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7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
1/60
ths`
lkrnm
ko
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mray
pkfbny
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Jmrmdy Nhrf Gbho Arumombne Ghvbg Lmgkr Nhrh Akfgmocmra
Botrkguntbko
Nhfbkrobh hog dhoy ktemr ]/^/ sthtms wbff smm dkrm nehoams bo tembr mfmntrbnbty systmds
kvmr tem omxt 8= ymhrs teho temy ehvm bo tem phst ehf$nmotury/ Nhfbkrobh ehs mdchr`mg
upko ho uoprmnmgmotmg mkrt tk nehoam& rhpbgfy hog uoghdmothffy& tem sthtms
mfmntrbnbty suppfy hog gmfbvmry systmd/ ]tbfbty$snhfm& kssbf$rmg pkwmr pfhots hrm
cmboa pehsmg gkwo/ H omw systmd grbvmo cy rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr k hff
sbzms hog tmneokfkabms& kwomg cy nustkdmrs& utbfbtbms& hog tebrg phrtbms hfb`m& bs cmboa
put bo pfhnm/ Ho kvmrfhy k gmdhog$sbgm rmskurnms hog omw bokrdhtbko tmneokfkay bs
fb`mwbsm mxphogboa/ Wemsm hdcbtbkos ehvm cmmo nrysthffbzmg terkuae tem sthtms nfbdhtm
nehoam fhw %HC >3"8 hog omt zmrk momray akhfs&3 tem fhw dhoghtboa tem usm k rmomwhcfm
pkwmr kr >>- k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty suppfy cy 3939&> hog cy Akvmrokr Crkwos akhfs
tk gmvmfkp 83&999 DQ k gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko cy 3939 hog
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
htmr gmnhgms k rmfhtbvm sthcbfbty/ Mqubthcfm hffknhtbko k temsm nksts hnrkss nkosudmrs
wbte gbmrmot hog okvmf mfmntrbnbty smrvbnm ommgs wbff fb`mfy rmqubrm dhjkr nehoams bo
phst prhntbnms/
Kom uogmrfyboa strunturhf nhusm bs tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty systmds rmaufhtkry hog
bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr`& webne bs ths`mg wbte bdpfmdmotboa tem sthtms nfmho momray
akhfs/ Wermm dhjkr sthtm hamonbms& wbte tem hggbtbko k ho bogmpmogmot trhosdbssbko
systmd kpmrhtkr& tem Akvmrokrs knm& hog tem Fmabsfhturm& hrm hff bovkfvmg/ Qebfm tem
fmhgmrsebp hog sth ehvm sbaobnhotfy bonrmhsmg nkkpmrhtbvm mkrts& temrm hrm smrbkus
ahps hog kvmrfhps bo rmaufhtkry kvmrsbaet/ Ok sboafm sthtm motbty bs bo nehram k
botmarhtboa bobtbhtbvms hog hggrmssboa ahps& gmnbsbko dh`boa bs sfkw hog sbfkmg& hog
dkst bdpkrthotfytemrm bs ok nkoskfbghtmg rkhgdhp hog gmnbsbko$dh`boa snemgufm/
Hoktemr uoghdmothf prkcfmd bs tem bonrmhsboafy kutdkgmg cusbomss dkgmf k utbfbtbms/
Hs Nhfbkrobh smm`s tk trhoskrd bts mfmntrbnbty systmd& bovmstkr$kwomg utbfbtbms hnm h
rmaufhtkry systmd teht pmohfbzms bookvhtbko hog rbs`$th`boa& h pktmotbhffy gbdbobsemg
smrvbnm chsm& hog ho uohdbfbhr& nkdpmtbtbvm momray$smrvbnm fhogsnhpm/ Omw& oko$utbfbty
motrhots tk tem mfmntrbnbty smntkr prkvbgm h vhrbmty k smrvbnms& skdmtbdms bo nkdpmtbtbko
wbte utbfbtbms& cut ok susthbohcfm rkhgdhp ehs cmmo gmvmfkpmg kr tembr rkfm/ Wem fhn`
k utbfbty bonmotbvms hog h vbhcfm& nkdpmtbtbvm smrvbnms rhdmwkr` bs sfkwboa prbvhtm
bovmstdmot hog sthffboa tmneokfkay hgkptbko/
Nhfbkrobhs sbtuhtbko bffustrhtms tem prkcfmd k tryboa tk trhoskrd tem peysbnhf
mfmntrbnbty arbg webfm kofy dhrabohffy hgjustboa tem rmaufhtkry hog akvmrohonm
movbrkodmot teht surrkuogs bt/ Nhfbkrobhs mxpmrbmonm suaamsts teht ho hdcbtbkus
snhfm$up k utbfbty$snhfm rmomwhcfms hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr systmds rmqubrms ho
mquhffy hdcbtbkus strunturhf rmkrd bo tem mxbstboa rmaufhtkry rhdmwkr` hog tem
trhgbtbkohf rmaufhtmg utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf/
Bs temrm h phte krwhrg tk mosurm teht tem bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr`kr rmaufhtkrs&
utbfbtbms& nustkdmrs& hog omw motrhots hfb`mnho okt kofy wbtesthog cut hfsk rhpbgfy
mvkfvm tk suppkrt tem mquhffy rhpbg mvkfutbko k ho mfmntrbnbty systmd fmhoboa tkwhrgs
rmomwhcfms& gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko& hog bonrmhsboafy skpebstbnhtmg nustkdmrs; Wem
hoswmr bs yms/
Ok sboafm sthtm motbty bs bo nehram k botmarhtboa bobtbhtbvms hog hggrmssboa ahps& gmnbsbko dh`boabs sfkw hog sbfkmg& hogdkst bdpkrthotfytemrm bs ok nkoskfbghtmg rkhgdhp hog gmnbsbko$
dh`boa snemgufm/
Hs Nhfbkrobh smm`s tk trhoskrd bts mfmntrbnbty systmd& bovmstkr$kwomg utbfbtbms hnm h rmaufhtkry
systmd teht pmohfbzms bookvhtbko hog rbs`$th`boa& h pktmotbhffy gbdbobsemg smrvbnm chsm& hog ho
uohdbfbhr& nkdpmtbtbvm momray$smrvbnm fhogsnhpm/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh > Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Bdprkvmdmots nho cm dhgm& wbtekut gmsbaoboa h omw bostbtutbkohf strunturm rkd
snrhtne/ Qebfm tem trmhtboa k skdm k tem nurrmot sydptkds wbff cm rmfhtbvmfy
strhbaetkrwhrg& hggrmssboa tembr rkkt nhusms wbff rmqubrm sbaobnhot hggbtbkohf
nehoams/ Qbtekut sune rmkrds& Nhfbkrobhs hcbfbty tk hnebmvm bts nfmho momraytrhoskrdhtbko akhfs webfm okt jmkphrgbzboa bts rmfbhcfm hog hkrghcfm mfmntrbnbty
systmd bs ht rbs`/
Kur rmnkddmoghtbkos tk hggrmss temsm bostbtutbkohf bssums bonfugm tem kffkwboa:
^ekrt Wmrd:
Bgmotby h fmhg hamony hog gmvmfkp h nkoskfbghtmg prkarhd gknudmot&
bdpfmdmothtbko rkhgdhp %h sthrtboa pkbot nkufg cm tem Nhfbkrobh Momray
Nkddbssbkos rmnmotfy rmfmhsmg grht& Smomwhcfm Hntbko Yfho"& hog hamony
gmnbsbko$dh`boa snemgufm kr Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms
akhfs& wbte pucfbn dmmtboas tk rmpkrt prkarmss/
Yucfbnfy rmfmhsm prkarhd nksts hog hntbvmfy bgmotby pktmotbhf systmdbn mnkokdbn
hog kpmrhtbkohf rbs`s/
Hggrmss tem prkcfmds boemrmot bo nkst$sebtboa tk h ohrrkw chsm k nustkdmrs hog
bgmotby rhtm kptbkos teht monkurham fkoa$tmrd pucfbn suppkrt kr gbstrbcutmg
pkwmr/
Fkoamr Wmrd:
Msthcfbse nfmhr hamony rmspkosbcbfbty kr rmomwhcfms hog gbstrbcutmg momray
prkarhds& hog hgkpt nkosbstmot gmnbsbko$dh`boa nrbtmrbh hnrkss pfhooboa&
prknurmdmot prkarhds& hog hamonbms/
Smkrd hamony gmnbsbko dh`boa tk nrkss hamony& pfhooboa& hog prkarhd sbfkms tk
bgmotby hog rmskfvm gmvmfkpdmot rbs`s hog tk rhpbgfy mxpmgbtm tbdmfboms/
Gmvmfkp ho bovmstdmot pfho kr Nhfbkrobh teht bgmotbms tem uff rhoam k pkssbcfm
nksts hog phtewhys tk dhxbdbzm prbvhtm bovmstdmot hog fkwmr nksts/
Hgkpt omw cusbomss dkgmfs kr utbfbtbms teht prkvbgm bonmotbvms tk grbvm tem
gmsbrmg trhoskrdhtbko bo ho mnbmot hog bookvhtbvm why& hog rmvbsm tem why
utbfbtbms hrm rmaufhtmg tk suppkrt gmnmotrhfbzhtbko k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbn systmd
hog bovmstdmot bo omw tmneokfkabms/
Nrmhtm susthbohcfm phtewhys kr oko$utbfbty motbtbms tk prkvbgm momray smrvbnms/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh = Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Wemrm hrm h duftbtugm k ktemr `my motbtbms bo Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty systmd/ Kom bdpkrthot
arkup bs tem dmrnehot amomrhtkrs bogmpmogmot pkwmr prkgunmrs %BYYs"& wek kwo pkwmr
pfhots hog smff pkwmr ko tem wekfmshfm dhr`mt tk tem utbfbtbms/ Hoktemr arkup bs gmdhoghaarmahtkrs& wek nkotrhnt wbte rmthbf nustkdmrs tk rmgunm gmdhog bo tbdms k pmh` mfmntrbnbty
ommgs/
Lkur sthtm$fmvmf motbtbms hrm rmspkosbcfm kr dhjkr hspmnts k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty strunturm: tem
Nhfbkrobh Yucfbn ]tbfbtbms Nkddbssbko %NY]N"& tem Nhfbkrobh Momray Nkddbssbko %NMN"& tem
Nhfbkrobh Hbr Smskurnms Ckhrg %NHSC"& hog tem Nhfbkrobh Bogmpmogmot ystmd Kpmrhtkr %NHB^K"/
Ckte Nhfbkrobh Akvmrokrs hog tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm ebstkrbnhffy ehvm cmmo vmry hntbvm bo grbvboa
Nhfbkrobh momray pkfbny hog spmnbn prkarhds/ H ekst k ktemr akvmrodmothf uobts& sune hs tem
Nhfbkrobh Qhtmr Smskurnms Ckhrg& fknhf akvmrodmots hog pmrdbttboa hamonbms& mgmrhf hamonbms&
hog fknhffy kwomg utbfbtbms& hfsk hmnt `my hspmnts k mfmntrbnbty& phrtbnufhrfy rmomwhcfm hog
gbstrbcutmg pkwmr gmvmfkpdmot/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh < Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Nurrmot trm^^m^
Nehoaboa phrhgbads gkms okt nkdm mhsbfy/ Nhfbkrobhs grbvm tk sebt tkwhrgs h nfmho
momray& rmomwhcfm$knusmg amomrhtbko systmd ehs& okt surprbsboafy& botrkgunmg
sucsthotbhf prmssurms terkuaekut tem systmd/ Wemsm tmosbkos hrm okw cmabooboa tk
bdphnt okt just bskfhtmg nkosudmrs cut hfsk tem utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf hog systmd
trhoskrdhtbko akhfs dkrm crkhgfy/ Wem `my strmssms wm hggrmss bo tebs smntbko hrm
tem kffkwboa:
Lbrst& h nkdpfmx dhzm k fhymrmg hog nehoaboa pkfbnbms& prkarhds& hog rufms ehs
cubft up kvmr tbdm0 tem chrrbmrs tk uogmrsthogboa kr motmrboa omw dhr`mts hrm ebae
hog kvmrhff nfhrbty bs fkw0
^mnkog& ho uoprmnmgmotmg oudcmr k omw nhpbthf bovmstdmots& webne hrm ommgmg
kr tem amomrhtbko& trhosdbssbko& hog gbstrbcutbko k pkwmr tk rmpfhnm haboa
borhstrunturm& dmmt rmomwhcfm hog movbrkodmothf akhfs& hog mosurm rmfbhcbfbty&
hrm nkffmntbvmfy nkotrbcutboa tk rbsboa utbfbty nksts hog nkosudmr rhtms0
Webrg& tem nksts hog cmomts k rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr gbmr rkd teksm
k nkovmotbkohf pkwmr& hmntboa skdm mfmntrbn usmrs hog usham typms gbmrmotfy
teho ktemrs0 rmaufhtmg rhtm strunturms ehvm okt cmmo dkgmrobzmg tk dhtne tebs
omw phrhgbad& hog mxbstboa nkst hffknhtbko ehs rmsuftmg bo sbaobnhot& omw botmr$
nkosudmr nrkss$sucsbgbms/
Webs smntbko rmvbmws mhne k temsm termm strmssms teht hrm kcsmrvhcfm tkghy bo
Nhfbkrobh/ Ktemr sthtms uogmrakboa mfmntrbnbty systmd trhoskrdhtbkos wbte sbdbfhr
strunturhf sekrtnkdboas dhy smm sbdbfhr pemokdmoh/ Hog tekuae rmaufhtkry hamonbms
dhy httmdpt tk dhoham temsm prkcfmds hs temy hrbsm wbte mxbstboa tkkfs& tembr
rmspkosms wbff uftbdhtmfy cm rmhntbvm bo ohturm wbtekut gmmpmr bostbtutbkohf rmkrds/
Wem Ykfbny Dhzm: Nhfblkrobhs Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Yrkarhds
Nhfbkrobh ehs tem dkst hdcbtbkushog nkdpfbnhtmgrmomwhcfm prkarhd bo tem ]obtmg
^thtms/ Ho bonrmdmothf haafkdmrhtbko k pkfbny akhfs hog prbkrbtbms cy vhrbkus rmaufhtkry
sth`mekfgmrs kvmr tem ymhrs ehs fmt tem sthtm wbte h gmosm wmc k rmomwhcfm hog
gbstrbcutmg pkwmr$rmfhtmg prkarhds/ Cmfkw bs ho kvmrvbmw& wbte tem nhvmhts teht mvmo
nhrmuf stugy k tem fhws hog rmaufhtkry gmnbsbkos dhy stbff ehvm bohgvmrtmot kdbssbkos
hog teht hff k temsm prkarhds nkotboum tk nehoam/
Wem NY]N hog tem NMN hrm tem twk prbdhry sthtm hamonbms rmspkosbcfm kr bdpfmdmotboa
prkarhds tk monkurham tem gmvmfkpdmot& bosthffhtbko& hog purnehsm k rmomwhcfm
mfmntrbnbty/ Wemsm prkarhds prkvbgm ohonbhf suppkrt terkuae auhrhotmmg rmvmoum
