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Refined Habitat Tuateawa Pest Plan (2016 – 2018)
DRAFT March 2016
Stoat and tui. Rod Morris photo
Prepared by Alan Saunders
for the Habitat Tuateawa Committee
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CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction 2
2. Purpose 3
3. Definitions 4
4. Principles underpinning our pest control 5
5. Targeted pests 6
A. Possums 6
B. Ship rats 9
C. Stoats 12
6. Other pests 14
7. Biosecurity measures 17
8. Coordination and administration 17
9. Acknowledgements 18
1. Introduction
Habitat Tuateawa is a community group focused on conserving our natural environment at Tuateawa, on the northeastern coast of the Coromandel Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand (Figure 1). Following efforts by individual landowners over several years to control pests a ‘Tuateawa Kiwicare Group’ was created in 1997 through which local residents cooperated to control pests to protect a small kiwi population which persisted in the area. This group maintained a pest control regime in the vicinity of the Tuateawa subdivision for several years. Building on the efforts and achievements of the Kiwicare group Habitat Tuateawa was established in 2003. With a growing number of residents involved Habitat Tuateawa introduced a more formal structure and procedures, and increased the scale, scope and intensity of pest control operations and related monitoring. It was registered as an incorporated society in 2012.
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This plan covers the 2year period July 2016 – June 2018. It replaces earlier Habitat Tuateawa pest control plans and gives effect to our strategic plan (2016 – 2020); visit our website http://tuateawa.com.
Figure 1: Location of Habitat Tuateawa on the northern Coromandel Peninsula By 2015 Habitat Tuateawa was controlling possums, stoats and rats using a network of traps and bait stations over a core area of 248 hectares (Figure 2) including mature and regenerating native forest, rough pastureland and coastal areas surrounding, and including the Tuateawa subdivision (Figure 3). Residents agree that there has been a marked increase in the number of forest birds such as kaka, kereru/ NZ pigeon, tui and korimako/bellbird to the point now where noisy flocks of birds are commonplace. Bird count regimes are in place to help us measure these increases.
2. Purpose
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● To provide a background and context for animal pest control and a basis for measuring progress.
● To guide the preparation of funding proposals and to inform partners, donors and sponsors of our goals and intended activities and anticipated outcomes.
● To provide a basis for promoting synergies with other organizations undertaking conservation programs in the northern Coromandel.
Figure 2: Habitat Tuateawa core area (in red) and southern buffer (blue); 2015
3. Definitions
Pests. Invasive species of animals and plants that have negative impacts on indigenous species and
ecosystems. This plan covers animal pests only. Plant pests (“weeds”) are addressed in a separate
plan. Animal pests are hereafter simply referred to as “pests” in this plan.
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Pest control. Activities directed at minimising pest impacts by reducing the numbers and/or limiting
the distribution of targeted pests which exist in the area. This plan also includes biosecurity objectives
aimed at preventing new pest populations establishing in the area.
Habitat Tuateawa Pest Control Area (HTPCA). Approximately 248 hectares of private land and public conservation land extending from the Tuateawa boat ramp in the south to Whanake Trig in the
northeast and Titimiri Point in the north (Figure 3). The HTPCA includes all of the Tuateawa
subdivision and is bordered to the west by the the Kennedy Bay Block of the Coromandel Forest Park.
With the support of the landowners Habitat Tuateawa pest control activities were extended in 2013
to include a buffer area to the south of the boat ramp, covering a further approximately 400 hectares
of the Kahutara Peninsula. A proposal has been sent to the landowners to also extend our pest control
activities to the north, in the Taiharuru Block.
The HTPCA lies within the Moehau Environment Group’s (MEG) pest control area which extends
southwards to the Harataunga Kiwi Project in Kennedy Bay.
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Figure 3: Cadastral map of the Tuateawa subdivision.
4. Principles underpinning our pest control
The Habitat Tuateawa Committee recognizes that effective pest control is fundamental if native plants
and animals are to be protected and restored at Tuateawa, and ecosystem processes and the services
on which we rely are to be maintained. Our goals for preserving and restoring the special
environment at Tuateawa are set out in our strategic plan (2016 – 2020).
Our pest control activities are underpinned by the following principles:
● Possums, stoats and ship rats will continue to be our priority target species. An integrated approach to pest control will be taken based on the best available information. Our priorities
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may change, and additional species may be targeted if information suggests such changes are appropriate.
