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Renaissance – “Rebirth” 1350-1550. Return of Greco-Roman Influence. Economic Factors. Trade Banking – Medici of Florence Patronage – did not just sit on money. Trends. Secular period w/ a religious connection Catholic Church would be a large patron of arts Italian vs. Northern Renaissance - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Return of Greco-Roman Influence
Renaissance – “Rebirth”1350-1550
TradeBanking – Medici of FlorencePatronage – did not just sit on money
Economic Factors
Secular period w/ a religious connectionCatholic Church would be a large patron
of artsItalian vs. Northern Renaissance
Humanism – what can humans achieveNot a mass movement – still social class
limitsWill span 200 yrs and affect Europe at
different timesTime period will coincide with start of
religious wars, new political structures and an age of exploration
Trends
Northern cities – communes dominated by merchant guilds – wealthy families – oligarchiesPopolo – disenfranchised
Merchant families used condottieri w/ mercenary armies to rule
Some cities became signoriRivalries and lack of rights for poor
= instability
Italian Politics
Italy’s advantage: geographyProsperous c-s
emerged b/c of trade
5 Major Powers dominated by 15th centuryMilan, Florence,
Venice, Papal States, Naples
Florence: Cosimo de’ Medici: wealthiest individual, took control of oligarchy
(Medici maintained republican forms of government for appearance sake but controlled behind scenes)
Despots: job was to maintain orderFrequently assassinated
Ambassadors: created to negotiate among c-s
5 major city states controlled smaller states competed for land
Feeling isolated duke of Milan invited the French to intervene1494 French King Charles
VIII occupied NaplesItaly became battleground
between Habsburgs – ValoisNo unification til 1870
Form of Education and culture based on the study of the classics – Greek and RomanLiberal Studies or Liberal Arts
Petrarch – “father of Humanism” – recovered old texts
Platonic Academy – Marsilio Ficiino lectured under patronage of Cosimo de’ Medici
Pico della Mirandola – On the Dignity of Man – man can achieve all thingsVirtuL’uomo universal
Humanism
Schools with Latin grammar and rhetoric, Roman history and political philosophyNot a means to an end –
theology/philosophy and training for lawyers and physicians – medieval
Goal of education became civic humanism
Women excluded except wealthy who could afford private tutors
Castiglione – The Courtier
Education
Machiavelli – favored republican government but saw first hand power politics in Italy
The Prince – function of ruler is to preserve order and security First to abandon morality as basis
for analysis of politicsFounder of modern secular power
politics
Political Thought
Became a vehicle to push the Protestant Reformation
Used “wisdom” to challenge injustice in societyLargely the struggles of the Catholic Church
Thomas More – Utopia – perfect worldErasmus – Praise of Folly – satire urging for
simpler Christian faithGutenberg’s printing press increased literacy
Christian Humanism
Emphasis on secular themes but did not totally lose religious connection
Classic Greek and Roman idealsRealism – use of perspective and proportionPatronized by wealthy merchant class and
papacy
Renaissance Art
Van Eyck most popularNorthern art more concerned with
Christianity than with Greek and Roman themesReflection of turmoil of Protestant Reformation
Northern Renaissance
Arnolfini Wedding (Jan van Eyck)
1450s: attempts were made to reestablish centralized power of the monarchy
monarchs obsessed with the expansion of political power & landNot new concept, but defined beginnings of extension of centralized royal authority
Effected by 100 yrs. WarLoss of lifeDestroyed farmlandsUnruly nobility
Charles VIIEstablished royal army
Levied taille (annual direct tax on land)
Gabelle (tax on salt)
Louis XIKnown as the “Spider” king
Typically called founder of the French national state
Attained parts of Burgundy
Encouraged growth of industry & commerce
War of the RosesBroke out in the 1450s
Civil war, placing house of Lancaster (red rose) vs. house of York (white rose)
1485: Henry Tudor defeated last Yorkist King
Henry VIIWorked to reduce
internal disorderCreated Court of
Star Chamber: tried to eliminate unfair tactics
Avoided wars (also avoided calling Parliament)
Encouraged commercial activities
Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon marry in 1469
Dynastic union, not politicalBoth kingdoms
maintained own parliaments (Cortes), courts, laws, etc.