strmhds& bonmotbvms hog rmchtms& hog+kr fkwmr mfmntrbnbty cbffs/ ]tbfbty nustkdmrs& terkuae
tembr mfmntrbnbty cbffs& uog hutekrbzmg& rmomwhcfm momray prkarhds& tekuae mgmrhf thx
bonmotbvms hog mgmrhf stbdufus %HSSH" uogboa hfsk ehvm prkvbgmg bdpkrthot ohonboa/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 1 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Wem NY]Ns Gbvbsbko k Shtmphymr Hgvknhtms %GSH"5 rmnmotfy bssumg h rmpkrt gmsnrbcboa
Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm prkarhdshptfy tbtfmg Wem Smomwhcfm Juoafm/2 Hnnkrgboa tk tem
GSH rmpkrt& Nhfbkrobh nurrmotfy ehs 88 gbmrmot rmomwhcfm prkarhds&89 hff wbte gbmrmot
rufms& gurhtbko& hog akhfs/
Ok sboafm fhw& rmaufhtkry gmnbsbko& kr gknudmot gmsnrbcms hff pkfbnbms hog prkarhds
smm`boa tk gmvmfkp rmomwhcfm pkwmr bo tem sthtm& dune fmss tem dhoy fbo`hams %kr fhn`
temrmk" hdkoa temd/ Ok pfho ehs cmmo gmvmfkpmg tk crbgam tem dhoy ahps cmtwmmo
pfhooboa& prknurmdmot& hog pmrdbttboa ht tem mgmrhf& sthtm& hog fknhf fmvmfs/ Hog& webfm
gkzmos k gmnbsbkos& fhws& hog rmpkrts sekw tem sthtms strkoa suppkrt kr rmomwhcfms&
ok kvmrhff rkhgdhp mxbsts kr tem sthtms fkoa$tmrd rmomwhcfm bogustry/
Bo 3993& tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm %^mohtm Cbff 8915" msthcfbsemg Nhfbkrobhs rst
Smomwhcfm Ykrtkfbk thoghrg %SY^"& rmqubrboa tem sthtm tk dmmt 39- k bts mfmntrbnbty
gmdhog rkd mfbabcfm rmomwhcfm momray rmskurnms cy 3989/ Mfbabcfm rmskurnms bonfugmwbog& skfhr pektkvkfthbns& skfhr temrdhf& tbghf whvm& sdhff eygrkmfmntrbn& amktemrdhf&
cbkgbmsmf& cbkdhss& hog cbkahs/88 Akvmrokr ^newhrzmomaamr& cy mxmnutbvm krgmr bo
3995& bonrmhsmg tem rmomwhcfm akhf tk >>- cy 3939/ Wem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm phssmg
^C 3 %8x" bo 3988& nkgbyboa tem >>- rmomwhcfm thramt/
Wem fmvmf k ko$fbom SY^ rmomwhcfms ehs mxphogmg sbaobnhotfy bo rmnmot ymhrs/ Bo 3989&
Nhfbkrobh ehg dkrm teho 89&999 DQ k bosthffmg rmomwhcfm nhphnbty& prkvbgboa omhrfy
8&999 DQ whs gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko& wbte
ho hggbtbkohf
Wem BK]s ehvm hggmg sbaobnhot hdkuots k rmomwhcfms bo rmnmot ymhrs/ Omvmrtemfmss&
tem ahp rmdhboboa tk dmmt tem >>- 3939 rmqubrmdmot bs fhram/ ^NM& kr mxhdpfm& wbff
ehvm tk bonrmhsm bts rmomwhcfms cy kvmr 59- rkd 3988 hntuhf gmfbvmrbms tk hnebmvm tem
3939 akhf/87 Wem kffkwboa sekws tem prkarmss tk ghtm hog tem hdkuots rmdhboboa:
WhCfM 3: BK] Yrkarmss tkwhrgs SY^ Whramts8=
^ehrm k tkthf fkhg smrvmg cy SY^ rmskurnms Ahp tk >>-
]tbfbty 3993 399= 3989 3988 SY^ thramt
YA,M 89/7- 88/2- 8=/2- 39/8- 83/2-^NM 81/9- 81/3- 82/>- 38/8- 88/2-
^GA,M 8/9- =/3- 88/2- 39/5- 83/3-
Qebfm dhoy k Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm prkarhds prknurm pkwmr teht bs SY^$mfbabcfm
teht bs& tem pkwmr prknurmg nkuots tkwhrgs tem >>- SY^ rmqubrmdmotktemr prkarhds
hrm SY^$bomfbabcfm& mbtemr cmnhusm tem momray prkgunmg uogmr tem prkarhd bs gbnuft
tk dmhsurm kr cmnhusm bt bs okt purnehsmg cy h utbfbty gbrmntfy/8< Kom sune mxhdpfm bs
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 2 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
hogbo tkk dhoy bosthonmskofy fkksmfy tbmg tk prknurmdmot prkarhds/ Hggbtbkohf
gmthbfs k Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm prkarhds nho cm kuog bo Hppmogbx B k tebs rmpkrt/
WhCfM >: Smomwhcfm Yrkarhds cy Nhphnbty hog Wmneokfkay39
NH Smomwhcfm Yrkarhds cy Nhphnbty hog Wmneokfkay hs k 3983
Nhphnbty ^kfhr Y\ Qbog Ktemr
6 8 DQ Nhfbkrobh kfhr Bobtbhtbvm %N^B"Omw ^kfhr Ekdms Yhrtomrsebp %O^EY"Mdmraboa Smomwhcfm Yrkarhd %MSY"
Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD"
Mdmraboa SmomwhcfmYrkarhd %MSY"
^dhff Amomrhtkr Bonmotbvm
Yrkarhd %^ABY"Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD"
Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD"
8> DQ Lmmg$bo Whrb %LBW"^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
Lmmg$bo Whrb %LBW"^dhff Amomrhtkr Bonmotbvm
Yrkarhd %^ABY"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
Lmmg$bo Whrb %LBW"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
>39 DQ Smomwhcfms HuntbkoDmnehobsd %SHD"
^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
Smomwhcfms HuntbkoDmnehobsd %SHD"
Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
Xuhfbyboa Lhnbfbtbms %XLs"Smomwhcfms Huntbko
Dmnehobsd %SHD"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
? 39 DQ ]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA"
^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA"
Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
Wrhghcfm Smo/ Momray
Nmrtbnhtms %WSMN"Xuhfbyboa Lhnbfbtbms %XLs"]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA"Smqumst kr Kmrs YYHsCbfhtmrhf YYHs
Fb`mwbsm& tem NHB^K ehs mxphogmg bts hntbvbtbms bo rmnmot ymhrs& wbte smvmo smphrhtm
bobtbhtbvms rmfhtboa tk rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko okw hntbvm/38 Bts rkfm bo tem
gmvmfkpdmot k rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms bs nrbtbnhfnkvmrboa
gmvmfkpdmot k rufms ko lmxbcfm nhphnbty& chn`stkp nhphnbty hutekrbty& trhosdbssbko
8215
XLs]KA
OMD
^ABY
SY^
WSMNs
N^B
O^EY
MSY
LBW
SHD
^Y\Y
%h sehgm nehoam bogbnhtms prkarhd mxphosbko"
822= 3999 3998 3993 399> 3997 399= 399< 3991 3995 3992 3989 3988 3983 398> 3987 398= 398< 3981 3985 3982 3939
LBA]SM 3: Wbdmfbom k Smomwhcfm Momray Yrkarhds82
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 89 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
pfhooboa& nfustmr rmvbmw hog botmrnkoomntbko& hog vhfuboa gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms/ Rmt&
NY]N hog NHB^K nkkrgbohtbko ko prknurmdmot k prkjmnts hog prkjmnt botmrnkoomntbko
hog omw trhosdbssbko bs hg ekn hog ommgs dhjkr nehoams kr strmhdfbomg& botmarhtmg
rmomwhcfm pfhooboa hog prknurmdmot gmnbsbko dh`boa/ Hs oktmg hckvm& tem NY]Nkvmrsmms rmomwhcfm prknurmdmot prkarhds& bonfugboa hpprkvhf k pkwmr purnehsm
harmmdmots %YYHs"/ Cut tem NHB^K ehs h nkdpfmtmfy smphrhtm hog hggbtbkohf prknmss
kr botmrnkoomntbko hog gmfbvmrhcbfbty/ Hog& b tem prkjmnt ommgs omw trhosdbssbko& teht
nho temo mothbf h tebrg hog kurte rkuog k rmaufhtkry hpprkvhfs& terkuae tem NHB^K
trhosdbssbko pfhooboa hog temo tem NY]Ns trhosdbssbko pmrdbttboa prknmssms/
Hftekuae tem NHB^K bs okt h sthtm hamony kr h rmaufhtkr pmr sm& tem rmomwhcfm dhzm
mxtmogs tk bts hntbvbtbms hs wmff/
Sbsboa ]tbfbty Nksts hog Shtms: Mfmntrbnbty ^tbn`mr ^ekn`
BK]s hnm sbaobnhot nkst arkwte kvmr tem omxt gmnhgm/ Wemsm nksts bonfugm omw
borhstrunturm bovmstdmot tk dmmt tem mfmntrbnbty gmdhogs k h arkwboa Nhfbkrobho
pkpufhtbko hog mnkokdy& rmpfhnmdmot k haboa kr oko$usmuf borhstrunturm& hog tem
hggbtbkohf nksts k trhoskrdboa tem pkwmr dbx tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs hdcbtbkus
rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr momray akhfs/33 Fkk`boa hemhg& Nhfbkrobh dhy cm
hnboa weht ht fmhst kom NY]N Nkddbssbkomr nhffs mfmntrbnbty stbn`mr sekn`/3>
Cut temrm bs ok pucfbn& nurrmot krmnhst k uturm nksts& cbffs& hog rhtms teht usms
upghtmg hssudptbkos k nurrmot %fkw" ohturhf ahs prbnm mxpmnthtbkos hog Nhfbkrobhs
mfmntrbn systmd trhoskrdhtbko akhfs& sekwboa tem uff rhoam k nksts %hog cmomts"/
Nkst& cbffs& hog rhtm bokrdhtbko bs kutghtmg& rhadmotmg& hog bonkdpfmtm& fbdbtboa h
uff uogmrsthogboa k tem phte hemhg hog nkotrbcutboa tk pbmnmdmhf prkarhd hog
prkjmnt hpprkvhf/
Kvmrhff Mfmntrbnbty Nkst Bonrmhsm Mstbdhtms
Ckte rhtms hog cbffs dhttmr bo hssmssboa nksts/ Nhfbkrobh BK] systmd$wbgm hvmrham
mfmntrbnbty rmthbf rhtms hrm hdkoa tem ebaemst bo tem ]obtmg ^thtms cut ehvm rmdhbomg
lht kr mvmo sfbaetfy gmnfbomg bo rmhf tmrds bo mvmry gmnhgm sbonm tem 8259s %hphrt rkd
h tmdpkrhry spb`m gurboa tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty nrbsbs"/37 Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbn cbffs&
ekwmvmr& hrm fkwmr teho hvmrham& kwboa tk momray mnbmony mkrts sphooboa termm
gmnhgms hog rmfhtbvmfy dbfg wmhtemr/3= Hnnkrgboa tk ^NM& bts hvmrham rmsbgmotbhf cbffs
hrm fkwmr teho tem ohtbkohf hvmrham& wbte rmsbgmotbhf usham 77- fkwmr teho tem
ohtbkohf hvmrham/3>- SY^& momray mnbmony prkarhds& trhosdbssbko
uparhgms& armmoekusm ahs pmrdbt hffknhtbkos& hog ktemr dhjkr hgkptmg chsmfbom rmaufhtbkos/>1
Wem BK]s oudcmrs mstbdhtm teht SY^ nksts hrm sbaobnhot& tekuae okt tem dhjkr hntkr k rbsboauturm nksts:
Wembr nkdcbomg smrvbnm hrmh hoouhf tkthf rmvmoum rmqubrmdmot wbff arkw rkd '>9/7 cbffbko
bo 3988 tk '>1/> cbffbko bo 3939& h nkst bonrmhsm k 33/1-& wbte h omt prmsmot vhfum k tkthf
hoouhf nksts rkd 3988 tk 3939 k '3=1 cbffbko/>5
Wembr systmd hvmrham rmthbf mfmntrbnbty rhtms bo 3939 wbff cm 9/852 nmots pmr `Qe& h 3/92
Wembr dhrabohf hoouhf nkst k dmmtboa tem SY^ dhoghtm wkufg cm '8/7< cbffbko bo 398>
%hckut h =- nkst prmdbud" rbsboa tk '>/=8 cbffbko bo 3982 %hckut ho 88- nkst prmdbud"/
Bt bs wkrte oktboa teht tebs SY^ nkst mstbdhtm bs okt nfmhrfy rmpkrtmg hog nho kofy cm bomrrmgterkuae smphrhtm BK] fboas/79 Wem hohfysbs urtemr mstbdhtms tem tkthf nkst nkdpkomot k
SY^$mfbabcfm amomrhtbko %cut okt omw trhosdbssbko& gbstrbcutbko& kr ktemr hssknbhtmg nksts"
ht 39/5- k tem 3939 tkthf rmvmoum rmqubrmdmotho koakboa nkst k '1/1 cbffbko hoouhffy
kr teksm rmskurnms/78
Wemsm twk nehoamskom fkwmrboa tem mxpmntmg nkst k tem SY^ akhf hog tem ktemr sekwboa
sbaobnhotfy ebaemr nksts& nkdphrmg tk ho hff$ahs phtebffustrhtm ekw tem mnkokdbns k Nhfbkrobhs
rmomwhcfm akhfs nho sebt grhdhtbnhffy& chsmg ko kutsbgm hntkrs/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
14/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 87 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
nksts& rmomwhcfm nksts bonfugm teksm rmfhtmg tk pmrdbttboa& botmrnkoomntbko& sehpboa
hog rdboa pkwmr& omw trhosdbssbko fboms hog uparhgms& hog gbstrbcutbko arbg
bovmstdmots/ Nkst bokrdhtbko bs gbnuft tk nkdpbfm cmnhusm Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog
gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko prknurmdmot mkrts hrm spfbt hdkoa 88 prkarhds& teus dh`boankst$arkwte krmnhsts mxtrmdmfy gbnuft/ Oko$tmneokfkay nksts hrm okt trhn`mg& bo phrt
cmnhusm tem nksts hrm grbvmo cy dhoy motbtbms cmykog tem hamonbms kvmrsmmboa tem
prknurmdmot prkarhds hog bo phrt cmnhusm uturm krmnhsts k temsm nksts hrm sucjmnt
tk h wbgm rhoam k hssudptbkos/ Wem NMN oktms teht temrm bs sucsthotbhf uonmrthboty
