Remote Sensing Landsat 1,2,3

Remote SensingRemote Sensing

Landsat 1,2,3Landsat 1,2,3

Major Remote Sensing SystemsMajor Remote Sensing Systems

1. Introduction of Satellite 1. Introduction of Satellite Systems Systems

►   Land observation satellite systemsLand observation satellite systems

                vehicles - spacecraft vehicles - spacecraft         devices - electro-optical sensors         devices - electro-optical sensors         images - digital images         images - digital images         target - earth resources        target - earth resources

Landsat 1,2,3Landsat 1,2,3

http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec11.html

1972, 1975, 1978

1. Orbits1. Orbits

► Sun-synchronousSun-synchronous► Altitude 919km Altitude 919km ► Inclination 80Inclination 80oo  80  80ooN - 80N - 80ooS S ► 103 minutes per cycle, 14 times each day 103 minutes per cycle, 14 times each day ► Because of the earth's rotation, each Because of the earth's rotation, each

successive N/S pass is offset to the west by successive N/S pass is offset to the west by 2,875km 2,875km

► Distance between the adjacent tracks (at the Distance between the adjacent tracks (at the Equator) is 159kmEquator) is 159km

► Passes over the same place every 18 days Passes over the same place every 18 days

Orbits ..Orbits ..

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_15.html

Orbits ..Orbits ..

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_15.html

http://edcsgs9.cr.usgs.gov/glis/graphics/guide/landsat/figure3.gif

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_15.html

2. Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)2. Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)

► Generates high resolution television-like Generates high resolution television-like imagesimages

► Landsat 1,2 consists 3 cameras sensitive to Landsat 1,2 consists 3 cameras sensitive to green, red, NIR, respectivelygreen, red, NIR, respectively

► Forms a 3-band multispectral image (Bands Forms a 3-band multispectral image (Bands 1, 2, and 3)1, 2, and 3)

► Landsat 1 and 2 RBV were hardly used due Landsat 1 and 2 RBV were hardly used due to technical failuresto technical failures

► Landsat 3 RBV was modified but did not Landsat 3 RBV was modified but did not perform as expected perform as expected

3. Multispectral Scanner (MSS)3. Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

► A scanning system of a oscillating mirror to A scanning system of a oscillating mirror to scan from W to E scan from W to E

► The reflected energy is directed to 24 The reflected energy is directed to 24 detectors that are sensitive to 4 bands with detectors that are sensitive to 4 bands with 6 detectors per band6 detectors per band (Bands 4, 5, 6, and 7)(Bands 4, 5, 6, and 7)

MSS ..MSS ..

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_16.html

MSS ..MSS ..

A: Rotating MirrorB: DetectorsC: Instantaneous Field of ViewD: Ground Resolution CellE: Angular Field of ViewF: Swath

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Resolutions of MSSResolutions of MSS

► Spectral resolution Spectral resolution         band4: 0.5-0.6        band4: 0.5-0.6m (green) m (green)         band5: 0.6-0.7        band5: 0.6-0.7m (red) m (red)         band6: 0.7-0.8        band6: 0.7-0.8m (near infrared) m (near infrared)         band7: 0.8-1.1        band7: 0.8-1.1m (near infrared) m (near infrared)         band8: 10.4-12.6        band8: 10.4-12.6m (far infrared, m (far infrared, Landsat 3 only) Landsat 3 only)

MSS4 MSS5

MSS6

MSS7

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_17.html

Resolutions of MSS ..Resolutions of MSS ..► Radiometric resolution: Radiometric resolution:

 6 bits, 64 levels and re-scaled to 7 bits,  6 bits, 64 levels and re-scaled to 7 bits, 128 levels 128 levels

► Spatial resolution: Spatial resolution:

79x79m, re-sampled into 79x56m 79x79m, re-sampled into 79x56m

► Temporal resolution: 18 days for Temporal resolution: 18 days for Landsat 1-3, Landsat 1-3,

5. MSS scene5. MSS scene

► Ground swath: 185x185km Ground swath: 185x185km ► 5% overlap and 14-85% sidelap 5% overlap and 14-85% sidelap ► 2340 scan lines, 3240 pixels per line2340 scan lines, 3240 pixels per line► After skew correction, rectangle image After skew correction, rectangle image

becomes parallelogram due to spacecraft becomes parallelogram due to spacecraft movement and the earth rotation movement and the earth rotation

Skew CorrectionSkew Correction

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_15.html

6. Worldwide Reference System 6. Worldwide Reference System (WRS)(WRS)

► The nominal center of a Landsat scene is The nominal center of a Landsat scene is identified by combination of identified by combination of