Had best army in Europe by 16th century
Ferdinand & IsabellaRecognized importance of controlling the Catholic ChurchSecured from pope—the right to select most powerful church officials
Wedding portrait, Ferdinand & Isabella 1469
Ferdinand and Isabella cont.
Introduced Inquisition in 1478…1492 expelled all professed Jews (approx. 150,000 out of 200,000 fled)
1502 all professed Muslims expelled
“To be Spanish was to be Catholic”
Maximilian I cont.Real success: marriage
of his son Philip of Burgundy to Joanna (daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella)
Philip and Joanna had Charles (through a series of deaths, became heir to the Hapsburg, Burgundian, and Spanish thrones)
Europe divided into 3 Estates“pray, fight and work”
Nobility 2-3% but dominateBook of the Courtier
Fundamental handbook for aristocracy
Social Classes
Social ClassesThe Book of the Courtier—
continued…
Described 3 attributes: • 1. grace, character, noble birth• 2. participate in military, follow standard of conduct
• 3. receive a classical education, play instruments, draw, paint
Third Estate - 85-90% of populationMost worked land – little to no
powerSome found advancement in cities –
but key to understand majority did not benefit from Renaissance
Social Classes
Second half of the 15th century: Italians introduced slavery on a large scaleUsed as skilled workers, or household
workersMost slaves were girls: serving as
nursemaidsPrimarily obtained from the eastern
Mediterranean and Black Sea regionsBy 16th century slavery had declined
dramatically
Querelle des femmes gains ground during RenaissanceChristine de Pizan Printing PressElizabeth I
Isabella de’ Este – Patron of Arts
Gender Question
Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503)Openly supported 4 sonsCesare BorgiaNepotism
Julius II (1503-1513)Warrior PopeTears down St. Peters Erasmus will criticize him in -
Julius Excluded From HeavenLeo X (1513-1521)
Son of Lorenzo de MediciConflicts with Luther
Europe had been isolated for hundreds of years – now prompted by 3 Gs
New Tech provided the muscleCompetition in Europe led to
competition abroad
Age of Exploration
3 Gs – Gold, God, GloryResources!!!
Central and South America for silver and gold
North America for natural resourcesAfrica for Slaves
Pre 1517 focus –Europe fighting the Muslims After 1517 focus—spreading Christianity to new lands… you can’t let the heretics get to
them first!
The more wealth a country had = more power in war!
Victory over your enemies was everything!
Compass and astrolabeCaravelPtolemy’s GeographyPrince Henry the Navigator of
PortugalPatron of geography and navigation
Technology
1487 Diaz1498 da Gama
Portugal Leads the Way
ColumbusItalian90 menReached Hispaniola
(thought it was Asia)100,000 - 300
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Columbian ExchangeThe contact between the “Old
World” and the “New World” that led to an exchange of
plants, animals, and diseases that changed life
on both sides of the Atlantic.
Squash Avocado Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin
Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets Liquor GUNS
World Economy Begins
Population Growth70 million in 1500 – 90 million in 1600New foods support growing pop
Price Revolution16th century Europe experienced inflation in pricesInflux of gold and demand from pop growth
Nation-centered economies as opposed to guildsJoint-stock companiesPutting out or domestic systemMercantilism – nations’ power depends on wealth
which is tied to favorable balance of trade
Commercial Revolution
Decline of traditional trade networksHanseatic League and Italian city-states lose
out to nation-statesRise of Capitalism
Capital is invested to establish wealthPrivate ownership
Rise of BourgeoisieCommercial capitalism creates a new middle
classExploitation of “inferior people”Rivalries develop between competing nations
Consequences
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