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Remote Sensing Refinery Pollutants
Alex CuclisHouston Advanced Research Center
Eyes in the Sky II WorkshopJune 24, 2010
TexAQS 2000
• A comprehensive Air Quality Study in the Houston Area
• Over $20 million was spent.
• More than 200 scientists were involved.
• Main Finding: Emissions of Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds (HRVOCs) were substantially higher than expected.
Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL)Houston Area Ozone Plume Airborne DIALBy NOAA
- 500
- 1000
- 1500
Hei
ght
in m
eter
s
Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL)Ozone on the Texas Coast
Air Quality Studies – TexAQS 2006
2000 2006
100
50
Reported
0
Measured
HR
VO
C E
mis
sio
ns
2004
1. HRVOC Emissions dropped 40% between 2000 and 2006.
2. In 2006 HRVOCs were still 10-40 times higher than reported in 2004.
HRVOCs = Highly ReactiveVolatile Organic Compounds
Petrochemical Emissions
• Emissions include nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) which in the presence of sunlight form ozone.
• NOx appears anywhere there is a flame, and most can be measured from stacks with continuous analyzers.
• VOCs can literally come from millions of places in a plant and are not easily measured.
Petrochemical Emissions• VOCs leaks are measured with hand-held
analyzers that are typically calibrated with propone and use a flame ionization detector (FID).
Remote Sensing Tools Can Find and Reduce Emissions
Future
DIAL S
OF H
awk
Remote Sensing: Old SchoolCan count the number
of molecules, but cannot calculate the concentration.
Must be mounted in a specific location,
typically ground level.
Light Source
Reflector
IR Camera (LSI or FLIR)Some companies report
that they saved over $1 million/year
by finding and fixing a single leak!
IR Camera (HAWK)
Different Barge with IR Camera
Barge with naked eye
Barge with IR Camera
Detection By Reflection
Method Medium Measures
SONAR Sound
Often Under WaterLocation, Speed
RADAR Radio Waves
High Energy EMLocation, Speed
LIDAR Light Waves
Single WavelengthWind Speed, Surveys
DIAL Light Waves
Dual Wavelength
Concentration, Composition, Location,
Flux
Light Detection And Ranging
DIfferential Absorption LIDAR
Radio Detection And Ranging
Sound NavigationAnd Ranging
Part 3
DIAL History
1. BP – 1979 - 19922. Spectrasyne – 1992 - Present3. NPL – 1990 - Present4. Shell Global Solutions – 1994-20025. Sweden6. API/CONCAWE7. Solar Occultation Flux (SOF)8. Canada9. U.S.
Lasers send dual-wavelength pulses towards
a gaseous plume.
Back-scattered light returns to a
detector assembly.
By Spectrasyne
Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL)
Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL)
By Spectrasyne
Solar Occultation Flux (SOF)
FTIR
Sun Tracker
Sunlight is the light source for the FTIR mounted inside the
van.
Solar Occultation Flux (SOF)
SOF Measurements at the Houston Ship Channel
Solar Occultation Flux (SOF)
Radial Plume Mapping (RPM) Real-Time Software
Like a CAT scan ofthe atmosphere.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Quantification Very Expensive
Speciation Analysis Takes Time
Comprehensive Complex
Concentration Plane Requires Expertise
No Thermal Gradient Needed Difficult to Set up
Technology ComparisonDIAL vs HAWK
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Inexpensive Requires Sunlight
Relatively Easy Set-up Daytime Bias
Obtains Full IR Spectrum No Spatial Mapping
Requires Less Time Single Vendor
Similar Results to DIAL Less History Available
Technology ComparisonSOF vs DIAL
Refinery Emissions
Some refineries lose 2 or 3 wine glasses per barrel.
The average refinery in Houston reports losing
about 1 tablespoon of oil per barrel to air
emissions.
Of the 2.3 million barrels of oil processed each day in the Houston area, refineries report emissions of 250 barrels
per day. Measurements at other refineries suggest that it could be closer to 2500 barrels per day.
suggest that refineries in other locations emit about 1 wine glass (4 ounces) of
oil per barrel.
A variety of measuring techniques
Flares?
Tanks-Seals, Landings, “Splatterings”, Fittings
Flares-Minimization, Steam/Air Assist, Flow, Wind
Delayed Cokers-De-heading, Drilling, Fugitives (Alberta and the 2 ½ times factor)
Water Treatment-Recovery, Aeration, Mixing
Emission Sources
Refinery Cokers
http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/images/RefineryProcess.jpg
Coke drums can be 80 - 100 ft tall and up to 27 ft in diameter.
Drilling derricks on top of the coke drums contain water jets that are used to cut the solid coke out of the drum.
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