● Biosecurity – preventing pests arriving and establishing is the most effective way to manage pests and prevent their impacts. We will promote appropriate biosecurity measures and educate and promote the importance of biosecurity to our members, neighbours and others.
● An adaptive management approach will be employed with pest control being refined and improved as new information comes to hand.
● Only pest control techniques accepted and supported by the Habitat Tuateawa Committee will be employed. Preference will be given to using management techniques that meet international humaneness standards.
● Wherever possible local residents will be encouraged and empowered to voluntarily undertake planned pest control regimes. Where professional pest control practitioners are to be contracted priority will be given to employing local people wherever this is appropriate.
● Landowners will be consulted and their permission sought before Habitat Tuateawa volunteers operate on private land.
● Our aim is to avoid using toxins to control animal pests. We will move to solely mechanical techniques (ie trapping) once proven devices are available and affordable, and can be employed without jeopardizing conservation outcomes. Meanwhile, we will continue to judiciously use vertebrate toxins, along with traps and other techniques, inline with established best practices.
● Efforts will be taken to ensure pest control activities at Tuateawa complement and augment those being undertaken by other groups in the northern Coromandel. We will actively engage in partnerships with groups and organizations that share our vision.
● We will closely monitor the results of our pest control, and good records will be kept of our activities, results and outcomes. Regular reports will be furnished through our Newsletter and on our website, and to donors as required.
5. Targeted pests
A. Possums
A.1. Previous control activities.
Possums have only been reported in the Tuateawa area since the 1970s. Until recently their
densities have been low and there has been little evidence of their sign or impacts. The main
control technique prior to 2010 was the application of brodifacoum baits placed in bait
stations on a (initially) 150 X 150m grid within the HTPCA between August and December each
year. This baiting regime was augmented by additional baiting, trapping and occasional
shooting within the subdivision.
The effectiveness of possum control efforts was monitored by evaluating monthly baittake,
although this was complicated by difficulties in separating possum and rat baittake from
stations. With little evidence of possum impacts on foliage no outcome monitoring was
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deemed necessary. In 2012 brodifacoum was discarded by the Habitat Tuateawa Committee
as a primary control tool for possums or rats, although it was retained as a backup tool for
occasional use by residents around houses in the subdivision.
In 2013 possum and rat control programs were separated. Killtraps were to be the primary
control tool for possums, and toxic baits (using less persistent toxins) were to be the primary
control tool for rats. A network of kill traps for possums was established on the existing bait
station track system. Approximately 112 traps are currently in place (Figure 4) with Sentinels
being the main trap used, although Trapinators, Timms and Possum master traps are also
operated by Habitat Tuateawa trappers. Traps are serviced approximately monthly
throughout the year. Trap sites have been plotted using GPS and records are collated of all
possums caught. An appropriately certified contractor servicing the southern buffer area has
used cyanide paste to control possums there (2013 – 2015).
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Figure 4: Possum trap locations, Habitat Tuateawa Core Pest Control Area
While our volunteers have emerged as highly competent and effective trappers observations
of growing possum impacts such as defoliated rata and kohekohe suggest possum numbers
are increasing. Our focus in this plan period will be on increasing the number of traps and
bettertargeting our trapping efforts on “hotspots” such as preferred habitats, or at sites on
our boundary where possums are invading from adjacent areas. We will also begin to
progressively introduce, on an experimental basis, automatic resetting possum killtraps in
the hope that their use will lead to greater effectiveness and important efficiencies.
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Our longterm goal is to reduce possums to levels where their impacts are unmeasurable
within the Habitat Tuateawa Pest Control Area. We will use chew cards to monitor possum
distribution and numbers, and monitor sensitive trees to evaluate our progress towards this
goal.
A.2. Possum control goal and objectives (for the 2year period July 2016 – June 2018)
Goal: To improve the effectiveness of our possum trapping regime and achieve efficiencies in
our trapping operations so that we can sustain a “very low possum density” situation
thereafter. over a 2yearreduce possums to levels where we cannot detect their impacts, and
to maintain focused trapping regimes that prevent a breeding population establishing within
the HTPCA.