hckut tkthf systmd nksts k Nhfbkrobhs akhfs hog thramts kr rmomwhcfm gbstrbcutmg
amomrhtbko/73
Ok sboafm motbty bs nehramg wbte trhn`boa kvmrhff nksts/ Mstbdhtms hrm urtemr nfkugmg
cmnhusm k strboamot NY]N nkogmotbhfbty rufms/ Dkrmkvmr& webfm dhoy stugbms prkvbgm
fmvmfbzmg nkst$k$amomrhtbko mvhfuhtbkos& temy gk okt hgmquhtmfy gknudmot ekw my
hssudptbkos wmrm gmrbvmg hog ekw hssudptbkos nho fmhg tk wbgmfy vhryboa nkstsmstbdhtms& mvmo tekuae uogmrsthogboa temsm hntkrs bs mssmotbhf tk rmgunm tem nksts k
rmomwhcfm gmvmfkpdmot/7>
Ho hrmh k phrtbnufhr nkonmro bs tem fhn` k akkg nkst ghth ko uparhgms ommgmg tk tem
gbstrbcutbko arbg kr gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms& mfmntrbn vmebnfms& momray stkrham& hog ktemr
mfmdmots k Nhfbkrobhs pfhoomg uturm/ Kom nrmgbcfm mstbdhtm bs ho bonrmdmothf
hdkuot ohtbkohffy k '899 cbffbko tk botmarhtm gbstrbcutmg rmomwhcfm amomrhtbko
terkuae 39>9& ko tkp k ho mstbdhtmg '
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
15/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 8= Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
WhCfM 7: Nhfbkrobhs Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Yrkarhd Nksts73939 Prmomwhcfm kofyTS
]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA" ok dhjkr prknurmdmots tk ghtm kutsbgm k Y\YY
^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y" '=9> dbffbko bo ]KA hoouhffy kvmr 39893987& + YYHs^
Smomwhcfm Huntbko Dmnehobsd %SHD" YA,M mxpmnts '837 dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 39873939
Lmmg$bo Whrbs %LBW" YA,M mxpmnts '>1 dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 398=3939
Mxbstboa Smomwhcfm Lhnbfbtbms Yrkarhd %MSLY" '3= dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 82253988 Pprkarhd mogmgT
Nhfbkrobh ^kfhr Bobtbhtbvm %N^B" '3>1 dbffbko hoouhffy kvmr 39913987 kr tem 7=8st `Qe %h prbnm webne hr mxnmmgs dhrabohf
gmfbvmry nkst kr teht Qe"/ Webs rhtm gmsbao dmhos teht emhvy usmrs mmntbvmfy
nrkss$sucsbgbzm fkw$usham nustkdmrs/ Hog chrrboa rmkrd& uturm BK] nkst arkwte wbff
cm phssmg terkuae tk rmsbgmotbhf nkosudmrs terkuae dhrabohf rhtm bonrmhsms& mvmo b
tem omw BK] spmogboa gkms okt hntuhffy bonur dhrabohf nksts bo tem gmfbvmry k
mfmntrbnbty tk h phrtbnufhr usmr/=>
Webs prkcfmd bs mxhnmrchtmg cmnhusm rhtms kr fkwmr$usham tbmrs ehvm cmmo mssmotbhffy
nhppmg kr tem phst gmnhgm terkuae sthtm fmabsfhtbko/ Hs sune& tem gbmrmonm hdkoa
tbmr rhtms ehs bonrmhsmg/ YA,M rmpkrts teht rhtm nhps ko fkw$usm tbmrs prktmnt hckut=9- k bts rmsbgmotbhf nustkdmrs& hnnkuotboa kr 1=- k tkthf rmsbgmotbhf mfmntrbnbty
shfms/=7 Webs mxbstboa rhtm strunturm dmhos teht dhoy k omw systmd nksts hrm phssmg
terkuae tk teht sdhff sehrm k tem rmsbgmotbhf pkpufhtbko wbte emhvbmr nkosudptbko&
wek hnm tem ebaemr$rhtm tbmrs/==
Shtm Gmsbao kr OMD$Morkffmg Nustkdmrs
Wem Nhfbkrobh OMD prkvbsbkos dmho teht teksm BK] nustkdmrs wek kwo ekdms hog
bosthff rkktkp skfhr Y\ hrm okw sucsbgbzmg hs wmff/ Wemsm nustkdmrs hrm amomrhffy
wmhftebmr teho tem hvmrham rhtmphymr/ Wemy dbaet ehvm ktemrwbsm ehg dkotefy
mfmntrbnbty fkhgs fhram mokuae tk put dhrabohf nkosudptbko bo ebaemr$rhtm tbmrs/ Cut
terkuae tem OMD sebt& temy ak rkd cmboa omt$sucsbgbzmrs k BK] rmsbgmotbhf rmthbf nksts
tk omt$sucsbgy cmomnbhrbms/=< Webs ehppmos cmnhusm konm h ekusmekfg bosthffs rkktkp
skfhr Y\& bts dkotefy omt nkosudptbko ktmo hffs tk wbtebo fkwmr rhtm$prktmntmg prbnm
tbmrs/ Nkosbgmrboa konm hahbo tem nhsm k h emhvy usmr bo ^ho Lrhonbsnk& cut wek okw
kwos h rkktkp skfhr Y\ systmd wbte OMD& YA,M bs mmntbvmfy cuyboa chn` mxnmss
mfmntrbnbty prkgunmg rkd teht systmd ht h dhrabohf rhtm k '9/>7 pmr `Qe& webne hr
mxnmmgs tem vhfum k teht mfmntrbnbty tk tem BK]/ Smnmot mvbgmonm gkms suaamst& ekwmvmr&
teht tem rbsboa pkpufhrbty k tebrg$phrty$kwomg rmsbgmotbhf rkktkp skfhr systmds bs
bdprkvboa hkrghcbfbty kr dbggfm$bonkdm ekusmekfgs0 tebrg$phrty kwomrsebp kr N^B
rmsbgmotbhf prkjmnts& kr mxhdpfm& ehs arkwo rkd 1- k omw prkjmnts bo 3991 tk =7- k
omw prkjmnts bo 3988/ Ht tem shdm tbdm& tekuae& Nhfbkrobh ekdm kwomrsebp ehs grkppmg/
Lrkd tem pmrspmntbvm k phrtbnbphtboa nustkdmrs& bosthffboa OMD$mfbabcfm rkktkp Y\
systmds bs ho mnkokdbn cmomt hahbost tembr dkotefy cbffs& wbte fhramr systmds shvboa
nkosudmrs dkrm/=1 Y\ systmds nho hfsk emgam hahbost uturm rbsboa mfmntrbnbty prbnms&
mspmnbhffy tk tem mxtmot teht teksm prbnm bonrmhsms hrm fb`mfy tk cm nkonmotrhtmg ht
ebaemr$usm rhtm tbmrs/ Cut kr nustkdmrs wek mbtemr nhookt hkrg sune systmds& kr wek
ktemrwbsm fhn` tem hcbfbty tk mhsbfy bosthff temd&=5 OMD rufms nkonmotrhtm arkwboa BK]
nksts ko ho mvmr$ohrrkwmr nustkdmr chsm/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
18/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 85 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Qebfm rmaufhtkrs dust mosurm teht nustkdmr rhtms hrm ckte just hog rmhskohcfm& temy
hrm hfsk nehramg wbte emfpboa hnebmvm Nhfbkrobhs hdcbtbkus nfmho momray hog nfbdhtm
nehoam akhfs/ Fb`mwbsm& nkosudmrs kr tem dkst phrt hrm uohwhrm k tem lhws bo
Nhfbkrobhs rhtm gmsbao rufms/ Hog utbfbtbms hrm bonrmhsboafy nkonmromg hckut okt kofy
tem rhtm bdphnt rkd OMD cut hfsk tem mrksbko k tembr rmvmoum strmhds/ Webs tebrg
strmss sthr`fy bffustrhtms tem prkcfmd k tryboa tk trhoskrd tem mfmntrbnbty systmd
wbtekut rmkrdboa tem uogmrfyboa rhdmwkr` hog tkkfs hvhbfhcfm tk gk sk/
H wmhftebmr$teho$hvmrham ekdm$kwoboa BK] nustkdmrwek dbaet ktemrwbsm ehvm fhram dkotefy
mfmntrbnbty fkhgs teht wkufg put dhrabohf nkosudptbko bo ebaemr$rhtm tbmrsnho usm OMD tk sebt
rkd cmboa h omt$sucsbgbzmr k rmsbgmotbhf rmthbf nksts tk h omt$sucsbgy cmomnbhry/
CKU >:Grbvmrs kr Nbkrobs Wroskrdtbko k Bts Mmntrbnbty ^mntkrGkzmos k fhws& aucmrohtkrbhf mxmnutbvm krgmrs& smf$krbabohtmg NY]N pkfbnbms& mgmrhf gbrmntbvms&
fknhf hog rmabkohf bobtbhtbvms& hog h dyrbhg k dhr`mt hog prbvhtm bovmstdmot gmnbsbkos sehpm
Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty smntkr hog bts rhpbg trhoskrdhtbko/ Ok sboafm gknudmot nhthfkaums temsm
krnms& hog bt bs cmykog tem snkpm k tebs phpmr tk prkvbgm h nkdprmemosbvm fbst/ Cmfkw& ekwmvmr&
bs h suddhry k `my pkfbny grbvmrs:
Nhfbkrobh Nfbdhtm Nehoam Fhw: HC >3& tem Afkchf Qhrdboa ^kfutbkos Hnt& rmqubrms Nhfbkrobh tk
rmgunm bts kvmrhff AEA mdbssbkos tk 8229 fmvmfs cy 3939/ Wem mfmntrbnbty smntkr hnnkuots kr
3>- k Nhfbkrobhs tkthf AEA mdbssbkos& wbte tem nkddmrnbhf hog rmsbgmotbhf momray smntkrs
hnnkuotboa kr ho hggbtbkohf 2-/ ]ogmr tem NHSCs Nfbdhtm Nehoam nkpboa Yfho& mdbssbko fmvmfskr temsm smntkrs wbff ommg tk cm nut cy >9- rkd h cusbomss$hs$usuhf nhsm/=2 HC >3 smts mvmo
dkrm nehffmoaboa akhfs kr 39=9ho 59- rmguntbko bo AEA mdbssbko fmvmfs rkd 8229 fmvmfs/
NHSC ehs th`mo h twk$prkoa stmp tk bdpfmdmotboa HC >3/ Wem rst rmfbms upko mkrts teht hrm smt
bo spmnbn pkfbnbms hog prkarhds0 tem smnkog bs tem msthcfbsedmot k h nhp hog trhgm systmd teht
smm`s tk rmgunm mdbssbkos cmykog teksm hnebmvmg bo tem rst/ Bo tem rst hrmh& tem NHSC ehs
hssudmg teht hff k Nhfbkrobhs nfmho momray prkarhds& bonfugboa tem >>- SY^& Nhfbkrobh kfhr
Bobtbhtbvm& hog ktemr mkrts gmsnrbcmg cmfkw& hs wmff hs momray mnbmony hog gmdhog$sbgm mkrts&
wbff cm sunnmssuf/
Nhfbkrobhs Fkhgboa Krgmr: H dhjkr kuoghtbko kr Nhfbkrobhs hgvhonmg momray mkrts bs bts
Fkhgboa Krgmr Ykfbny& rst hgkptmg cy tem momray hamonbms bo tem 399> Momray Hntbko Yfho%MHY"
hog nkotbouhffy kffkwmg cy sthtm pkfbnydh`mrs sbonm temo/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
19/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 82 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Nkotbouboa Mmnts rkd Nhfbkrobhs Gmrmaufhtbko Mkrts: Wemrm hrm stbff dhjkr bdphnts rkd
Nhfbkrobhs gmrmaufhtbko mkrts k tem 8229s/ Shtmphymrs nkotboum tk phy euogrmgs k dbffbkos k
gkffhrs bo trhosbtbko& pkwmr& hog ckog nehrams hog wbff gk sk uotbf ht fmhst 3939/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
20/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 39 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Bo^tBtutBkohf NkoNmro^
Qm ehvm bgmotbmg skdm k tem `my strmssms teht ehvm hrbsmo bo Nhfbkrobh hs tem sthtm
dkvms tkwhrg bts rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko akhfs: h wmc k nkdpfmx
prkarhds& rbsboa systmd nksts& hog nkotrkvmrsbhf nkst hffknhtbko/ Fmt uohggrmssmg&
temsm bssums pktmotbhffy bdpmgm prkarmss tkwhrgs pkfbny akhfs hog+kr omahtbvmfy bdphnt
nkosudmrs/ K armhtmr nkonmro& temsm bssums hrm sydptkds k gmmpmr rkkt nhusms:
Nhfbkrobhs kutghtmg rmaufhtkry rhdmwkr` hog
Nhfbkrobhs kutghtmg rmaufhtkry utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf
Hcsmot bostbtutbkohf rmkrd bo temsm hrmhs& tem strmssms gbsnussmg hckvm wbff arkw/
Wem Smaufhtkry Bostbtutbkohf Lrhdmwkr`Bo krgmr tk uogmrsthog tem bostbtutbkohf prkcfmds teht mxbst& bt bs usmuf tk rmvbmw tem
nehoam bo tem rkfm k rmaufhtkry momray hamonbms/ Wem nehoams hrm grhdhtbn okt kofy bo
Nhfbkrobh cut terkuaekut tem ]obtmg ^thtms/ Weus& ckte tem prkcfmds hog tem pkssbcfm
skfutbkos hrm hppfbnhcfm kr dhoy& b okt dkst& sthtms/
Lkr dkrm teho 19 ymhrs& tem kofy sthtm$fmvmf momray hamony bo Nhfbkrobh whs tem NY]N/
Bts rkfm whs h fbdbtmg kom k rmvbmwboa prkpksmg utbfbty rhtm bonrmhsms hog omw pkwmr
pfhot hog trhosdbssbko rmqumsts& dkst k webne nhdm bormqumotfy/ Bo Nhfbkrobh hog
mfsmwemrm& dkst k tem dbg$twmotbmte nmotury whs h tbdm k gmnfboboa nksts %gum tk
mnkokdbms k snhfm bo pkwmr prkguntbko hog borhstrunturm" hog rhtm sthcbfbty/ Ekwmvmr&
suraboa gmdhog bo tem 8219s& nkupfmg wbte fbdbts ko kbf suppfy& fmg tk grhdhtbn bonrmhsms
bo utbfbty rmqumsts tk cubfg omw nkhf hog ounfmhr pfhots& wbte prkjmntbkos k s`yrkn`mtboa
nustkdmr rhtms hog smvmrm movbrkodmothf gmarhghtbko/ Hs h rmsuft& tem Nhfbkrobh
Fmabsfhturm msthcfbsemg tem NMN tk prkvbgm h crkhgmr pkfbny nkotmxt& sbdpfby pkwmr
pfhot sbtboa& hog cmabo tem rst mvmr mkrts ko botmarhtmg rmskurnm pfhooboa hog usm k
gmdhog$sbgm hog rmomwhcfm rmskurnms/
Lhst krwhrg terkuae tem 79 ymhrs sbonm temo& hog wm smm h nkotbouhf mxphosbko k
Nhfbkrobhs momray pkfbny mkrts hog tem rkfms abvmo tk sthtm hamonbms tk bdpfmdmot
teksm pkfbnbms& hs wmff hs tem nrmhtbko k h dhjkr omw& oko$akvmrodmothf motbty& tem
NHB^K/ Gkzmos k omw fhws ehvm cmmo phssmg hog dhjkr nehoams hrm nkdboa rkd tem
prbvhtm smntkr bo tmrds k hggbtbkohf momray prkvbgmrs %ko ckte tem suppfy hog gmdhog
