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Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
EALCO - a model for climate impact analysis of ecosystems
Shusen WangCanada Centre for Remote Sensing
Natural Resources Canada
Yinsuo ZhangVladimir KorolevichRichard Fernandes
Josef Cihlar
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change
Earth Sciences Sector
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Outline
• Introduction• Model Structure• Sample Results
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change
Earth Sciences Sector
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
CCP
National
Regional
Municipality
Geo. & bio. C
Paleo Climate
Social eco. cost
Glacial
Coastal
Permafrost
Ecosystems
Water resources
EO & atm. radiation
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
EnergyCycle
NitrogenCycle
CarbonCycle
WaterCycle
EcosystemEcosystem and Climate
Ecosystem consists of fundamental physical, physiological, biogeochemical processes.
Climate
• Climate Change• Climate Variability• Extreme Event• Local vs. Regional• Short term vs. Long term• etc.
Climate drives ecosystem.
Ecosystem processes are intrinsically dynamic and highly coupled with each other.
Ecosystem feedbacks on climate.
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Climate Impact Assessment
Satellite EO
Surface & Subsurface Observations
Climate Model Outputs/Reanalysis
GIS Database
Water Balance
Carbon Budget
Radiation andEnergy Budget
Nitrogen dynamics
Inputs Outputs
EnergyCycle
NitrogenCycle
CarbonCycle
WaterCycle
EALCO
• Impact• Response• Sensitivity• Vulnerability• Feedback• Adaptation
AssessmentOutcomes
EALCO - Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observations
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
The Radiation module
Direct SW ()
Diffuse SW ()
Atmosphere LW
Canopy ()Canopy LW
Soil/Snow () Soil/Snow LW
Reflection, transfer, absorption Absorption, emission
Explicit canopy structure
Direct SW ()
Diffuse SW ()
Atmosphere LW
Canopy ()Canopy LW
Soil/Snow () Soil/Snow LW
Reflection, transfer, absorption Absorption, emission
Explicit canopy structure
Gap probability based ray tracing approach. Multi-canopy layers and multi-wavelength for
solar radiation. Separation of direct vs. diffuse components. Long wave radiation calculated from canopy
and ground surface temperatures obtained through their energy balance solutions.
Wang, S., et al., 2002, Eco. Mod., 155: 191-204.
Wang, S. et al., 2004, Eco. Mod. (in review).
Wang, S. et al., 2003, IGARSS
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
The Energy Balance module
Energy balance solution for canopy, soil, and snow, using surface temperatures as prognostic variables.
Canopy energy balance coupled with plant water balance and canopy C dynamics.
Multi-soil and snow layer identification for heat transfer and water/ice/snow phase change.
Wang, S., 2002, International J. Climatology 22: 1249-1265.
C a n o p y N e t S W & L W
C a n o p y S e n s i b l e H e a t
C a n o p y L a t e n t H e a t
S o i l / S n o w L a t e n t H e a t
S o i l / S n o w S e n s i b l e H e a t
S o i l H e a t E x c h a n g e
H e a t s t o r a g e
S n o w / S o i l W a t e rP h a s e C h a n g e
C a n o p y r e s i s t a n c e
S o i l / S n o w N e t S W & L W
T 1
T i
B o u n d a r y - l a y e r r e s i s t a n c e
T N
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
The Water Balance module
Sublimation
Evaporation
Soil Water Exchange
Sunlit & shaded leaf stomatal resistance
Root resistance
Soil resistance
Plant Water Capacity
Drainage
Runoff
Precipitation Transpiration
Intercepted precipitation
Boundary-layer resistance
Through Fall
Infiltration
1
2
N
Dew
Dew
Water table
Capillary rise
Dynamic canopy water balance solution using leaf water potential as the prognostic variable.
Climate and physiological control on evapotranspiration through nested iteration for energy balance and intercellular CO2 balance.
Multi-layer hydraulic conductance for soil and root (radial and axial).
Richardson equation for soil water simulation. method for ground surface evaporation.
Wang, S., et al., 2002, International J. Climatology 22: 1249-1265.
Zhang, Y. and Wang, S., 2004, AGU 2004 Joint Assembly, Montreal, Canada.
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Photosynthesis Foliage maintenance & growth respiration
Sapwood maintenance
& growth respiration
Microbial respiration
Root maintenance & growth
respiration
C Transport
Litter Fall
Shaded leaf CO2Sunlit leaf CO2
Root C exudation
Assimilation, remobilization
Photosynthesis Foliage maintenance & growth respiration
Sapwood maintenance
& growth respiration
Microbial respiration
Root maintenance & growth
respiration
C Transport
Litter Fall
Shaded leaf CO2Sunlit leaf CO2
Root C exudation
Assimilation, remobilization
Farquhar model based C fixation. Identification of sunlit and shaded leaves. Identification of different plant compartments
for organ growth, respiration, and litter production.