Objectives:
i) Increase the number of manual killtraps traps on our boundary and at key sites within
the HTPCA, and check them at least monthly so that possum numbers may be
maintained at, or nearzero.
ii) Replace older traps, as appropriate, so that “Every trap is a catching trap”.
iii) Introduce automatic resetting killtraps into our control program. The efficacy of
these traps will be carefully monitored. If results merit it, a program of sequential
increased use of automatic resetting traps (initially focused on possums) will be
introduced.
iv) Introduce the use of chew cards as a standard best practice tool to monitor possum
populations (NB. We have not monitored the possum population here prior to this).
v) Collate all monitoring data, analyse using established procedures
vi) Facilitate training days for our voluntary trappers and encourage dialogue with other
trappers and landowners so that they can be confident in consistently applying best
practice trapping and monitoring techniques.
vii) Encourage and, where appropriate, support our neighbours to control possums to
similarly low densities in adjacent areas, thereby reducing reinvasion pressure within
the HTPCA.
A.3. Result & outcome monitoring
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● Chew cards will be used to assess possum densities and distribution. Standard best
practice techniques for using and interpreting chew cards will be applied.
● Records of possum captures will be collated and presented on GIS maps for
consideration of refinements to our possum control program.
● Possum “hotspots” such as large rata trees, pine stands and orchards will be
monitored for possum sign or impacts.
● We will seek advice on possible outcome monitoring methods we might apply,
recognizing that possum densities, until recently, have been extremely low and sign is
still difficult to find. Using fixed photopoints at large, healthy rata trees has been
suggested as one possible tool.
B. Ship rats
B.1. Previous control activities
Rats have been targeted for control since 1999 when a bait station grid was established within
the HTPCA. Initially bait station spacings were 150 X 150 metres. Bait stations were placed
approximately 1 metre up trees to reduce the chance that dogs, or small children, could
access the stations and consume toxic baits. The distance between bait stations was reduced
to 75 metres on lines 150 metres apart in 2004 (Map 2). Baits containing the second
generation anticoagulant brodifacoum were placed in bait stations between August and
December each year. Baiting was confined to this 4month period to reduce rat numbers
during the bird nesting season whilst limiting the amount of toxin introduced to the
environment and reducing the chances of children or dogs encountering baits.
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Figure 5: Rat bait station locations, HTPCA, 2015
As information became available about the potential implications of the environmental
persistence of brodifacoum the Habitat Tuateawa Committee decided in 2012 to move away
from using brodifacoum as a key rat control tool. Instead less persistent firstgeneration
anticoagulants (diphacinone and pindone) have been used, along with the vitamin Dbased
cholecalciferol. Advice was also sought from Department of Conservation and Waikato
Regional Council specialists about the merits and risks of using different toxins. This dialogue
continues. The Habitat Tuateawa Committee has retained brodifacoum as an option, for use
by subdivision residents when rats are a problem around houses, usually in the spring or
autumn.
The effectiveness of our rat control has been monitored using tracking tunnels on randomly
selected lines in line with established best practice procedures. Our objective has been to
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reduce rat indices to 5% during the bird breeding season. While we have achieved this
objective some years, we have not done so in the last 2 years (2014 and 2015 baiting
seasons). While the 5% target is a coarse measure we should continue to aim at a 5% RTC – or
below. To achieve this we will:
● Increase the number of bait stations to fillin current gaps in our network.
● Continue to seek more effective, targetspecific and environmentally appropriate
toxins.
● Trial the use of traps, including automatic resetting traps, when this is deemed by the
committee to be appropriate.
Our longterm rat control goal is to minimize predation of nesting birds, reptiles and large
invertebrates in the HTPCA by reducing rats to very low levels during the bird breeding
season.
B.2. Rat control goal and objectives (July 2016 – June 2018)
i) Goal: To reduce ship rats to below a 5% residual tracking index within the HTPCA
during October and November each year. If it is merited we will consider extending our rat
control program subsequently, perhaps to a nonstop program throughout each year. We will
also consider trialing automatic resetting killtraps for rats (and stoats) once the committee is
satisfied they are likely to be effective and reliable.
