q & A Session

Renewable Energy Technologies (Wind Energy) Presented by Salman Nazir 1 Section-1: Introduction of...

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