sbgm"& mxphogmg skurnms k uogboa cmykog utbfbty rhtms& hog omw tmneokfkabms hog
hpprkhnems/ Hff k tebs dmhos teht mvmry momray pkfbny gmnbsbko cubfgs upko h nkdpfmx
smt k fhws& pkfbnbms& hog gmnbsbkos hfrmhgy bo pfhnm& bovkfvms h ekst k pfhymrs cmykog
^bdpfy put& tem nurrmot systmd bs bomnbmot& gupfbnhtms rmskurnms& nrmhtms nkousmg jurbsgbntbko&
hog bs okt trhosphrmot tk tem pucfbn/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
21/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 38 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
tem utbfbtbms& hog typbnhffy rmfbms upko tem hntbkos k dkrm teho h sboafm rmaufhtkry
hamony/
Rmt& gmspbtm tebs trmdmogkus nehoam hog tem wbgmsprmhg nkddbtdmot bo Nhfbkrobh tktrhoskrd tem mfmntrbnbty smntkr& tem bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr` ehs okt nehoamg/ Weht bs&
tem momray hamonbms stbff dh`m tembr kwo gmnbsbkos smphrhtmfy& wbte nkkrgbohtbko ko ho
hg ekn chsbs/ Mhne omw fhw amomrhffy rmsufts bo h omw gkn`mt kr prknmmgboa hog h omw
gmnbsbko teht bs fhymrmg ko tkp k prbkr gmnbsbkos/ Wem gmnbsbko$dh`boa prknmss btsmf stbff
rmfbms ko tem shdm hpprkhnems usmg gmnhgms hakamomrhffy th`boa twk ymhrs kr dkrm&
bovkfvboa mxtrmdmfy krdhfbstbn prknmmgboas& hog ktmo hr rmdkvmg rkd tem hntuhf
pkfbnydh`mrs uotbf tem ohf ghys kr wmm`s/ Qebfm fbo`hams skdmtbdms hrm bgmotbmg
hdkoa nhsms& prknmmgboas& pkfbnbms& gmnbsbkos& hog hamonbms& ok uoghdmothf nehoams
ehvm cmmo dhgm bo hamony gmnbsbko dh`boa& rufm gmvmfkpdmot& prkarhd bdpfmdmothtbko&
kr mokrnmdmot tk dmhoboauffy hggrmss sune fbo`hams/ Bostmhg& tem typbnhf rmspkosm ehs
cmmo tk hgg dkrm bssums botk mhne hamonys hntbvbtbms/ Nkkrgbohtbko hdkoa hamonbms bspbmnmdmhf hog smvmrmfy ehdstruoa cy fbdbtmg sth hog sbfkmg mxpmrtbsm/
CKU 7: Nbkrobs Mmntrbnbty ^ystmd: Smautkry hamonbms
Nhfbkrobhs momray rmaufhtkry strunturm bs mxtrmdmfy nkdpfmx/ Ebstkrbnhffy& ckte Nhfbkrobh
Akvmrokrs hog tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm ehvm cmmo vmry hntbvm bo grbvboa sthtm momray pkfbny hog
spmnbn prkarhds& phrtbnufhrfy rmomwhcfms/ Wemrm hrm kur dhjkr sthtm$fmvmf motbtbms teht hrm hff
rmspkosbcfm kr dhjkr hspmnts k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty strunturmtem Nhfbkrobh Yucfbn ]tbfbtbms
Nkddbssbko %NY]N"& tem Nhfbkrobh Momray Nkddbssbko %NMN"& tem Nhfbkrobh Hbr Smskurnms
Ckhrg %NHSC"& hog tem Nhfbkrobh Bogmpmogmot ^ystmd Kpmrhtkr %NHB^K"/ Bo hggbtbko& temrm hrm
h ekst k ktemr akvmrodmothf uobts& sune hs tem Nhfbkrobh Movbrkodmothf Yrktmntbko Hamony
%NhfMYH& webne kvmrsmms tem NHSC"& tem Nhfbkrobh Qhtmr Smskurnms Ckhrg& fknhf akvmrodmots
hog pmrdbttboa hamonbms& hog oudmrkus mgmrhf hamonbms teht hmnt `my hspmnts k mfmntrbnbty&
phrtbnufhrfy rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr gmvmfkpdmot/ Lknusboa ko tem kur `my motbtbms:
Nhfblkrobh Yucfbn ]tbfbtbms Nkddbssbko %NY]N"
899$ymhr kfg hamony& msthcfbsemg cy Nkostbtutbkohf Hdmogdmot
Lbvm Nkddbssbkomrs& hppkbotmg cy tem Akvmrokr& hpprkvmg cy ^mohtm0 8999 sth0 trhgbtbkohf
rkfm bs tk mosurm just hog rmhskohcfm rhtms
Shtm$smttboa hog utbfbty rmaufhtkry hutekrbty ehvm dkrpemg NY]N rkd h rmhntbvm rhtm$smttboa
hamony tk h prkhntbvm motbty0 bt okw smts kr bolumonms dkst k tem `my nfmho momray pkfbnbms
kr tem sthtm hog& terkuae bts rhtm$smttboa hutekrbty& uogs dkst k tem mfmntrbn smntkr prkarhds
NY]N& terkuae bts gmnbsbkos& hpprkvms tem cbffbkos k gkffhrs teht hrm ommgmg tk bdpfmdmot
Nhfbkrobhs omw mfmntrbn borhstrunturm
NY]N rmaufhtms kofy BK]s& M^Ys& hog NNHshog okt YK]steus fbdbtboa tem pfhymrs bt nho
gbrmntfy krgmr tk uogmrth`m hntbvbtbms
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
22/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 33 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Bo rmvbmwboa Nhfbkrobhs momray bostbtutbkohf strunturm hog knusboa spmnbnhffy
ko rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg momray hntbvbtbms& temsm dhjkr hrmhs k nkonmro
mdmram:
Ok sboafm pmrsko kr akvmrodmot hamony bs bo nehram k botmarhtboa mkrts& hog ok
rkhgdhp kr hnebmvboa Nhfbkrobhs hdcbtbkus akhfsgmthbfboa ommgmg gmnbsbkos&
uogboa& hog snemgufmsmxbsts/
Nhfblkrobh Momray Nkddbssbko %NMN"
Msthcfbsemg cy tem Fmabsfhturm bo 821> tk nkkrgbohtm momray pkfbny gmvmfkpdmot& prkdktm
hftmrohtbvm momray hog trhospkrthtbko mkrts& hog smrvm hs h kom$stkp hamony kr fbnmosboak omw& fhram temrdhf pkwmr pfhots
Yhrt k tem sthtms Ohturhf Smskurnms Hamony& tem NMN ehs ok hutekrbty tk smt rhtms kr rhbsm
uogs0 bts cugamt hog arhot$dh`boa uogs hrm prkvbgmg cy tem Fmabsfhturm kr ktemr skurnms
Dhoy k tem Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm momray fhws abvm h rkfm tk tem NMN %bo hggbtbko tk tem
NY]N"& amomrhffy bo tmrds k kvmrsmmboa SY^ bdpfmdmothtbko cy tem YK]s0 tem NMN ehs ok
gbrmnt rmaufhtkry hutekrbty kvmr motbtbms uofmss msthcfbsemg bo h spmnbn fhw
Nhfblkrobh Hbr Smskurnms Ckhrg %NHSC"
Gmhfs wbte fknhf hbr pkffutbko cut ehs hfsk cmnkdm h dhjkr krnm bo Nhfbkrobhs momray mkrts
Fmhg hamony nehramg wbte bdpfmdmothtbko k Hssmdcfy Cbff %HC" >3& tem Afkchf Qhrdboa
^kfutbkos Hnt k 399
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3> Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Duftbpfm hamonbms ehvm my rkfms& wbte kvmrfhppboa rmspkosbcbfbtbms& gbmrboa akhfs&
fbdbtmg sth& hog ok strmhdfbomg prknmss kr hggrmssboa botmrgmpmogmot gmnbsbkos&
gmspbtm mxtmosbvm nkkrgbohtbko mkrts/
Wem prkarhds cmboa bdpfmdmotmg hrm mxtrmdmfy nkdpfbnhtmg& wbte nkotbouboa
nehoams bo akvmroboa fhws hog hamony gmnbsbkos0 ok sboafm skurnm gknudmot
sunnbontfy gmsnrbcms tem prkarhds hog tembr rufms kr phrtbnbphtbko/
Yucfbn bokrdhtbko ko prkarhd sthtus hog nksts bs spktty hog kutghtmg/
Wem bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr` kr gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbkoh dhjkr pkfbny akhf k
Akvmrokr Crkwobs spfbotmrmg hdkoa duftbpfm prkarhds& hamonbms& hog mkrts&
wbte nkrrmspkogboa nksts& bomnbmonbms& hog ahps& hs wmff hs h fhn` k bostbtutbkohf
strunturm kr strmhdfbomg gmnbsbko dh`boa/
^bdpfy put& tem nurrmot systmd bs bomnbmot& gupfbnhtms rmskurnms& nrmhtms nkousmg
jurbsgbntbko& hog bs okt trhosphrmot tk tem pucfbn/ Qm hggrmss mhne k tem hckvm
prkcfmds bo armhtmr gmthbf cmfkw/
Ok Kom Bs bo Nehram k Botmarhtboa Mkrts hog Bgmotbyboa Ahps
H oudcmr k pmkpfm ehvm fb`momg tem trhoskrdhtbko k tem mfmntrbn smntkr tk nehoaboa
kut ho hbrpfhom webfm lyboa/ Lkr Nhfbkrobh& kom nho th`m tem hohfkay urtemrh jmt pfhom
wbte ok pbfkt %kr rhtemr duftbpfm pbfkts& hff ruooboa tembr kwo systmds& ko tem shdm
jmt pfhom& ht tem shdm tbdm& hog bo dbg$hbr"/ B Nhfbkrobh bs tk hnebmvm tem uoghdmothf
trhoskrdhtbko k bts mfmntrbnbty smntkr teht bt smm`s& bt ommgs tk ehvm h sboafm gmsbaohtmg
motbty hs tem fmhgmr/8
rmnkddmoghtbkos cut gkms okt prbkrbtbzm temd/ K tem >8 rmnkddmoghtbkos& fmhg
hamony rmspkosbcbfbty bs spfbt hdkoa tem NMN& NY]N& NHB^K& hog utbfbtbms/ Wemrm bs ok
mxpfhohtbko k tem fbo`hams hdkoa tem >8 rmnkddmoghtbkos bo tmrds k smqumonboa
hntbkos& hog tem suaamstmg snemgufm kr mhne bs vmry amomrhf/ Ht h dbobdud& tem omxt
stmp sekufg cm tk prbkrbtbzm tem rmnkddmoghtbkos& msthcfbse h snemgufm kr gmnbsbkos
ko ho hoouhf chsbs& hog mosurm teht tem NMN& b bt bs tem fmhg hamony bo ht fmhst tem sekrt
tmrd& kffkws up ko bdpfmdmothtbko/ Wem gknudmot sekufg hfsk cm mxphogmg tk cm
ckte h Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Smskurnms Hntbko Yfho& wbte h spmnbn rkhgdhp ko
tem fhttmr/
H oudcmr k pmkpfm ehvm fb`momg tem trhoskrdhtbko k tem mfmntrbn smntkr tk nehoaboa kut ho
hbrpfhom webfm lyboa/ Lkr Nhfbkrobh& kom nho th`m tem hohfkay urtemrh jmt pfhom wbte ok pbfkt
%kr rhtemr duftbpfm pbfkts& hff ruooboa tembr kwo systmds& ko tem shdm pfhom& ht tem shdm tbdm"/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 37 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Hamony Hutekrbty Kvmrfhp hog Bosulnbmot Nkkrgbohtbko
Bo 3989 h fhughcfm mkrt whs fhuonemg& nhffmg Nhfbkrobhs Nfmho Momray Luturm/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
25/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3= Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
hutekrbty hog ehs& mbtemr gbrmntfy kr bogbrmntfy& kppksmg rmstrunturboa/ ^mnkog& ok mhsy
dkgmf kr bostbtutbkohf rmkrd mxbsts sbonm skdm mhturms %tem mgmrhfbzhtbko k tem
NHB^K hog duftbpfm fknhffy kwomg hog ruo duobnbphf utbfbtbms" hrm kutsbgm tem purvbmw
k sthtm$fmg mkrts/ Omvmrtemfmss& nkotbouboa tk rmfy ko h pbfktfmss dkgmf kr Nhfbkrobhsmomray trhoskrdhtbko bs bonrmhsboafy smmo hs tkk rbs`y h cmt kr tem uturm/
Nkdpfmx Yrkarhds wbte Nkosthotfy Mvkfvboa Sufms
Kvmr tem sbx ymhrs 399< tk 3988& tem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm mohntmg kvmr 79 fhws gmhfboa
wbte rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg momray/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
26/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 3< Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Ok Nkemrmot& ^trmhdfbomg Lrhdmwkr` kr Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Gmvmfkpdmot
H `mystkom k Akvmrokr Crkwos momray pkfbny bs gmvmfkpboa 83&999 DQ k
gbstrbcutmg rmomwhcfm pkwmrrmomwhcfm pkwmr fknhtmg omhr ekdms& cusbomss& hog
tem nkdduobtbms bt smrvms/1< Webs bs tem dkst hdcbtbkus thramt kr fknhf gbstrbcutmg
amomrhtbko hoywemrm/ Bogmmg& h rmnmot rmpkrt sthtmg tem kffkwboa:
Hnebmvboa tem 83&999 DQ akhf hog dhxbdbzboa bts cmomts wbff okt cm mhsy/
Gmvmfkpdmot k fknhf rmomwhcfms ht teht snhfm wbff rmqubrm h nkkrgbohtmg
sthtmwbgm mkrt tk hggrmss h ekst k ohonbhf& rmaufhtkry& hog tmneobnhf
chrrbmrs/ Bt wbff rmqubrm nkffhckrhtbko& nrmhtbvbty& hog strkoa fmhgmrsebp tk
gmvmfkp nkdprmemosbvm hog nkst$mmntbvm skfutbkos/11
Mxbstboa hog hutekrbzmg prkarhds hrm prkjmntmg tk gmvmfkp 2&999 DQ k tem akhf0
>&999 DQ wbff nkdm rkd omw kr mxphogmg prkarhds/ Rmt& temrm bs ok hamony gknudmot&
sthtm fhw& kr mxmnutbvm krgmr prkvbgboa h nkdprmemosbvm rhdmwkr`& bgmotbyboa h
sboafm hamony bo nehram k nkkrgbohtboa hamony hntbvbtbms& kr nfhrbyboa ekw nkolbntboa
pkfbny kutnkdms rmahrgboa rhtmphymr nksts& jkc nrmhtbko& hog tbdmfbomss wbff cm
chfhonmg/ Wem bostbtutbkohf strunturm hog gmnbsbko dh`boa teht bs nmotrhf tk hnebmvboa
tebs akhf ehs cmmo fhramfy baokrmg cy pkfbnydh`mrs wbte tem mxnmptbko k nhffs kr