        - Path: N-S along satellite orbital tracks - Path: N-S along satellite orbital tracks (total 223 paths) (total 223 paths)  - Row: E-W along latitudinal center lines  - Row: E-W along latitudinal center lines (total 119 rows) (total 119 rows)

► The three satellites retired in 1978, 1983, The three satellites retired in 1978, 1983, and 1983, respectivelyand 1983, respectively

7. Landsat 4,5,6,77. Landsat 4,5,6,7

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_15.html

1982, 1985, 1993, 1999

OrbitOrbit

► - 705km, a lower altitude for finer spatial - 705km, a lower altitude for finer spatial resolution and resolution and           retrievable by space shuttle           retrievable by space shuttle         - inclination 98.2        - inclination 98.200         - 99 minutes per cycle, 14.5 times each         - 99 minutes per cycle, 14.5 times each day day         - image swath 185km         - image swath 185km

OrbitOrbit

影像镶嵌图 影像边界矢量图

Orbit ..Orbit ..

► The gap between successive passes at the The gap between successive passes at the equator is 2752kmequator is 2752km

► The gap is filled in 16 days The gap is filled in 16 days ► Distance between the adjacent tracks (at the Distance between the adjacent tracks (at the

Equator) is 172km Equator) is 172km ► Sidelap at the equator 7.6% Sidelap at the equator 7.6% ► Adjacent swaths are acquired every 7 daysAdjacent swaths are acquired every 7 days► Landsat 4 and 5 are 8 days out of phase Landsat 4 and 5 are 8 days out of phase ► New path system in WRS and less paths (233) New path system in WRS and less paths (233)

Orbit ..Orbit ..

http://edcsgs9.cr.usgs.gov/glis/graphics/guide/landsat/figure4.gif

Second generation of Landsat Second generation of Landsat    MSS    MSS

► On board landsat 4,5,6,7 are both MSS and On board landsat 4,5,6,7 are both MSS and TMTM

►MSS band 1,2,3,4 are equivalent to band 4-7 MSS band 1,2,3,4 are equivalent to band 4-7 on Landsat 1,2,3on Landsat 1,2,3

► Spatial resolution 82mSpatial resolution 82m

Thematic Mapper (TM)Thematic Mapper (TM) ► Spectral resolution Spectral resolution ► 7 bands and narrower bands 7 bands and narrower bands

Thematic Mapper (TM) ..Thematic Mapper (TM) .. ► Band1: 0.45-0.52Band1: 0.45-0.52m (blue-green, water, soil m (blue-green, water, soil

& vegetation)& vegetation)► Band2: 0.52-0.60Band2: 0.52-0.60m (green, chlorophyll m (green, chlorophyll

reflection)reflection)► Band3: 0.63-0.69Band3: 0.63-0.69m (red, chlorophyll m (red, chlorophyll

absorption) absorption) ► Band4: 0.76-0.90Band4: 0.76-0.90m (near infrared, m (near infrared,

vegetation biomass, )vegetation biomass, )► Band5: 1.55-1.75Band5: 1.55-1.75m (mid infrared, vegetation m (mid infrared, vegetation

moisture, cloud, snow, ice) moisture, cloud, snow, ice) ► Band6: 10.4-12.5Band6: 10.4-12.5m (far infrared, m (far infrared,

temperature)temperature)► Band7: 2.08-2.35Band7: 2.08-2.35m (mid infrared, geologic m (mid infrared, geologic

rock formation, plant heat stress) rock formation, plant heat stress)

Biophysical Sensitivity of Biophysical Sensitivity of Spectrums ..Spectrums ..

Upper epidermis

Palisade

Spongy mesophyll

Lower epidermishttp://www.cstars.ucdavis.edu/projects/modeling/

Spectral Reflectance CurveSpectral Reflectance Curve

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_20.html

Landsat Band 6Landsat Band 6

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_20.html

Resolutions of TMResolutions of TM

► Radiometric resolution: 8 bits, 256 levels of Radiometric resolution: 8 bits, 256 levels of brightness brightness

►   Spatial resolution: 30x30m, 120x120m for Spatial resolution: 30x30m, 120x120m for band6 band6

►   Temporal resolution: 16 days Temporal resolution: 16 days

TM OperationTM Operation

► ScanningScanning► Tracking and Data Relay Satellites Tracking and Data Relay Satellites

Scanning Scanning

►   Each scan of TM mirror acquires 16 lines of Each scan of TM mirror acquires 16 lines of data (4 lines for band 6) data (4 lines for band 6)

► The mirror is active in both E->W and W->E The mirror is active in both E->W and W->E directions directions