Objectives:
ii) In consultation with DOC, WRC and others determine which toxic baits should be used to
achieve our control objective with minimal environmental impact.
iii) Maintain current baiting regimes involving the timely toppingup of bait and the
replacement of mouldy and unpalatable baits
iv) Increase the number of bait stations, as appropriate, including infilling gaps. Trial ways to
reduce feral pig disturbance to our bait stations (eg replacing with others more resistant
to pigs, raising stations beyond pigs’ reach).
v) Facilitate training days for our volunteer baiters so that they can be confident in
consistently and safely applying best practice baiting techniques.
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B.3. Result & outcome monitoring
● Continue to use residual tracking indices, and associated best practice techniques, to
measure our effectiveness in achieving rat control each season.
● Records of baittake will be collated and presented on GIS maps to inform the
committee’s decisions about ongoing rat control regimes.
● Quarterly 5minute bird counts on fixed transects will continue to be undertaken to
provide some indication of bird numbers – and of our effectiveness in reducing pest
impacts.
● Intact, uneaten fruit on the forest floor can be taken as n indication of low rodent
numbers. We will investigate the application of readilyused tools to use intact fruit as
an outcome monitoring tool.
C. Stoats
C.1. Previous stoat control activities
Habitat Tuateawa operates a small number of DOC200 (singleset) killtraps in and adjacent to
the subdivision. Most stoat control effort, however is applied by the Moehau Environment
Group (MEG) which currently services several hundred stoat traps in the area between the
Colville – Waikawau Bay Road in the north, and the Kennedy Bay – Coromandel Road in the
south (Figure 6). A MEG contractor checks approximately 25 ‘DOC200’ stoat traps within the
HTPCA.
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Figure 6: Stoat traps operated by the Moehau Environment Group (MEG), including within the
HTPCA
While grassed areas are generally declining within the HTPCA as forest regeneration advances,
rabbit numbers can be locally high in some places. Since rabbits are an important prey for
stoats there is likely to be a relationship between rabbit numbers, stoats and stoat predation
of native species. This relationship is not well understood. The committee will continue to
promote the need to improve our understanding of this relationship and how best to manage
it.
Apart from recording where and how many stoats are trapped, and noting obvious stoat
predations, it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of stoat control programs. The
significant impact even single stoats can have on local populations of native species such as
kiwi, kaka and pateke makes maintaining and improving our efforts to control stoats within
the HTPCA important. Residents were very pleased, and proud, to watch 2 kaka chicks fledge
successfully from a nest with an entrance only 1.5 metres above the ground in the heart of the
subdivision during the 2015/16 Christmas – New Year period (Figure 7).
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Figure 7: Two kaka chicks in a nest within the Tuateawa subdivision, December 2015.
Increasing the number of stoat traps within the HTPCA and improving the efficacy of our
trapping will be our main objectives during this plan period. Investigating other techniques
and, possibly, introducing automatic resetting traps, will be a key thrust subsequently. We
will maintain dialogue with those involved in trying to find more effective stoat control tools
and techniques.
Our longterm goal is to reduce stoat numbers within the HTPCA and maintain them at
nearzero densities so that no predations of vulnerable species can be attributed to stoats,
and opening the way for the recovery of populations of especially vulnerable species such as
Titi, Tieke, Tuatara and weta punga.
C.2. Stoat control goal and objectives(2016 – 2018)
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Goal: During this plan period we will improve the effectiveness of our stoat control regime by
adding (DOC200, singlesetl) killtraps on to our pest control network, augmenting trapping
already underway in the subdivision and along roads and public tracks.
Objectives:
i) Increase the number of DOC200 traps (stainless steel singlesets in wooden boxes) within
the HTPCA and checking them at least monthly.
ii) Liaise closely with MEG to ensure our stoat control measures complement and augment
their regime in the area. Seek advice from relevant specialists and others involved in
controlling stoats. Look for improvements that might lead to important advances in our
ability to minimize stoat predation within the HTPCA.
iii) Facilitate training days for our voluntary stoat trappers so that they can be confident in
consistently and safely applying best practice trapping techniques.
iv) Investigate the use of automatic resetting stoat traps when the committee considers this
to be appropriate.
C.3. Result & outcome monitoring
● Continue to collate records of all stoat captures and sightings, to allow our trapping
regimes to be improved.
● Collate observations of vulnerable species such as kiwi, kaka, kereru and pateke
successfully fledging.