strmhdfbomg pmrdbttboa hntbkos cy fknhf akvmrodmot& cmttmr NHB^K rufms& hog mxphogmg
pfhooboa mkrts/ Cut hr dkrm bs ommgmggmvmfkpdmot k h nkemsbvm pfhooboa&
prknurmdmot& pmrdbttboa hog bovmstdmot rhdmwkr`0 bgmotbnhtbko k rmspkosbcbfbtbms
hdkoa hamonbms0 botmarhtmg hog strmhdfbomg gmnbsbko dh`boa0 hog ho bdpfmdmothtbko
rkhgdhp hog snemgufm/15
Wem ]tbfbty Cusbomss DkgmfWmosbkos cmtwmmo tem Wrhgbtbkohf ]tbfbty Cusbomss Dkgmf hog Nehoaboa Mfmntrbn ^ystmd
Bo hggbtbko tk uoghdmothf wmh`omssms bo Nhfbkrobhs rmaufhtkry bostbtutbkohf
rhdmwkr`& tem BK] bostbtutbkohf dkgmf bs mquhffy bff$mqubppmg tk fmhg tebs mfmntrbnbty
systmd trhoskrdhtbko/ Qebfm rbsboa nksts hog tembr hffknhtbko hnrkss rhtmphymrs hrm
sbaobnhot nehffmoams kr ckte BK]s hog tem gmpfkydmot k rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg
pkwmr hnrkss Nhfbkrobh& temy hrm cut sydptkds k ho uogmrfyboa prkcfmd/ Hs omw
pkwmr tmneokfkabms rhpbgfy gmvmfkp hog sknbmthf akhfs mvkfvm cmykog just mosurboa
Bo dhoy nhsms& tem dkst hnnmssbcfm skurnm kr upghtmg bokrdhtbko ko Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog
gbstrbcutmg pkwmr prkarhds hog rmaufhtbkos bs okt h Nhfbkrobh akvmrodmot wmcsbtm cut rhtemr h
tebrg$phrty oko$prkt& chsmg bo Okrte Nhrkfboh/
Wemrm bs ok hamony gknudmot& sthtm fhw& kr mxmnutbvm krgmr prkvbgboa h nkdprmemosbvm rhdmwkr`&
bgmotbyboa h sboafm hamony bo nehram k nkkrgbohtboa hamony hntbvbtbms& kr nfhrbyboa ekw nkolbntboa
pkfbny kutnkdms rmahrgboa rhtmphymr nksts& jkc nrmhtbko& hog tbdmfbomss wbff cm chfhonmg/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 31 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
tem suppfy k mfmntrkos& bt okw smmds teht tem fkoa ebstkrbnhf prmnmgmot kr tem
rmaufhtmg BK] cusbomss dkgmfmvmo teht smt kvmr tem phst gmnhgm k kpmrhtboa bo
Nhfbkrobhs ehf gm$rmaufhtmg mfmntrbnbty dhr`mtehs cmnkdm dkrm k h chrrbmr teho
ho hssmt/ Bo phrtbnufhr& teksm teboas teht BK]s ehvm h prkt bonmotbvm tk gk hrm oktomnmsshrbfy tem shdm teboas teht sknbmty bonrmhsboafy hs`s k temd/ Lkr BK]s tk rmdhbo
dhjkrtekuae okt skfmprkvbgmrs k mfmntrbnbty smrvbnms tk Nhfbkrobh nustkdmrs&
temy wbff ommg omw cusbomss dkgmfs teht hfbao bonmotbvms hog moehonm rbs`$rmwhrg
pktmotbhf/ Hog& tk tem mxtmot temy ehvm tem nhpbthf omnmsshry tk bovmst bo dhjkr
tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonms& tem nurrmot rmaufhtkry strunturm typbnhffy gbshffkws utbfbty
bovmstdmots cmykog trhgbtbkohf borhstrunturm/
Wem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty rmaufhtkry gbrmntbvm k shm& rmfbhcfm utbfbty smrvbnm hog
borhstrunturm ht rmhskohcfm rhtms12 bs kom prbdhrbfy knusmg ko tem dbtbahtbko k
gkwosbgm rbs`/ Lkr ymhrs& mosurboa teht tem nustkdmrs fbaet nkdms ko wemo tem swbtne
bs lbn`mg wbtekut bonurrboa tkk dune ohonbhf phbo ehs dmhot h gmsmrvmg jkc wmffgkom/ Ht tem shdm tbdm& BK] sehrmekfgmrs mxpmntkrmdkststmhgy& fkw rbs`& fkoa$tmrd
rmturos rkd tembr bovmstdmots/ Mvmo tem tmrd utbfbty gmoktms h rmfbhcfm& prmgbnthcfm
bovmstdmot/ Webs gyohdbn ehs wkr`mg rmhskohcfy wmff kr gmnhgms& cut tkghys
bonrmhsboafy skpebstbnhtmg hog sknbhffy hspbrhtbkohf mfmntrbnbty systmd trhoskrdhtbko
akhfs hrm puttboa uoprmnmgmotmg strmss ko utbfbty cusbomss dkgmfs %webne hrm chsmg ko
bonrmhsmg rmvmoums hog utbfbty sehrmekfgmr prkts wbte bonrmhsmg shfms" hog& ht tem
shdm tbdm& okt hfbaoboa utbfbty bonmotbvms hog pmrkrdhonm wbte suppkrt kr omw
dhr`mt motrhots/
Momray Mlnbmony vmrsus tem Wrhgbtbkohf ]tbfbty Cusbomss Dkgmf
Wem ebstkrbnhf utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf whs sbdpfm: sehrmekfgmr rmvmoums bonrmhsmg
wbte bonrmhsboa mfmntrbnbty shfms& typbnhffy rkd ho mxphogboa hssmt chsm k nmotrhfbzmg
amomrhtbko hog trhgbtbkohf gmfbvmry borhstrunturm/ Momray mnbmony bs amomrhffy tem
fmhst mxpmosbvm momray rmskurnm kr utbfbtbms& ymt cmnhusm bt rmgunmg utbfbty mfmntrbn
shfms hog whs okt uffy hgkptmg cy dkst utbfbtbms& BK] rmvmoum hog prkt arkwte
rmdhbomg prbdhrbfy fbo`mg gbrmntfy tk tem nkostruntbko k stmmf$bo$tem$arkuog&
rhtm$chsmg borhstrunturm hog tem vkfudm k mfmntrbnbty shfms/ Weus& hcsmot nehoam bo
rmaufhtkry pkfbny& temrm bs fbttfm bonmotbvm kr ho BK] tk bovmst bo gmdhog$sbgm momray
mnbmony mvmo wemrm tem sknbhf ahbos k gkboa sk hrm bddmosm/ ^urprbsboafy& ekwmvmr&
tebs tmosbko rmdhbos mvmo bo Nhfbkrobhs uonkupfmg mfmntrbnbty dhr`mts& hs gmsnrbcmg
bo Ckx =& cmfkw/
CKU =: Momray Mlnbmony og Nbkrobs Sbs`$Smwrg Bonmotbvm Dmneobsd
Nhfbkrobh ehs cmmo h fmhgmr bo hgkptboa bookvhtbvm pkfbnbms tk hfbao utbfbty sehrmekfgmr bonmotbvms
wbte momray mnbmony/ Kvmr twmoty ymhrs hak& tem NY]N gmnkupfmg BK] rmvmoums rkd gbrmnt
mfmntrbnbty shfms hog hffkwmg BK]s tk rmnkvmr momray mnbmony bovmstdmots rkd rhtmphymrs/ Bo
399=& tem NY]N& NMN& hog NHSC nkffmntbvmfy hgkptmg tem Nhfbkrobh Momray Hntbko Yfho& pfhnboa
momray mnbmony ht tem tkp k Nhfbkrobhs fkhgboa krgmr kr momray systmd bovmstdmots/ Cut
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
28/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 35 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Webs bssum gmdkostrhtms ekw mvmo tem nurrmot& rmaufhtmg BK] cusbomss dkgmf nho cm
ht kggs wbte nfmho momray akhfs/ Hog mvmo wemrm Nhfbkrobh ehs th`mo tem fmhg bo
gmvmfkpboa omw rmaufhtboa dmnehobsds tk suppkrt utbfbty momray mnbmony mkrts& temsm
mkrts rmdhbo bonkdpfmtm& okt botmarhtmg wbte ktemr utbfbty gmdhog$sbgm hntbvbtbms& hog
bskfhtmg rkd suppfy$sbgm hntbvbtbms/ Bt bs nrbtbnhf tk mosurm teht tem utbfbtbms fb`mwbsm gk
okt ehvm h cusbomss bonmotbvm tk kppksm gmdhog rmguntbko hntbvbtbms knnurrboa bo tembr
smrvbnm tmrrbtkrbms hog teht& b pkssbcfm& tembr cusbomss dkgmfs hrm hfbaomg tk suppkrt h
pkrtkfbk k gmdhog$sbgm gmfbvmry dmnehobsds hog smrvbnm& bonfugboa teksm rkd tebrg
phrtbms/ Dmnehobsds tk monkurham tebrg$phrty nkdpmtbtbko kr tk kpmo momray mnbmony
prknurmdmot tk nkdpmtbtbvm cbggboa prknmssms teht dbdbn suppfy nkotrhntboa ehvm
cmmo usmg bo ktemr sthtms hog nkufg pktmotbhffy cm usmg bo Nhfbkrobh/57 Cut uotbf
Nhfbkrobh hog ktemr sthtms fhuone h uff$snhfm rmvbmw k tem kvmrhff utbfbty cusbomss
dkgmf& mvmo bookvhtbvm mkrts fb`m SSBD hrm bosunbmot/
Bookvhtbko vmrsus tem Wrhgbtbkohf ]tbfbty Cusbomss Dkgmf
Nhfbkrobhs momray systmd trhoskrdhtbko gmpmogs upko ho uoprmnmgmotmg fmvmf k
bookvhtbko bo tmneokfkabms& arbg systmds& hog omw dhr`mt motrhots/ Bogmmg& tem vmry
nkonmpt k tem sdhrt arbg mothbfs hgvhonmg arbg borhstrunturm& omw nkotrkf hog
momray dhohamdmot systmds& hog twk$why nkdduobnhtbko& hs wmff hs mfmntrbn vmebnfms&
dbnrkarbgs& hog momray stkrham/ Ok sune systmd ymt mxbsts& hog webfm skdm mfmdmots
hrm bo usm kr bo gmvmfkpdmot& akboa rkd snhttmrmg pbfkts tk nkdprmemosbvm usm bo ho
mvmo wbte temsm nehoams& momray mnbmony bs okt h prkt nmotmr kr BK]s& hog teus Nhfbkrobh
rmnkaobzmg teht hggbtbkohf pkfbny nehoams wmrm ommgmg/59
Bo 399
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >9 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
ko tem krgmr k 89- hog rmhp omt sknbhf cmomts rkd bdprkvmg systmd mnbmony& 52 hs
wmff hs bonrmhsm tem vhfum pktmotbhf k gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko bo nkdpmtbtbvm dhr`mts/
Wekuae gmrmaufhtbko mxpmrbmonms suaamst teht tem cmomts k syddmtrbn prbnboa bo
mfmntrbnbty dbaet hnnrum fhramfy tk rhtmphymrs&29 tem rbs` teht syddmtrbn prbnboa wkufgrhbsm prbnms kr skdm BK] nustkdmrs bo skdm nhsms ehs amomrhtmg rmsbsthonm rkd
nkosudmr arkups tk suppkrt sune nehoam/ Hog gmspbtm sbaobnhot pktmotbhf sknbhf
shvboas& Nhfbkrobh BK]s& wek gk okt hnm ho kcvbkus prkt bonmotbvm kr crkhgfy
bdpfmdmotboa gyohdbn prbnboa& ehvm hfsk kofy tmothtbvmfy hpprkhnemg tem bssum/28
B BK] sehrmekfgmrskr ktemr tebrg$phrty motrhotswmrm hcfm tk cmttmr sehrm bo tem
mnbmony ahbos k bdpfmdmotboa gyohdbn prbnboa& temo prkarmss ko tebs bdpkrthot
bssum wkufg fb`mfy cm hstmr/
Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr hs h Ahdm$Nehoamr
Hfrmhgy& Nhfbkrobhos arkwboa bovmstdmot bo gbstrbcutmg pkwmr bs nehoaboa grhdhtbnhffy
tem rkfm k utbfbtbms hog tembr cusbomss rmturos hog prkvbgboa mxphogmg kppkrtuobtbmskr oko$utbfbtbms bo hrmhs k smrvbnm prmvbkusfy rmsmrvmg tk tem utbfbty dkokpkfy/ Gmspbtm
fmahf prkebcbtbkos ko rmthbf nkdpmtbtbko& BK] nustkdmrs hrm mfmntboa tk cmnkdm tembr
kwo smrvbnm prkvbgmrsmvmo wbte tem nkosbgmrhcfm gbnuftbms boemrmot bo fknhf
pmrdbttboa hog bosthffboa tekushogs k sdhff& nhpbthf$botmosbvm& botmrdbttmot amomrhtbko
rmskurnms/23 Smsbgmotbhf nustkdmrs bo Nhfbkrobh hrm hgkptboa rkktkp skfhr Y\ systmds
ht mxpkomotbhf arkwte rhtms& gmspbtm gmnrmhsboa gbrmnt bosthffhtbko sucsbgbms& mohcfmg
cy hffboa nkdpkomot hog trhoshntbko nksts/2> Fhramr nkddmrnbhf nustkdmrs hrm
sbdbfhrfy dktbvhtmg& hog tem ohturm k tembr fkhg bs httrhntbvm kr mdmraboa gbstrbcutmg
pkwmr tmneokfkabms sune hs umf nmffs& nkdcustbko moaboms& ko$sbtm ahs dbnrkturcboms&
hog hgvhonmg stkrham/ Hggbtbkohffy& wbte tem hcuoghonm hog fkw prbnboa k ohturhf ahs&
nkdcbomg emht hog pkwmr %NEY" hppfbnhtbkos hrm fb`mfy tk rbsm tekuae tem bdphnt bo
Nhfbkrobh wbff cm hmntmg cy hbr quhfbty rufms/
Wekuae tkghys usmr$sbgm k tem dmtmr gbstrbcutmg amomrhtkrs rmdhbo BK] nustkdmrs&
mvmry `bfkwhtt k nhphnbty teht temy bosthff okw gmnrmhsms BK] shfms hog pktmotbhffy
nhps uturm BK] dhr`mt pktmotbhf/ Fb`mwbsm& nustkdmrs hrm bonrmhsboafy hcfm tk dkgby
hog rmgunm tembr fkhgs ko tem gmdhog sbgm/ Htmr h nmotury k gm jurm ohturhf
dkokpkfy kvmr mfmntrbnbty shfms& tmneokfkay bs prkvbgboa h gbsruptbvm phtewhy kr gm
hntk dhr`mt motry hog omw rmthbf nkdpmtbtbko/
Htmr h nmotury kgm jurmohturhf dkokpkfy kvmr mfmntrbnbty shfms& tmneokfkay bs prkvbgboa hgbsruptbvm phtewhy kr gm hntkdhr`mt motry hog omw rmthbf nkdpmtbtbko/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
31/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >8 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
9
399
799
Dmahwhtts
3997 399= 399< 3991 3995 3992 3989 3988
BK] Wmrrbtkry $ ktemr
YK] Wmrrbtkry
BK] Wmrrbtkry $ N^B
LBA]SM =: Nhfbkrobh Nustkdmr$^btmg ^kfhr Y\ Nhphnbty27
CKU 1: Yrkspmnts k Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr ^ystmds %GY^" bo tem ]obtmg ^ttms
Hgvknhtms k GY^ smm temd hs h dmhos k ehromssboa fknhf skurnms k amomrhtbko tk fmt nkosudmrs
cyphss tem nmotrhfbzmg systmd k amomrhtbko hog gbsphtne hog& bo dhoy nhsms& tk dmmt tembr kwo