► Allows a slower mirror speed for better Allows a slower mirror speed for better brightness response brightness response

TM detectorsTM detectors

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_20.html

Tracking and Data Relay Tracking and Data Relay SatellitesSatellites

►   Landsats are teamed with two TDRS Landsats are teamed with two TDRS ► TDRSs are geo-synchronous and transmit TDRSs are geo-synchronous and transmit

sensor data to central ground receiving sensor data to central ground receiving station near White Sand, New Mexicostation near White Sand, New Mexico

► TDRSs relay commands from mission TDRSs relay commands from mission control to the Landsats and telemetry from control to the Landsats and telemetry from the Landsat to the ground the Landsat to the ground

Landsat 4, 5Landsat 4, 5

► Landsat 4 retired in 2001 after near 20 Landsat 4 retired in 2001 after near 20 years service years service

► Landsat 5 retired June 5, 2013 after 29 Landsat 5 retired June 5, 2013 after 29 years serviceyears service

Metternicht, G. I., and J. A. Zinck. "Evaluating the Information Content of JERS-1 SAR and Landsat TM Data for Discrimination of Soil Erosion Features." Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 153rd ser. 53.143 (1998): 143-53. 15 Feb. 1998

Landsat 6Landsat 6

► Lost on October 5, 1993 Lost on October 5, 1993 ► Same orbit as Landsat 4 and 5 Same orbit as Landsat 4 and 5 ► Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) ► An eighth panchromatic band 0.5-0.9An eighth panchromatic band 0.5-0.9m m

with 15m resolution with 15m resolution ► Improved radiometric sensitivity Improved radiometric sensitivity

Landsat 7Landsat 7

http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/landsat.htm

Landsat 7Landsat 7

► Launched on April 15, 1999 Launched on April 15, 1999 ► ETM+, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ETM+, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ► Design continuity with Landsat 4 and 5 Design continuity with Landsat 4 and 5 ► An eighth 15m-resolution panchromatic An eighth 15m-resolution panchromatic

band band ► 60m spatial resolution for the thermal band 60m spatial resolution for the thermal band

AVIRIS

Landsat 7

French SPOT

DS-1260

1.0m 2.0m

AVIRIS

Landsat 7

French SPOT

DS-1260

1.0m 2.0m

AVIRIS

Landsat 7

French SPOT

DS-1260

1.0m 2.0m

Landsat 8Landsat 8

► Launched on February 11, 2013 Launched on February 11, 2013 ► Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM)Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM)► Orbit 705 kmOrbit 705 km► Inclination 98.2Inclination 98.200 ► 98.9 minutes per cycle98.9 minutes per cycle► Image swath 185kmImage swath 185km

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=2pnqFHXoA1c

http://landsat.usgs.gov/about_ldcm.php

Landsat 8 ..Landsat 8 ..

► Two sensor systems on boardTwo sensor systems on board

- Operational Land Imager (OLI)- Operational Land Imager (OLI)

- Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)- Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)

Landsat 8 ..Landsat 8 ..

► Operational Land Imager (OLI)Operational Land Imager (OLI)Band 1 (0.43-0.45µm) 30m Coastal/AerosolBand 1 (0.43-0.45µm) 30m Coastal/Aerosol

Band 2 (0.45-0.51µm) 30m BlueBand 2 (0.45-0.51µm) 30m Blue

Band 3 (0.53-0.59µm) 30m GreenBand 3 (0.53-0.59µm) 30m Green

Band 4 (0.64-0.67µm) 30m RedBand 4 (0.64-0.67µm) 30m Red

Band 5 (0.85-0.88µm) 30m NIRBand 5 (0.85-0.88µm) 30m NIR

Band 6 (1.57-1.65µm) 30m SWIR 1Band 6 (1.57-1.65µm) 30m SWIR 1

Band 7 (2.11-2.29µm) 30m SWIR 2 Band 7 (2.11-2.29µm) 30m SWIR 2

Band 8 (0.50-0.68µm) 15m PanBand 8 (0.50-0.68µm) 15m Pan

Band 9 (1.36-1.38µm) 30m Cirrus Band 9 (1.36-1.38µm) 30m Cirrus

Landsat 8 ..Landsat 8 ..

► Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)Band 10 (10.6 - 11.19 µm) 100m Thermal 1Band 10 (10.6 - 11.19 µm) 100m Thermal 1

Band 11 (11.5 - 12.51 µm) 100m Thermal 2Band 11 (11.5 - 12.51 µm) 100m Thermal 2

ReadingsReadings

► Chapter 6Chapter 6

Landsat 4,5Landsat 4,5