Identification of three C pools for litterfall and three C pools for soil organic matter.
Multi-soil layer heterotrophic respiration.
Wang, S., et al., 2002, Climatic Change 55: 451-477.
Wang, S., et al., 2001, Eco. Mod., 142: 135-154.
The Carbon Balance module
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
The Nitrogen Balance module
Mineral N Transport
N Tr
ansp
ort
Litter Fall
Root N UptakeMineralization/Immobilization
N Leaching
Fertilizer
N Biochemical Cycle
N Assimilation
Atmosphere N Deposition
Mineral N Transport
N Tr
ansp
ort
Litter Fall
Root N UptakeMineralization/Immobilization
N Leaching
Fertilizer
N Biochemical Cycle
N Assimilation
Atmosphere N Deposition
Nitrogen balance among atmospheric deposition, fertilizer, and ecosystem leaching.
Plant and soil N content balanced by root N uptake and litterfall.
Dynamic root N uptake algorithms including both active and passive N transfers.
Corresponding plant and soil N pools to carbon pools.
Wang, S., et al., 2002, Climatic Change 55: 451-477.
Wang, S., et al., 2001, Eco. Mod., 142: 135-154.
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
The Water Transfer scheme
ra
qa
s,3
Canopy
Soil layer 3
Soil layer 2
Atmosphere
Soil layer 1
s,2
s,1
r,3 rs,3
r,2 rs,2
r,1 rs,1
rr,3
rr,2
rr,1
rc,sunlit
rc,shaded qsat(Tc)
c
rx,3
rx,1
rx,2Cw
root soil
leaf
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
The Plant C and N scheme
Resistance Resistance
Ph
oto
synth
esis
CO2
N u
ptake
Foliage Stem Fine Root
Substrate C
StructuralC N
Substrate N
Substrate C
StructuralC N
Substrate N
Substrate C
StructuralC N
Substrate N
Heartwood
Litter fall
Exu
datio
n
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
The soil C and N scheme
N deposition Min. N
N uptake Min. N
Surface litter
Soil layer 1
Soil layer 2
CO2
CO2
CO2
C
N
litte
rfal
l
Microbial
Slow Humus
Extract.
Extract.
litte
rfal
lL
eaf,
Ste
mR
oo
t
PL
AN
TC Microbial
Active
Lignin
Lignin Cellulose
Cellulose
N Leaching
Fertilizer
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESSThe Soil and SnowThermal & Water scheme
LE
RldnH Snow layers
Soil layers
Water table
RlupRldnRsdnH
RlupRsdnLE
G
G WflowG
Drainage or capillary rise
Runoff
Puddles
Root uptake
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Energy, Water, and CO2 processes around a leaf
Leaf Interior
Boundary layer
Stomate
CO2
ci
ca
ra
rl
Sensible heat
ra Tc
Ta
H2O
Light reactions
O2 C
ATP, NADPH
CO2
H2O
es(Tc)
ea
ra
rl
Dark reactions
RN
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Energy balance
The coupling scheme of Energy, Water, and CO2
Iteration for c
Iteration for TcIteration for Ci
CO2 balance
Water balance
Control Equations:
Canopy water balance
Canopy energy balance
Canopy CO2 balance 0)rr/()CC(RV caai
0t
MCrrrgrr
Tqq cpp
n
1i ixisir
isc
ca
csataa
)(
)]([
,,,
,
0RQQQ NCEH
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Sample Results- Response of Ci to CO2 concentration
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
DOY (1994)
Ci/
Ca
CO2=350 ppm
CO2=700 ppm
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
DOY (1994)
Ci/
Ca
sunlit leaf
shaded leaf
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
An
nu
al p
reci
pit
atio
n (
mm
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
GP
P (
gC
/m2 )
CO2=350 ppm
CO2=700 ppm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
NP
P (
gC
/m2 )
CO2=350 ppm
CO2=700 ppm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
ET
(m
m)
CO2=350 ppm
CO2=700 ppm
Sample Results- 2XCO2 Impact on ET, GPP, and NPP
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
y = 1.0062x + 0.015
R2 = 0.9046
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Measured ecosystem CO2 exchange (gC m-2 d-1)
EA
LCO
sim
ulat
ed C
O2 e
xcha
nge
(gC
m-2
d-1
) Simulated vs. measured NEPSouthern Old Aspen2002
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
181 182 183 184 185 186 187
En
erg
y fl
ux
(W m
-2) Rn
LE H
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080
Day since January 1, 2000N
et
CO
2 e
xch
an
ge
, g
C m
-2 d
-1
EALCO simulated net ecosystem productivity
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080
Day since January 1, 2000
Eva
potr
ansp
iratio
n, m
m H
2O
day
-1 EALCO simulated ecosystem water flux
Site Application- Energy, water and CO2 fluxes
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Site Application - Snow depth
Figure 2 Simulated and observed snow depth at SOA site
010
2030
4050
6070
80
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Snow
depth
(cm
) Measured
Simulated
Figure 3 Simulated and observed snow depth at Pearson airport. The misclassified precipitation is also ploted (+: treat snow as rain; -: treat rain as snow)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Sn