6. Other pests
Possums, ship rats and stoats are the primary targets for control since they have been shown
to be the main agents of decline for forest birds, as predators, or as habitat modifiers. A
number of other animals may also warrant targeting within the HTPCA, perhaps locally or
seasonally. The status of populations of the following pests in the Tuateawa area, and their
impacts, should be kept under review. Other species which could potentially become pests,
such as hedgehogs and starlings, should also be monitored.
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Pigs
Feral pigs are occasionally a major pest within the HTPCA. They can cause significant damage
at localized sites through their disturbance to soil and consumption of a wide range of plant
and animal material. They can also severely damage gardens within the subdivision. In
addition some pigs have learned how to access bait stations and consume bait. Apart from
raising bait stations even higher up trees our response to date has been to inform local pig
hunters when pigs are present and to encourage them to remove them. While local hunters
are generally happy to oblige this response is complicated by agreements between hunters
and local practices that may not necessarily mean that controlling pigs to very low levels is a
shared goal. In some cases pigs have actually been released by hunters, although there are no
records of this having occurred at Tuateawa. Pig dogs can constitute a serious risk to kiwi in
our area, especially if dogs have not been certified as kiwi aversiontrained. It is heartening to
see that a large number of dogs have been put through the DOC kiwi aversion training
program.
The Habitat Tuateawa Committee will need to continue to be sensitive to different
perspectives on feral pigs, including those hunters and of landowners in our area, and to keep
the risk that pigs, and dogs, pose to the things we are trying to protect under review. Recent
evidence suggests feral pigs are a vector of Kauri Dieback Disease, and initiatives to control
them in important kauri areas may be taken by management agencies in the near future.
Goats
A small population of goats that had established within the HTPCA was eradicated by DOC in
the late 1990s. No goats have been seen here since. DOC has declared the northern
Coromandel as a feral goatfree area. If feral goats were to reestablish within the HTPCA this
would constitute a significant risk to our restoration goals. Goats are capable of severe
impacts in native forest. The Habitat Tuateawa Committee will actively promote measures
that minimize the risk that goats may be introduced to the area (for example, for farming),
and work with DOC to ensure they do not become reestablished in the forest here.
Rabbits
Rabbits can occur in high densities in areas where short grass is present. Since rabbits are a
favoured prey for stoats and cats it can be assumed that these predators will be attracted to
suitable rabbit habitat in and around the subdivision. It is likely that increased cat and stoat
numbers attracted by rabbits will translate to increased predation risk for native species.
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Ideally rabbits can be controlled at low densities, thereby avoiding attracting stoats and cats.
Rabbits can be controlled at localized sites by shooting, although this is unlikely to be
appropriate around the subdivision, especially during the summer when many people are
present. Baits containing the firstgeneration anticoagulant pindone, either hand sown or
placed in bait stations, have been used to control rabbits elsewhere and might be considered
for application here.
Cattle
Small numbers of cattle have occasionally been observed within the HTPCA. These have
probably come from nearby farms. Invasions are expected to be rare in the future. Vigilance
will be maintained and any cattle incursions responded to quickly as even a single animal can
have major impacts in localized areas.
Deer
Deer have not been reported from the Tuateawa area. Like goats, deer can have significant
impacts and could be extremely difficult to eradicate if a population were to become
established. Any sighting of deer within or near to the HTPCA will be immediately reported to
DOC.
Ferrets
Although ferrets have not been observed in Tuateawa, reports suggest they are present in the
southern Coromandel and are spreading northwards. Rather than being a forest animal ferrets
prefer open habitats, including the forest edge. While they are not competent climbers (unlike
stoats which are great climbers) ferrets can be expected to have major impacts on
grounddwelling species such as burrowing seabirds and terrestrial lizards. We will remain
vigilant. If ferrets are detected we will acquire and deploy DOC250 traps which are designed
for ferrets.
Weasels
While we have no record of weasels in the HTPCA they are likely to be present. Their impacts
on larger invertebrates such as weta and stick insects, and possibly, lizards may be significant
in localized areas. If it becomes clear that a population of weasels has established we will
consider deploying lightlysprung killtraps to control them.
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Cats
Feral cats have welldocumented impacts on a wide range of native species including large
invertebrates, lizards, seabirds and forest birds. They are extremely capable hunters. Even pet
cats in natural areas like Tuateawa could potentially impact on local wildlife. Since they are a
“companion animal”, any efforts to control cats in the HTPCA would likely be controversial.