mfmntrbnbty ommgs/ Wemy smm GY^ hs ehvboa tem pktmotbhf tk sthcbfbzm hog suppkrt tem arbg cy rmfbmvboa
nkoamstbko& webfm gmmrrboa kr hvkbgboa tem nkostruntbko k omw nmotrhfbzmg pkwmr pfhots cy
ksmttboa mog$usmr gmdhog/ Wemy hfsk ebaefbaet tem hcbfbty k dhoy gbstrbcutmg tmneokfkabms tk
bonrmhsm tem mnbmony k pkwmr gmfbvmry terkuae hvkbgmg trhosdbssbko hog gbstrbcutbko %W,G"
fkssms& rmgunmg nhpbthf mxpmogbturms ko W,G& tem nkovmrsbko k whstm emht hog momray tk usmuf
pkwmr& hog tem hcbfbty tk ehromss gbstrbcutmg rmomwhcfm rmskurnms terkuae systmds sune hs rkktkp
skfhr bosthffhtbkos/ Ktemrs strmss tembr pktmotbhf tk gmnrmhsm mfmntrbnbty systmd vufomrhcbfbty terkuae
tem gbvmrsbnhtbko k tem pkwmr suppfy pkrtkfbk hog tem bsfhogboa k amomrhtbko hog gbstrbcutbko/
Wem dkst hrgmot suppkrtmrs k GY^ smm temd hs ekfgboa tem pktmotbhf tk rmvkfutbkobzm tem ]/^/
pkwmr smntkr terkuae tem rmpfhnmdmot k tem mxbstboa pkwmr systmd wbte omw& fknhf dhr`mts kr
mfmntrbnbty& chsmg ko omtwkr`s k sdhff$snhfm amomrhtbko hog bokrdmg nkosudptbko/
Nrbtbns k GY^ ebaefbaet tem ebae nkst k gbstrbcutmg skurnms k pkwmr amomrhtbko rmfhtbvm tk
nmotrhfbzmg pkwmr sthtbkos hog tem ghoamr k sucsbgbms hog bonmotbvms kr GY^ tmneokfkabms
nrmhtboa uosusthbohcfm bogustrbms/ Wemy hfsk pkbot kut tem omahtbvm gbsruptbvm mmnts k httmdptboa
tk botmarhtm sdhff$snhfm amomrhtbko hog stkrham systmds botk h pkwmr borhstrunturm okt gmsbaomg
tk hnnkddkghtm temd/ Bo h smntkr teht gmpmogs dkrm teho hoy ktemr ko prmgbnthcbfbty hog
rmfbhcbfbty k kpmrhtbkos& temy hraum& hoy httmdpt tk dkvm hwhy rkd h ebaefy nmotrhfbzmg hog
nkotrkffmg systmd tk h omw phrhgbad chsmg ko tem haarmahtbko k oudmrkus& bogmpmogmotfy ruo
hssmts nkdms wbte mokrdkus gbrmnt hog bogbrmnt nksts/
Xuktmg rkd Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo tem ]obtmg thtms: Yrkspmnts hog Ykfbnbms&
Wem Ekkvmr hog Crkk`boas Bostbtutbkos& 398>
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >3 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Wem pktmotbhf pksbtbvm bdphnts k crkhgmr gbstrbcutmg pkwmr tmneokfkay gmpfkydmot
ko armmoekusm ahs mdbssbko dbtbahtbko& arbg rmsbfbmonm& umf lmxbcbfbty& hog mvmo
bogustry gmvmfkpdmot hrm okw wbgmfy gbsnussmg/2= Cut pmrehps just hs bdpkrthot kr
Nhfbkrobh& abvmo tem mokrdbty k nehffmoams hnboa tem BK]$gkdbohtmg mfmntrbnbtysuppfy systmd kvmr tem omxt gmnhgms& hrm tem pktmotbhf bdphnts k gbstrbcutmg pkwmr
gmpfkydmot ko bdprkvboa mfmntrbnbty dhr`mt mnbmony hog uontbko/
Bo tembr rmaufhtmg& ohturhf dkokpkfy sthtm hog terkuae tembr kwomrsebp k tem arbg
gbstrbcutbko systmd& Nhfbkrobh BK]s ehvm ebstkrbnhffy hnmg fbttfm sucsthotbhf
nkdpmtbtbko rkd omw dhr`mt motrhots/ Mfmntrbn mrvbnm Yrkvbgmrs %M^Ys"& gmsnrbcmg
hckvm& ehvm fbdbtmg NY]N$arhotmg hutekrbzhtbko tk rmthbf mfmntrbnbty gbrmntfy tk mog$
usmrs kvmr tem BK] gbstrbcutbko systmd terkuae gbrmnt hnnmss prkvbsbkos/ Nkdduobty
Nekbnm Haarmahtkrs %NNHs"& sune hs tem Dhrbo Momray Hutekrbty kpmrhtboa bo tem
^ho Lrhonbsnk Chy Hrmh& hffkw nbty kr nkuoty rmsbgmotbhf hog nkddmrnbhf nustkdmrs
tk haarmahtm vkfuothrbfy tembr mfmntrbnbty gmdhog tk purnehsm gbrmntfy tem wekfmshfmpkwmr k tembr nekksboa hog gmtmrdbom bogmpmogmot rhtms strunturms/ Cut ckte temsm
krds k BK] nkdpmtbtbko hrm stbff ebaefy rmstrbntmg hog gk okt ehvm hnnmss tk tem shdm
BK] dhr`mt rufms& fbdbtboa tembr snkpm/27 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
kur ^kfutBko^ lkr NhfBlkroBh:
BoNrmdmothf hog luoghdmothf rmlkrd^
Nehoams bo rmaufhtkry hog utbfbty bostbtutbkohf strunturms hrm uoghdmothf tk tem
sunnmssuf gmvmfkpdmot k h omw mfmntrbnbty systmd& mspmnbhffy kom hs nkdpfmx hs
teht movbsbkomg kr Nhfbkrobh/ Bo tebs smntbko& wm smt kut twk hpprkhnems/ Wem rst
knusms ko hggrmssboa tem strmssms wm ehvm bgmotbmgrhtbkohfbzboa tem nkdpfmx
rmomwhcfm pkfbny wmc& dbtbahtboa nkst hog rhtm nehffmoams& hog hggrmssboa
bomqubthcfm nkst hffknhtbko strunturms/ Wem smnkog hpprkhne bs dkrm uoghdmothf&
rmkrdboa tem uogmrfyboa rmaufhtkry hog utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf/ Wem phte neksmo
gmpmogs upko tem pkfbtbnhf wbff bo Nhfbkrobh hog tem uramony wbte webne tebs bssum bs
vbmwmg/ Smahrgfmss k teht nekbnm& pkfbnydh`mrs hog sth`mekfgmrs ommg tk cmabo ho
bo$gmpte gbsnussbko k temsm bssums hog whys tk hggrmss temd& bo krgmr tk mosurm
teht temsm nrbtbnhf bostbtutbkohf hntkrs gk okt uogmrdbom tem sthcbfbty& hkrghcbfbty&
hog fkw movbrkodmothf bdphnt k Nhfbkrobhs mfmntrbnbty systmd/
Bonrmdmothf ^kfutbkos: Wrmht tem ^trmssms
Shtbkohfbzm tem Nkdpfmx Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Ykfbny Dhzm
Dhoy k Nhfbkrobhs nurrmot prkarhds tk prkdktm rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr hrm
tmneokfkay$ kr snhfm$spmnbn/ Cut mvmo tem cmst sune prkarhds nhookt hotbnbphtm mxhnt
nehoams bo omw momray tmneokfkabms kr dhr`mt nkogbtbkos/ Hs h rmsuft& tem Nhfbkrobh
pkfbny hog prkarhddhtbn fhogsnhpm rmdhbos h stmp cmebog tem dhr`mt& krmvmr bo h sthtm
k rmaufhtkry om$tuoboa kr dhjkr kvmrehuf hs omw dhr`mt krnms& pfhymrs& hog prkarhds
mdmram/ Emrm& bo krgmr k bonrmhsboa hdcbtbko& hrm kur whys tk emfp rhtbkohfbzm tem wmc
k prkarhds:
Smqubrm hff rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr pkfbnbms& prkarhds& hog rufms tk cm
nkoskfbghtmg botk h sboafm gknudmot& upghtmg smdb$hoouhffy/
Abvmo teht Nhfbkrobh akvmrodmot hamony wmcsbtms gk okt nurrmotfy pucfbse
up$tk$ghtm bokrdhtbko hckut mxbstboa mfmntrbn pkwmr prkarhds hog teht wbgm$
rmhneboa botmr$hamony rmpkrts hrm kut k ghtm cy tem tbdm temy hrm pucfbsemg&
temrm bs ho bddmgbhtm ommg kr h strhbaetkrwhrg& kom$stkp bokrdhtbko
nfmhrboaekusm teht sth`mekfgmrs nho nkosuft tk fmhro weht pkfbnms hog prkarhds&
wbte weht rufms& hrm bo mmnt kr wbff cm nkdboa botk mmnt/ Webs gknudmot
sekufg cm krahobzmg cy prkarhd hog botmarhtm hff pkfbnbms rufms hog hamony
rkfms kr mhne prkarhd& nkdcboboa bo h sboafm pfhnm hff rufms cy hff hamonbms hog
tem NHB^K/ Hs ommgmg& tem hamonbms %hog tem NHB^K" sekufg krdhffy hgkpt tem
gknudmot sk teht bt prkvbgms tem nfmhr rufms k tem rkhg tk hff sth`mekfgmrs/ 893
Hog& mhne hamony sekufg rmvbmw hppfbnhcfm pkfbnbms hog prkarhds hoouhffy tk
mosurm teht mhne hrm rmspkogboa tk dhr`mt krnms& smt krte h vbhcfm phte kr tem
sthtms rmomwhcfm bogustry& suosmt wemo hpprkprbhtm& hog bdpfmdmot h
nkkrgbohtmg smt k akhfs/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
35/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >= Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Gmsbaohtm h fmhg hamony nehramg wbte gmvmfkpboa& bo nkojuontbko wbte ktemr hamonbms
hog tem NHB^K& h rkhgdhp kr tem hnebmvmdmot k Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm akhfs/
Wem bobtbhf stmps smt krte bo tem Nhfbkrobh Nfmho Momray Luturm hog tem NMNsgrht Smomwhcfm Hntbko Yfho ommg tk cm th`mo dune urtemr/ Ho hntuhf rkhgdhp bs
ommgmg& bgmotbyboa tem stmps hog gmnbsbkos ommgmg cy mhne hamony tk hnebmvm
sunnmss bo bts rmspmntbvm rkfm& tem tbdmrhdm kr th`boa teksm stmps& hog prknmssms
tk mosurm botmr$hamony+sth`mekfgmr nkkrgbohtbko bo h tbdmfy dhoomr/ Wem rkhgdhp
sekufg hfsk smm` tk ehvm jkbot kr nkkrgbohtmg gmnbsbko dh`boa cmtwmmo motbtbms& tk
strmhdfbom hog hfbao prkarhds/
Gmvmfkp h pfho kr gbstrbcutmg rmskurnm gmvmfkpdmot %kr bssum ho mxmnutbvm krgmr kr
botmr$hamony dmdkrhogud k uogmrsthogboa" smttboa kut akhfs& pkfbnbms& prkarhds&
nksts& hog uogboa hog bdpfmdmotboa rmspkosbcbfbtbms hog h gmnbsbko$dh`boa snemgufm
hnrkss hamonbms hog prkarhds/
Nhfbkrobhs hpprkhne tk gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms ommgs tk cm skfbgbmg hog tem rkfms
k sthtm hamonbms hog tem NHB^K nfhrbmg& bonfugboa tem smfmntbko k h fmhg hamony
kr trhn`boa sunnmss bo bdpfmdmotboa tem akhfs/ Wem gknudmot ommgs tk
bonkrpkrhtm pfhooboa& prknurmdmot& hog pmrdbttboa mkrts hog prkarhds& hnrkss
hamonbms& wbte h uobmg nrkss$hamony snemgufm kr rmskfvboa bssums hog
strmhdfboboa hamony gmnbsbko dh`boa/89> Webs gknudmot sekufg cm upghtmg
hoouhffy hog sekufg& terkuae h sboafm wmcsbtm& pucfbse bokrdhtbko ko nksts&
sunnmss bo bdpfmdmothtbko& hog bssums ommgboa rmskfutbko/ H `my bssum tk cm
hggrmssmg bs tem botmarhtbko k SY^$mfbabcfm hog oko$SY^mfbabcfm prkarhds&
bonfugboa tem pkssbcbfbty k h sboafm thramt teht nrkssms kvmr cmtwmmo ckte tem
utbfbty hog nustkdmr sbgm k tem dmtmr/
Fbdbt fmabsfhtbvm hggbtbko k omw& rmomwhcfm prkarhds uofmss gkom tk hggrmss
akvmrohonm hog bostbtutbkohf bssums/
Nhfbkrobh ehs dkrm rmomwhcfm fhws hog prkarhds teho hoy ktemr akvmrodmot/
Abvmo fbdbtmg akvmrodmot rmskurnms& h ebhtus sekufg cm th`mo ko gmvmfkpboa omw
prkarhds ko h pbmnmdmhf chsbs/ Hamony httmotbko sekufg cm ko botmarhtboa mkrts&
strmhdfboboa prkarhds hog gmnbsbko dh`boa& hog gmvmfkpboa phtes tk prkvbgm
fkoa$tmrd susthbohcbfbty/
Hssmss hog Smspkog tk Nksts
Qebfm gmnfboboa skfhr Y\ prbnms hrm grbvboa gkwo rmomwhcfm nksts& hog fkw gkdmstbn
ohturhf ahs prbnms hrm dbtbahtboa kvmrhff pkwmr systmd nksts& dkrm nho cm gkom tk
mosurm teht tem sthtms phte krwhrg ko rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg momray bs hkrghcfm/
Sbsboa nkst& bo btsmf& bs okt ho boemrmotfy uohnnmpthcfm pemokdmoko bo hff sbtuhtbkos0
rhtemr& bt bs h fhn` k mxpfbnbt nkst mxpmnthtbkosbokrdhtbko hog dmtrbnsteht dh`ms
rbsboa nksts sk trkucfboa/ Qbtekut uogmrsthogboa tem nksts& thxphymrs hog rhtmphymrs
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >< Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
nhookt hnnurhtmfy wmbae temd hahbost tem cmomts cmboa prkvbgmg/ Hog webfm
akvmrodmot gkms okt nkotrkf umf kr tmneokfkay prbnms& bt bs rmspkosbcfm kr tem
pkfbnbms hog prkarhd gmsbaos teht grbvm pkwmr systmd nksts/ Hggbtbkohffy& tekuae
nkdpmtbtbvm dhr`mts nho prkvbgm nkst gbsnbpfbom& bt bs uonfmhr ekw tem dhoy Nhfbkrobhpkfbnbms hog prkarhds susthbohcfy suppkrt omw dhr`mt motrhots/ Emrm& bo krgmr k
bonrmhsboa hdcbtbko& hrm kur whys tk emfp x tebs:
Nkotboum Nhfbkrobhs haarmssbvm pursubt k momray mlnbmony hog gmdhog$sbgm
dmhsurms tk ksmt suppfy nksts hog fkwmr nustkdmr cbffs/
Nhfbkrobh ehs cmmo tem fmhgmr bo bdpfmdmotboa momray mnbmony& hog >9$pfus ymhrs
ehvm sekwo tem sunnmss k bts prkarhds bo fkwmrboa nkosudmr cbffs/ Nhfbkrobh
sekufg nkotboum tebs hpprkhne& hs h `my dmhsurm tk dbtbahtm rbsboa nksts ko tem
suppfy sbgm/ Ombtemr tem NMN krmnhst okr tem NHB^Ks pfhooboa hssudptbkos