ow
de
pth
(cm
)
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Mis
cla
ssifie
d
pre
cip
ita
tio
n (
mm
/da
y)
Simulated Measured Misclassif ied precipitation
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
Site Application- Soil and snow temperatures
Figure 4 Simulated snow temperature vs. observed snow and air tmeperatures at SOA site
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
310 338 1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365
Day of Year
Te
mp
era
ture Measured snow temperature
Simulated snow temperature
Measured air temperature
Figure 5 Simulated and observed soil temperatures at SOA site
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
So
il te
mp
era
ture Measured at 10cm Simulated 5-10cm
Measured at 100cm Simulated 40-140cm
Figure 6 Observed air temperatures at SOA site
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Air
tem
pera
ture
2001-2002
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
YearPreci.mm
ETmm
GPPgC m-2
NPPgC m-2
NEPgC m-2
Meas. NEPgC m-2
2000 484 316 1060 443 132 135
2001 235 443 1305 614 319 382
2002 287 338 954 417 155 148
ET – Evapotranspiration; GPP – Gross Primary Production; NPP – Net Primary Production;NEP – Net Ecosystem Productivity; Meas. NEP – Measured NEP.
Site Application- Annual C and H2O budgets for the boreal old aspen ecosystem
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
(Courtesy of OURANOS Consortium)
Churchill-falls sub-basin average ET observed:
260mm/year
Regional Application- ET validation using water balance measurements
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
National Application- Annual ET (1961-1990) at CWEEDS* stations
(mm/year)(mm/year)(mm/year)
*CWEEDS - Canadian Weather Energy and Engineering Data Sets
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
National Application- Sample inputs
Reducing Canada's vulnerability to climate change - ESS
National Application- Sample outputs
E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n , A u g . 1 9 9 8
> 1 2 0 m m0 3 0 6 0 9 0 > 1 2 0 m m0 3 0 6 0 9 0
G r o s s P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 3 0 0 g C / m 20 1 0 0 2 0 0 > 3 0 0 g C / m 20 1 0 0 2 0 0
N e t P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 2 0 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 1 5 0 > 2 0 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 1 5 0
N e t R a d i a t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 2 1 0 w / m 2< 7 0 1 0 5 1 7 51 4 0 > 2 1 0 w / m 2< 7 0 1 0 5 1 7 51 4 0
N e t E c o s y s t e m P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 1 5 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 > 1 5 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0
E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n , A u g . 1 9 9 8
> 1 2 0 m m0 3 0 6 0 9 0 > 1 2 0 m m0 3 0 6 0 9 0
E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n , A u g . 1 9 9 8E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n , A u g . 1 9 9 8
> 1 2 0 m m0 3 0 6 0 9 0 > 1 2 0 m m0 3 0 6 0 9 0
G r o s s P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 3 0 0 g C / m 20 1 0 0 2 0 0 > 3 0 0 g C / m 20 1 0 0 2 0 0
G r o s s P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8G r o s s P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 3 0 0 g C / m 20 1 0 0 2 0 0 > 3 0 0 g C / m 20 1 0 0 2 0 0
N e t P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 2 0 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 1 5 0 > 2 0 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 1 5 0
N e t P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8N e t P r i m a r y P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 2 0 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 1 5 0 > 2 0 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 1 5 0
N e t R a d i a t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 2 1 0 w / m 2< 7 0 1 0 5 1 7 51 4 0 > 2 1 0 w / m 2< 7 0 1 0 5 1 7 51 4 0
N e t R a d i a t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8N e t R a d i a t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 2 1 0 w / m 2< 7 0 1 0 5 1 7 51 4 0 > 2 1 0 w / m 2< 7 0 1 0 5 1 7 51 4 0
N e t E c o s y s t e m P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 1 5 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 > 1 5 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0
N e t E c o s y s t e m P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8N e t E c o s y s t e m P r o d u c t i o n , J u l . 1 9 9 8
> 1 5 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0 > 1 5 0 g C / m 2< - 5 0 0 1 0 05 0
THANK YOU!
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