While most people would have no problem accepting that feral cats should be humanely
controlled, many would have concerns if pet cats were to be trapped and, possibly, destroyed.
Provided there was support for a distinction to be made between feral cats in the HTPCA and
pet cats in or close to the subdivision, Habitat Tuateawa’s strategy will be to humanely control
feral cats, and to promote Tuateawa as a catfree zone. Over time it can be hoped that owners
of pet cats will reconsider bringing their pets to Tuateawa so that we can all enjoy the sight of
lizards basking in the sun and quail chicks dustbathing. Where pet cats are observed preying
on native wildlife a policy of livetrapping and returning pet cats fitted with subcutaneous
transponders to their owners could be applied in the hope that cat owners will eventually
decide that allowing their cats to roam in this area is inappropriate. Effectively managing cat
impacts will be essentially a social exercise, and a test of Habitat Tuateawa’s strength as a
community group advancing shared conservation goals.
Mynas
Mynas can be aggressive towards other birds and may disrupt nesting, although there is little
evidence of populationlevel impacts on native bird populations. While mynas are still in quite
low numbers in and around the subdivision we will record any observations of myna impacts
and any observed increase in numbers. Trapping may be an effective tool at localized sites.
Magpies
Like mynas magpies can also be aggressive to native birds, and may prey on their eggs and
chicks. Traps could also be used if it was determined that magpies were potentially exerting
populationlevel impacts.
Wasps
German and Common wasps can reach high numbers in the subdivision during late summer.
In recent years the Asian paper wasp has also colonized, although it is less aggressive towards
people and birds. European wasps can impact on native birds and insects through predation
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(eg of stick insects) or competition for food (eg with tui and bellbirds). While Habitat
Tuateawa has yet to undertake coordinated wasp control measures, promising traps and toxic
baits (eg using the toxin Fipronil) may warrant their trialing in our area.
7. Biosecurity measures
Other potential pests are likely to be detected from time to time. Preventing new
potentially invasive species from being introduced (accidentally, or deliberately) to the
area, or removing them all before they establish a new population is typically the most
effective and efficient way to manage pests. Given the considerable effort that
Tuateawa residents have gone to to control a range of pests here a conservative
approach to biosecurity should be applied based on the maxim “If in doubt, get it out.”
Regular liaison with DOC, Waikato Regional Council or TCDC staff, and with
neighbouring community groups should ensure the Habitat Tuateawa quickly becomes
aware of new biosecurity threats and responds appropriately.
A separate plan guiding Habitat Tuateawa’s responses in relation to the threat posed by
Kauri Dieback Disease should be prepared. Although it has yet to be identified within
the HTPCA Kauri Dieback Disease has been found south of Kennedy Bay.
8. Coordination and administration
Effective coordination of pest control and associated activities is central to the effective
implementation of Habitat Tuateawa’s pest control programs. We have been extremely
fortunate in the skills and enthusiasm that has consistently been displayed by members
who have been prepared to voluntarily coordinate our pest control activities to date.
With increasing requirements by our members, as well as donors and partners for
accountability in meeting planning and reporting standards, coupled with the growing
complexity of pest control methods, retaining a Habitat Tuateawa Pest Control
Coordinator will be critical. Provisions will be required in funding applications to cover at
least a portion of a coordinator’s time. Fortunately, several donor agencies are now
willing to cover at least some coordination costs of such projects. Significant time will
continue to be committed by volunteers undertaking a wide range of activities as part of
Habitat Tuateawa programs. Volunteers will continue to be the ‘mainstay’ of Habitat
Tuateawa, and what we stand for.
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9. Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to several Habitat Tuateawa members who contributed to the preparation of
this pest plan including Nicky Baumgaertner, Rhys Jones, Beat Huser, Tommy Herbert, Harm
Boerema and Sue Saunders. Craig Briggs and Howard Ettema, Waikato Regional Council
provided some maps and GIS images.
It is appropriate to acknowledge here the vision and commitment of all who have contributed
to the success of Habitat Tuateawa to date, including our baiting and trapping “heroes” who
resolutely and consistently fulfill their tasks. The Habitat Tuateawa Committee acknowledges
you all.
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