nurrmotfy bonfugm tem uff rhoam k mnbmony shvboas teht tem NY]N ehs smt hs BK]thramts/ une shvboas sekufg cm bonfugmg& tk hvkbg pfhooboa hog cubfgboa uoommgmg
borhstrunturm/
Bdprkvm tem pucfbn hvhbfhcbfbty k nkst ghth hog trhn` tkthf nksts/
Wkk ktmo& `okwos cmnkdm uo`okwos bo tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty systmd
terkuae emhvy rmghntbko bo pucfbn gknudmotsmspmnbhffy ghth rmfhtmg tk utbfbty
spmogboa hog nkst mstbdhtms/ Bo dhoy nhsms& tem kofy koms wek gk okt `okw tem
prbnm k skdmteboatem pucfbnhrm tem koms wek hrm phyboa kr bt/897
]ogmrth`m h rmvbmw k rmchtms hog bonmotbvm dmnehobsds kr rmomwhcfm hog
gbstrbcutmg pkwmr prkarhds tk mosurm teht pucfbn uogs hrm usmg bo h strhtmabn dhoomr
tk grbvm gkwo nksts hog pktmotbhffy nhp pucfbn sucsbgbms kvmr tbdm/
Wem Nhfbkrobh kfhr Bobtbhtbvm kmrs h dkgmf k fkoa$tmrd suppkrt terkuae h
prkarhd teht nkosnbkusfy gmnrmhsmg akvmrodmot sucsbgbms kvmr tbdm& tk smog
nfmhr sbaohfs k h fkoa$tmrd dhr`mt teht wkufg& cy fkwmrboa skfhr tmneokfkay nksts&
rmpfhnm akvmrodmot sucsbgbms wbte prbvhtm bovmstdmot/ ^bdbfhr hpprkhnems hrm
ommgmg bo hff rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr prkarhds& wbte h nfmhr hrtbnufhtbko
k tem amomrhtbko tmneokfkay nkst$fkwmrboa strhtmay ht tbdm k prkarhd hpprkvhf&
hog wbte rmaufhr rmvbmws hog upghtms gurboa tem prkarhd fbmtbdm/
]ogmrsthog hog rmspkog tk systmdbn rbs`s teht nho sbaoblnhotfy grbvm up prkarhd nksts/
Nhfbkrobh bs hnboa ht fmhst twk dhjkr& systmdbn rbs`s bo bts rmomwhcfm pusetem
pktmotbhf fkss k mgmrhf thx nrmgbts hog gmfhys bo dhjkr& omw trhosdbssbko fboms
teht nkufg jmkphrgbzm rmomwhcfm gmvmfkpdmot nfustmrs/ Wk ghtm& rmaufhtkrs ehvm
okt bgmotbmg temsm hs systmdbn rbs`s okr hrtbnufhtmg h nfmhr strhtmay tk gmhf wbte
sune rbs`s bo h tbdmfy hog nkst$mmntbvm dhoomr/
7/29/2019 Renewable and Distributed Power in California
37/60
Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >1 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
Hggrmss ]omvmo Nkst Hffknhtbko
Qm ehvm smmo ekw mfmntrbn systmd nksts hrm uomvmofy hffknhtmg hnrkss gbmrmot
nustkdmr smadmotsmvmo wbtebo tem rmsbgmotbhf smntkrhog ekw& hcsmot rmkrd&
uturm nkst bonrmhsms wbff hff ko ho bonrmhsboafy sdhffmr smadmot k mfmntrbnbty usmrs/
Ckte tem Fmabsfhturm hog tem NY]N ehvm rmnkaobzmg teht nkst hffknhtbko dust cm
nehoamg kr h vbhcfm hpprkhne akboa krwhrg/ Qbtekut prkpksboa spmnbn rhtm gmsbao
dmnehobsdsNY]N prknmmgboas ko sune bssums hrm koakboawm suaamst& emrm& skdm
prbonbpfms tk knus nkst hffknhtbko gbsnussbkos:
Mosurm hgmquhtm rmskurnms kr tem Gbvbsbko k Shtmphymr Hgvknhtms %GSH" tk hnt
hs h `my vkbnm kr rmsbgmotbhf hog sdhff nkddmrnbhf nustkdmrs bo hrmhs k rmvmoum
hffknhtbko hog rhtm gmsbao/
GSH whs smt up wbtebo tem NY]N tk hnt hs h vkbnm kr mfmntrbn utbfbty nustkdmrs bo
tem grhwo$kut& krdhfbzmg NY]N pucfbn emhrboas prknmss/ Nhfbkrobh sekufg
prkvbgm GSH hgmquhtm rmskurnms tk rmprmsmot BK] mfmntrbn rmsbgmotbhf hog sdhff
nkddmrnbhf nkosudmrs rmahrgboa tem gmvmfkpdmot k hbr nkst$sebtboa hog nkst
hffknhtbko strunturms tk mosurm teht tem NY]N dmmts bts sthtutkry nehram tk smt
utbfbty rhtms teht hrm okt just rmhskohcfm cut hfsk just/
Bgmotbty thrb hog rhtm gmsbao nehoams teht hggrmss bomqubtbms k rmomwhcfm hoggbstrbcutmg pkwmr rhtmphymr nkst hffknhtbko hog bgmotby hpprkhnems teht dhbothbo
crkhg suppkrt kr mxphogboa gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko/
Gmspbtm h chsbn prbonbpfm k smttboa nkst$chsmg rhtms& oko$nkst$chsmg rhtm gmsbaos
ehvm bo hnt rmpmhtmgfy cmmo nrmhtmg kvmr tem phst gmnhgm bo Nhfbkrobh/ Bo rmspkosm
tk nkonmros kvmr OMD prbnboa bo phrtbnufhr& tem Fmabsfhturm ehs phssmg HC 3=87&
webne rmqubrms tem NY]N tk mxhdbom tem nksts hog cmomts k tem OMD prkarhd/
Kom skfutbko kr OMD dhy cm tk dmtmr tem Y\ kutput hog phy tem nustkdmr h
gbmrmot rhtm kr teht kutput teho tem rmthbf nehram kr mfmntrbnbty/ Ht tem shdm tbdm&
tem NY]N ommgs tk nkotboum bts rmvbmw k rmsbgmotbhf rhtms tk hvkbg uohbr sucsbgbms
hog mosurm crkhg$chsmg suppkrt hog susthbohcfm nkst$sehrboa kr Nhfbkrobhsmxphogboa usm k gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms/
Luoghdmothf ^kfutbkos: Smlkrd tem Smaufhtkry hog Cusbomss Movbrkodmot
Msthcfbse Nfmhr Hamony Smspkosbcbfbty hog ]sm h Nkosbstmot mt k Ykfbny Gmnbsbko$dh`boa
Nrbtmrbh hnrkss Hamonbms hog Yrkarhds
Bo tem dbggfm k tem phst gmnhgm& kffkwboa tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty nrbsbs hog nkonmros
hckut hamony arbgfkn` sthogboa bo tem why k bovmstdmot bo omw& fkoa$gbsthonm
Wkk ktmo& `okwos cmnkdm uo`okwos bo tem Nhfbkrobh mfmntrbnbty systmd terkuae emhvy
rmghntbko bo pucfbn gknudmotsmspmnbhffy ghth rmfhtmg tk utbfbty spmogboa kr nkst mstbdhtms/
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh >5 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
trhosdbssbko fboms& Akvmrokr newhrzmomaamr prkpksmg tk nrmhtm h Nhfbkrobh
Gmphrtdmot k Momray teht wkufg nmotrhfbzm hgdbobstrhtbvm uontbkos& rmkrbmot hog
strmhdfbom NMN gmnbsbko dh`boa& hog ohrrkw tem knus k tem NY]N/ Wekuae dhoy
arkups suppkrtmg tebs httmdpt ht bdprkvboa hamony hnnkuothcbfbty hog gmnbsbkodh`boa& bt uftbdhtmfy hbfmg cmnhusm k fmahf tmneobnhfbtbms hog uonmrthboty hrkuog tem
pkfbnydh`boa rkfm hog ktemr rmspkosbcbfbtbms k tem nkostbtutbkohffy nehrtmrmg NY]N/
Kvmrhff& ekwmvmr& tem Akvmrokrs prkpkshf rmnkaobzmg tem ommg tk rmkrd tem sthtm
mfmntrbnbty hamony bostbtutbkohf rhdmwkr` bo krgmr tk suppkrt gmsbrmg trhoskrdhtbkos
k tem peysbnhf arbg/ Hog webfm tem prkpkshf whs nkonmromg wbte arbg rmfbhcbfbty hog
mosurboa mokuae suppfy bovmstdmot& tkghy wm tkk smm tem ommg kr hamony rmkrd tk
suppkrt Nhfbkrobhs crkhgmr rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr$krbmotmg peysbnhf
trhoskrdhtbko akhfs/ Emrm hrm skdm pktmotbhf whysrhoaboa rkd dkst chsbn tk tem
dkrm hdcbtbkustk amt temrm:
Mxphog tem NMNs Smomwhcfm Hntbko Yfho tk bgmotby& bo armhtmr gmthbf& hamony rkfms&gmnbsbkos& snemgufboa dbfmstkoms& hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr rhdmwkr`+nkkrgbohtbko0
hgkpt my nkdpkomots hs ho mxmnutbvm krgmr0 hog ekfg pucfbn quhrtmrfy& botmrhamony
dmmtboas tk rmpkrt ko dbfmstkoms dmt/
Gmvmfkp omw fmabsfhtbko tk smt up h sboafm hamony& sbdpfby prkarhds hog rkfms&
rmqubrm pucfbn rkhgdhp hog dbfmstkoms& hog gbrmnt tem usm k nkffhckrhtbvm
prkcfmd skfvboa/
Smkrahobzm hog botmarhtm rufms hog gmnbsbko dh`boa kr ckte utbfbty$snhfm rmomwhcfms
hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr/
Nmotrhf tk uoghdmothf rmkrd bs bgmotbyboa hog usboa h nkosbstmot smt k pkfbnydh`boa
nrbtmrbh cy hff hamonbms hog motbtbms bovkfvmg bo prkdktboa Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm hog
gbstrbcutmg rmskurnm mkrts/ Wkghy& mhne hamony kffkws tem hpprkhne bt tebo`s cmst
hog urtemr sucgbvbgms teht& chsmg ko tem prkarhd cmboa hggrmssmg/ H sboafm& wmff$
uogmrstkkg smt k nrbtmrbh bs ommgmg tk mosurm nkosbstmony hnrkss pfhooboa mkrts hog
prknurmdmot prkarhds/ Mxhdpfms k kur pkssbcfm nrbtmrbh hrm movbrkodmothf cmomts&
rhtmphymr nksts& rmfbhcbfbty bdphnts& hog mnkokdbn gmvmfkpdmot cmomts/
CKU 5: fkk`boa hemg: Nemoams og Kppkrtuobtbms
Webs phpmr ehs gmdkostrhtmg rmkrds teht wkufg nfmhrfy cmomt Nhfbkrobh hs bt dkvms tkwhrgs btsomhr tmrd 3939 akhfs kr rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr/ Hcsmot sune hntbko& temsm thramts
dbaet cm rmhnemg& cut bo h dmssy hog pktmotbhffy rbs`y why/ Wem grhdhtbn stmps teht wkufg cm
ommgmg tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs 39=9 nfbdhtm nehoam thramt& ekwmvmr& mxmdpfby ekw tem bostbtutbkohf
rhdmwkr` dust cm uoghdmothffy upghtmg bo tem fkoamr tmrd/
Ho hrtbnfm tebs ymhr bo ^nbmonm Dhahzbom89= hohfyzmg tem bddmosm snhfm k borhstrunturhf nehoams
ommgmg tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs 39=9 thramt k ho 59- rmguntbko bo AEA mdbssbkos cmfkw 8229 fmvmfs/
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 79 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
nkdpmtbtbvm dhr`mt; Cmabooboa tebs gbsnussbko hog uogmrsthogboa tem trhgmks bo tem
gbmrboa phtes krwhrg bs nrbtbnhf/891
Kom bonrmdmothf stmp bo tem rbaet gbrmntbko wkufg cm kr NY]N tk hgkpt ho bonmotbvm
rhdmwkr` kr utbfbty bookvhtbko& rmnkaobzboa teht rbs`s hog rmturos dbaet nkdm
rkd bovmstdmots bo kpmrhtbkohf nehoams& rkd sktwhrm& kr rkd ktemr hrmhs/
Cmnhusm tem NY]N rmaufhtms h fhram sehrm k utbfbty bovmstdmots& bt nho rmhskohcfy
bonrmhsm utbfbty bovmstdmots bo bookvhtbko ommgmg tk dmmt Nhfbkrobhs rmomwhcfm
hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr akhfs/ Webs nehoam bo btsmf wbff okt trhoskrd tem utbfbty
cusbomss dkgmf& cut bt wbff emfp mqubp utbfbtbms tk gk tembr jkcs cmttmr/ ]ftbdhtmfysune ho bonmotbvm rhdmwkr` dhy mvmo emfp utbfbtbms tk gmvmfkp omw kptbkos hog
gbrmntbkos kr dkrm uoghdmothf trhoskrdhtbko bo tem uturm/ Ht tem shdm tbdm& b
sune omw bovmstdmots hrm tk cm k hoy rmhskohcfm sbzm& bt bs bdpkrthot teht utbfbty
nustkdmrs hrm okt fmt rmspkosbcfm kr gkwosbgm rbs`s %teht bs& tem bobtbhf nkst k h
hbfmg bovmstdmot" webfm sehrmekfgmrs mojky kofy tem upsbgm/ Ckte rbs` hog rmwhrg
dust cm sehrmg cmtwmmo rhtmphymrs hog sehrmekfgmrs/
Cmykog tebs rst stmp& dkrm hdcbtbkus mkrts hrm ommgmg rkd ckte pkfbnydh`mrs
hog utbfbtbms bo mxpmrbdmotboa wbte omw arbg dhohamdmot& nustkdmr botmrhntbko&
hog rmvmoum dkgmfs/ Lkr ckte arbg rmfbhcbfbty hog utbfbty cusbomss vbhcbfbty& hftmrohtm
dkgmfs dust cm wmff uogmrstkkg sk teht temy nho cm smrbkusfy mvhfuhtmg/ Bt bs okt
nfmhr teht sune fmhroboa nho th`m pfhnm terkuae bonrmdmothf hgjustdmots bo tem
prmsmot mfmntrbnbty systmd/ Wemrmkrm& tk bdprkvm utbfbty hog pkfbnydh`mr nkogmonm&
Nhfbkrobh sekufg nkosbgmr tem msthcfbsedmot k rmabkohf pbfkt prkjmnts bo tem sekrt
tmrd& trhosbtbkoboa tk gmsbaohtmg gbstrbcutmg pkwmr + omw mfmntrbnbty systmd rmabkohf
gmvmfkpdmot zkoms kvmr tem dmgbud tmrd& prmmrhcfy terkuae vkfuothry morkffdmot
cy mxbstboa botmrmstmg nkdduobtbms kr terkuae hppfbnhtbko tk omw$cubft hrmhs/ Kvmr
tem fkoamr tmrd& hs vbhcfm hftmrohtm rmaufhtkry hog cusbomss rhdmwkr`s hrm
bgmotblmg& temy nkufg cm bostbtutmg terkuae h trhosbtbkohf phrhffmf$trhn` systmd
hfkoasbgm tem fmahny rhdmwkr`& dune bo tem shdm why teht dhoy pfhoomg
mnkokdbms ehvm rmkrdmg& trhosbtbkomg& hog kpmomg bogbvbguhf smntkrs tk
sunnmssuffy pmrkrd bo omw dhr`mt nkogbtbkos/
Abvmo teht dhr`mts& tmneokfkabms& nkosudmr prmmrmonms& hog pkfbtbnhf hdcbtbkos
nho hff nehoam rhpbgfy& weht sekufg cm tem uobyboa fmos terkuae webne utbfbtbms hog
pkfbnydh`mrs nho nkosbstmotfy knus tembr mkrts ht uoghdmothf bostbtutbkohf
rmkrd;Gbstrbcutmg pkwmr sekufg cm teht krnboa hamot kr bostbtutbkohf rmkrd& bo
Nhfbkrobh hog mfsmwemrm& cmnhusm bt rmprmsmots h nrysthffbzhtbko k nehoams hog
prbkrbtbms teht nustkdmrs hrm hfrmhgy hgkptboa cut webne hrm hfbmo tk teksm utbfbtbms
]ftbdhtmfy& tem tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonms teht ehvm hfrmhgy put rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr
systmds wbtebo rmhne k Nhfbkrobh hog ktemr sthtms dust cm dhtnemg cy hgvhonms bo rmaufhtbko
hog cusbomss/
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 78 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
%kr pkfbnydh`mrs" wek hrm wmg tk tem trhgbtbkohf nmotrhf sthtbko& fkoa trhosdbssbko&
dkokpkfy$gbstrbcutbko& uobgbrmntbkohf& rhtm$chsmg& fkw nkst& chsbn$pmrkrdhonm
mfmntrbnbty smrvbnm gmfbvmry phrhgbad/ Bts vmry nkotrhstbo tmrds k tmneokfkay&
prbnboa& hog smrvbnmwbte tem msthcfbsemg dkgmf wbff emfp knus ko tem nehoamsteht hrm ommgmg/ Dkrmkvmr& nustkdmrs hrm hfrmhgy gmdhogboa bt& wemtemr kr okt
utbfbtbms hrm rmhgy/
Hoktemr `my btmd tk hggrmss bo rmvbmwboa tem chsbn utbfbty cusbomss dkgmf bs
Nhfbkrobhs vbsbko kr oko$utbfbty pfhymrs/ Nhfbkrobh ehs kr gmnhgms suppkrtmg h
nkdpmtbtbvm hpprkhne tk prknurmdmot& bonfugboa rmomwhcfms& gbstrbcutmg rmskurnms&
hog gmdhog rmspkosm/Omw pfhymrs nho crboa bovmstdmot hog bookvhtbko cmykog
teht prkvbgmg cy utbfbtbms hog teus ommg tk cm nkosbgmrmg `my bo Nhfbkrobhs omw
mfmntrbn arbg/ Ekwmvmr& tem sthtm pkfbnydh`mrs ehvm ymt tk ehvm h dmhoboauf
gbsnussbkodune fmss h rkhgdhpko stmps ommgmg tk hfbao h susthbomg&
prkthcfm cusbomss dkgmf kr omw& oko$utbfbty motrhots teht hfsk crkhgfy hfbaoswbte tem nehoaboa utbfbty rkfm/ Cmfkw bo Ckx 2 bs h vbsbko k twk hftmrohtbvm utbfbty
dkgmfs/ K temsm twk dkgmfs& tem fhttmrtem utbfbty hs h sdhrt botmarhtkrcmst
hfbaos wbte suppkrt kr oko$utbfbty motrhots hog tem gbrmntbko Nhfbkrobh ehs cmmo
dkvboa tkwhrgs/
CKU 2: Wwk Yktmotb htmrotbvm ]tbbty Dkgms
Wem Momray ^mrvbnm ]tbfbty:
Ho momray smrvbnm utbfbty bs ho mxtrmdmfy vmrtbnhffy botmarhtmg kom %grhwboa chn` tk h dkgmf
movbsbkomg cy Wekdhs Mgbsko" teht wkufg prkvbgm okt just `Qes cut tem hntuhf smrvbnm btsmf k
nkfg cmmrs hog ekt sekwmrs/
Wem sknbhf hppmhf k tebs wkufg cm ho BK] wbte ohonbhf bonmotbvms hfbaomg tk rmhfbzm sbaobnhot
mnbmonbms cy kptbdbzboa mvmry hspmnt k ckte mfmntrbnbty suppfy hog nkosudptbko/ Ho momray
smrvbnm utbfbty teht nkufg cbff cy tem fmvmf k rmpkrtmg knnuphot temrdhf nkdkrt& kr mxhdpfm& wkufg
mhamrfy uogmrth`m ekdm bosufhtbko rmtrkts& uparhgm haboa emht pudps& haarmssbvmfy dhoham
temrdkstht fmvmfs& hog pmrkrd ktemr nkst$shvboa mnbmony dmhsurms teht nkufg bdprkvm prkt
dhrabos ht tem ekusmekfg fmvmf/ Wem BK]& kr bts phrt& wkufg og btsmf bo omw dhr`mts wbte crkhg
arkwte pktmotbhf hog lht$kktmg bonudcmots %bo tem wmff$mxhdbomg smosm teht momray mog$usmrs
gk okt kptbdbzm momray mnbmony hs mxpmntmg"/ Nrbtbns k tebs hpprkhne& ekwmvmr& gmnry h
pktmotbhffy nekbnm$ hog bookvhtbko$supprmssboa dkgmf phrhffmfboa tem Cmff pekom dkokpkfy& webne
bssumg mvmry Hdmrbnho ekusmekfg ho bgmotbnhf Qmstmro Mfmntrbn tmfmpekom kr gmnhgms/895
Wem ^dhrt Botmarhtkr:
Wem sdhrt botmarhtkr hrnemtypm& ko tem ktemr ehog& rmprmsmots h gbhdmtrbnhffy kppksbtm hpprkhne:
emrm& tem rkfm k tem BK] arkws tk hssudm dhoy k tem arbg$ hog gbsphtne$dhohamdmot rkfms
pfhymg tkghy bo Nhfbkrobh cy tem NHB^K hog mxphogs ko teht tk bonfugm omw& bokrdhtbko$rbne
dhohamdmot k ckte gbvmrsm gbstrbcutmg pkwmr borhstrunturm hog prmnbsm nustkdmr fkhgs& cut bt
stmps hwhy rkd prbdhny bo mfmntrbnbty suppfy btsmf/
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 73 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
]ftbdhtmfy& tem tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonms teht ehvm hfrmhgy put rmomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg
pkwmr systmds wbtebo rmhne k Nhfbkrobh hog ktemr sthtms dust cm dhtnemg cy
hgvhonms bo rmaufhtbko hog cusbomss/ Hog bt bs fb`mfy teht tem cmst why tk nfksm teht ahp
bs okt just tem bssuhonm k urtemr gkn`mts hog pkfbny akhfsrmaufhtbko$hs$usuhf/ Qeht
bs ommgmg bs h dhjkr rmhssmssdmotrkd h cfho` sfhtmhdkoa teksm teht cmst `okw
tem systmd& bts kppkrtuobtbms& hog bts rbs`s/ Smomwhcfm hog gbstrbcutmg pkwmr arbg
trhoskrdhtbko mkrts rhdm h ohturhf wbogkw k kppkrtuobty& dune bo tem shdm why
teht tem rbsm k hkrghcfm ohturhf ahs nkdcbomg$nynfm pkwmr pfhots fhtm fhst nmotury
smt tem stham kr wekfmshfm pkwmr gmrmaufhtbko mkrts ohtbkowbgm/ Qbte tem tmneokfkay
mvkfvboa& hog dhr`mt trhoskrdhtbko kppkrtuobtbms fkkdboa& bt bs up tk tem wbff k
sthtm$fmvmf pkfbtbnhf fmhgmrs hog tem pucfbn bo Nhfbkrobh hog mfsmwemrm hrkuog tem
nkuotry tk gmom weht tem smnkog euogrmg ymhrs k mfmntrbn pkwmr wbff fkk` fb`m kr
tem ]obtmg ^thtms/
H sdhrt botmarhtkr BK]& kr mxhdpfm& dbaet usm gyohdbn prbnboa hog rmhf$tbdm& hutkdhtmg gmvbnm$
fmvmf fkhg nkotrkf hfkoasbgm dbnrkarbg$spmnbn gbsphtne k mfmntrbnbty stkrham kr amomrhtbko hssmts
tk kptbdbzm tem mnbmony k mfmntrbnbty smrvbnm suppfy hog gmdhog/ Nmotrhfbzmg& sdhrt botmarhtbkoht tebs fmvmf nkufg grhdhtbnhffy bdprkvm kvmrhff mfmntrbnbty systmd nksts cut wkufg rmqubrm rmhf
bovmstdmots bo omw& mohcfboa borhstrunturm& kpmrhtbkohf prknmssms& hog dhohamdmot sktwhrm
teht nkufg krd h sbaobnhot BK] prkt chsm/ ^kdm ehvm th`mo tebs hpprkhne mvmo hrtemr& oktboa
teht wbte tmneokfkabnhf hgvhonmdmots bo bokrdhtbko strunturboa& nkdduobnhtbko prktknkfs& hog
gmnbsbko hfakrbteds hfkoasbgm h nkddko$pkkf rmskurnm hpprkhne tk dhr`mt strunturms& dune k
tem sdhrt botmarhtkrs prkpksmg rkfms nkufg bo hnt cmnkdm gbstrbcutmg temdsmfvms terkuae h
gmnmotrhfbzmg& ymt smf$nkkrgbohtmg& omtwkr`/892
Lrkd Ymtmr$Lkx Ymoomr& ^dhrt Ykwmr& 3989
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 7> Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
hYYmogBNm^
Hppmogbx B: Nhfblkrobhs Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr Yrkarhds
Nhfbkrobhs ^mvmo SY^$Mfbabcfm Yrkarhds889
Wem kffkwboa bs h sekrt suddhry k Nhfbkrobhs smvmo SY^ prkarhds:
h" SY^ pkwmr purnehsm harmmdmots %YYHs" %NY]N& NMN& hff utbfbtbms"
Nhfbkrobh YYH prknurmdmot bs h ebaefy nkdpmtbtbvm prknmss& usboa h sthtutkrbfy
spmnbmg fmhst nkst$cmst t nrbtmrbh wbte botmosm nkdpmtbtbko kr fkwmr nkst/
BK]s nho hfsk sbao cbfhtmrhf YYHs& cut BK]s ehvm amomrhffy fbdbtmg sune YYHs/
Dhoy k tem YYHs wmrm sbaomg wemo rmomwhcfm nksts wmrm ebaemr hog tem dhr`mt
fmss nkdpmtbtbvm/ Weus& h dhjkr hntkr hnboa utbfbtbms hog tem NY]N bs tem
trmhtdmot k sune nkotrhnts/ \kbgboa nkotrhnts nkufg rmsuft bo fkwmr prbnms rkd
rmomaktbhtmg kr omw nkotrhnts/ Ekwmvmr& sune ho hpprkhne wkufg sbaobnhotfy
seh`m nkogmonm bo tem sthcbfbty k tem Nhfbkrobh dhr`mt hog cm kpmo tk fmahf
nehffmoam/ Hoktemr fkkdboa bssum bs tem pktmotbhf mxpbrhtbko k mgmrhf thx
nrmgbts/888
c" Wrhghcfm Smomwhcfm Momray Nrmgbts %WSMNs" %NY]N& NMN& hff utbfbtbms"
SMNs hrm nmrtbnhtms k prkk teht kom dmahwhtt$ekur %DQe" k mfmntrbnbty whs
amomrhtmg cy ho mfbabcfm& rmomwhcfm momray rmskurnm/ Wemy nho cm prknurmg
mbtemr bo$ kr kut$k$sthtm/ Wem Nhfbkrobh Fmabsfhturm ehs smt strbnt fbdbts ko tem
hdkuot k WSMNs teht BK]s nho rmfy upko kr tem SY^ bo krgmr tk prkdktm
bo$sthtm jkcs hog tem uff utbfbzhtbko k dhjkr& omw& bo$sthtm trhosdbssbko fboms
cmboa uogmg cy rhtmphymrs tk nhrry rmomwhcfms/883
n" Xuhfbyboa Lhnbfbtbms %XLs" nkotrhnts %NY]N& BK]s"
BK] rmomwhcfm mfmntrbnbty prknurmdmot dmnehobsds bonfugm purnehsms rkd
quhfbyboa hnbfbtbms %XLs"& webne mdpfky nkdcbomg emht hog pkwmr amomrhtbko
tmneokfkay %NEY"& hs hutekrbzmg uogmr tem 8215Yucfbn ]tbfbty Smaufhtkry Ykfbnbms
Hnt%Y]SYH"/ XLs prmghtm tem sthtms SY^ dhoghtms& hog tem NY]N ehs msthcfbsemg
rufms teht hffkw XL hnbfbtbms prkgunboa rmomwhcfm momray teht bs skfg tk BK]s tk
quhfby hs SY^$mfbabcfm pkwmr/
g" ]tbfbty$Kwomg Amomrhtbko %]KA" %NY]N& NMN& utbfbtbms"
^thtm fhw monkurhams ]KA prknurmdmot k rmomwhcfms up tk 5/3=- k hff rmthbf
shfmsb/m/& up tk 3=- k hff rmomwhcfm momray shfms/ Ekwmvmr& ok dhjkr ]KA
rmomwhcfms ehvm cmmo prknurmg kutsbgm k tem ^Y\Y/88>
m" ^kfhr Yektkvkfthbn Yrkarhd %^Y\Y" %NY]N& BK]s"
Wem ^Y\Y& msthcfbsemg cy tem NY]N bo 3992& bs h vm$ymhr prkarhd tk gmvmfkp
8&899 DQ bo tem termm BK] smrvbnm hrmhs/ Wem akhf bs tk hnbfbthtm omw skfhr Y\
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Smomwhcfm hog Gbstrbcutmg Ykwmr bo Nhfblkrobh 77 Ekkvmr Bostbtutbko ^tholkrg ]obvmrsbt
omhr fkhg& wemrm temrm bs surpfus nhphnbty ko tem mxbstboa gbstrbcutbko systmd/
Yrkjmnt sbzm rhoams rkd 83 DQ %^NM"& 8= DQ %^GA,M"& hog 839 DQ %YA,M"/
Wem 8899 DQ bs spfbt rkuaefy =9+=9 cmtwmmo utbfbty$kwomg amomrhtbko %]KA" hog
tebrg$phrty nkdpmtbtbvm skfbnbthtbko YYHs/887
" Smomwhcfm Huntbko Dmnehobsd %SHD" %NY]N& BK]s"
Wem SHD& msthcfbsemg cy tem NY]N bo 3989& thramts gmvmfkpboa 8&999 DQ88=
cy ekfgboa kur huntbkos kvmr twk ymhrs& usboa strmhdfbomg& dhr`mt$chsmg
prknurmdmot dmnehobsds kr rmomwhcfm gbstrbcutmg amomrhtbko/88 DQ& wbte h sthtmwbgm nhp k 1=9 DQ/ Wem
BK] pkrtbko bs 71= DQ/ Wem NY]N kvmrsmms tem BK] mkrts hog rmnmotfy hgkptmg
h omw prbnboa dmnehobsd %chsmg ko tem SHD prkarhd prbnm" teht hgjusts temsthoghrg prbnm mvmry twk dkotes/881
Nhfbkrobhs Lkur SY^$Bomfbabcfm Smomwhcfm Yrkarhds
Nhfbkrobh ehs kur ktemr prkarhds teht suppkrt rmomwhcfm pkwmr amomrhtbko cut gk
okt quhfby hs SY^$mfbabcfm pkwmr/885 Wemsm prkarhds sucsbgbzm sbaobnhot gmvmfkpdmot
k nustkdmr$sbgm& ko$sbtm& rmomwhcfm mfmntrbnbty amomrhtbko/882
h" Nhfbkrobh ^kfhr Bobtbhtbvm %N^B" %NY]N& mog$usm nustkdmrs"
Webs tmo$ymhr prkarhd& cmauo bo 399&999 DQ k
skfhr Y\/ Bt bs kpmo tk ckte rmsbgmotbhf hog oko$rmsbgmotbhf BK] nustkdmrs&
kmrboa gmnfboboa bonmotbvms kvmr tbdm/ Yrkjmnts dust cm sbzmg sk teht tem
hdkuot k mfmntrbnbty prkgunmg cy tem prkjmnt bs usmg prbdhrbfy tk ksmt phrt kr
hff k tem nustkdmrs mfmntrbnhf ommgs ht tem prkjmnt sbtm/
c" Omt Momray Dmtmrboa %OMD" %NY]N& BK]s& mog$usm nustkdmrs"
Wem NY]Ns omt momray dmtmrboa %OMD" prkarhd& mxbstboa sbonm 822=& rmqubrms
BK]s tk fmt nustkdmrs gbrmntfy ksmt tembr utbfbty mfmntrbnbty nkosudptbko wbte
surpfus mfmntrbnbty amomrhtmg ko sbtm rkd systmds sdhffmr teho 8 DQ
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