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Recycling & Solid Waste
Course 321.BAPPA Institute for Facilities Management
February 5, 2004Tampa, Florida
Jack DeBellUniversity of Colorado - Boulder
Course Goals
• Connecting Recycling and Solid Waste• View of the Larger Recycling Process• Common Steps to Implementing /Expanding
a Program• Ideas to Improve Your School’s Program• Opportunities for Involving Students• Access to Additional Resources• Opportunities for Non-Solid Waste
Management Employees
Course Outline
I. Integrated Approach to Solid Waste Management
II. Status Report
III. The Role of Facilities Management in Recycling Programs
IV. Operations
V. Organization
VI. Outreach and Education
VII. Other Opportunities
VIII. Conclusions
IX. Resources
X. Sample Outreach Materials
Integrated Approach to Disposal
Integrated solid waste management involves using a combination of thesepractices for different parts of the waste stream.
Successful solid waste managers choose the right mix based on localfactors.
Source reduction and diversion programs are not viewed separately but areincorporated with garbage collection and disposal.
Status Report
• Solid Waste Generation is Increasing
• Costs to Landfill Solid Waste are Increasing
• Approximately 62% of Colleges and Universities Recycle
• Average Campus Diversion Rate is 26%
• Shift Towards Increased Facilities Management Role
• Advancing (and Retreating) Programs
Recycling Works Operationally
Tons/Per Year
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1980
-81
1981
-82
1982
-83
1983
-84
1984
-85
1986
-87
1987
-88
1988
-89
1989
-90
1990
-91
1991
-92
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-00
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
(est
)
2
Recycling Works Operationally
1996 - 971997 - 98
1998 - 991999 - 00
2000 - 012001 - 02
Tons Diverted
Tons Landfilled0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
The Role of Facilities Management in RecyclingPrograms
Implications of Shifting Recycling into Facilities Management
• Better Performance
• Logical Integration of Recycling and Trash Collection
• Greater Potential for Reduced Disposal Costs
• Disenfranchising Students
Challenges
1. Transient Student Populations and the Need for Constant Re-Education2. Multiple Departments to Coordinate (i.e. custodial, housing, dining services,
purchasing)3. Apathy / Diffusion4. Perceptual Issues5. Building Limitations (i.e. space, layout, access)6. Fluctuating Market Prices for Recyclables7. Lack of Regional Infrastructure (especially in rural areas)8. Inadequate Funding
Opportunities
1. Repetition of Proven Education Programs (refinement)2. Potential for Partnerships Among Departments3. Recycling as a Means for Re-Energizing Students4. Credible National Leaders to Learn From (and affiliate with)5. Design for Recyclability (revising building codes and standards)6. Potentially Lucrative Account for Area Buyers (revenue return)7. Ability to Appropriately-Scale Programs8. Creative Funding Options
At-Desk Box orIndividual Bins
Collection Equipment
CentralReceptacles
Many shapes,styles, colorsare available
3
Important to have
Recycle Bin - Trash Can “Parity” Custom or
Built-InContainers
Containers withRestrictedOpenings
Roll Carts & Tilt Trucks
4
Rear Load Containers
Front Load Containers
Roll-Off Containers
Trash Compactors
(Self-Contained orStationary)
Roll-off Truck used to haul paperfiber at University of Colorado
5
Fiber bags (University of Oregon)
Collection Vehicles Optimize Location
• Placement Parity
• Master PlanRevision
• Container Basics
Co-collection equipment Student Employees
6
Collection Methods
Successful collection programs balance convenience for the generator andconvenience for the collector Best considered on a grade-by-grade basis
Commingled Collection
Simplified collection (two or morematerials are combined, e.g., mixedpapers, or cans & bottles)
Lower collection costs
Higher processing costs
More convenient for users
Usually captures more material
Higher contamination levels, lowerquality of product
Depends on existence ofprocessing/sorting facilities
Source Separation
More bins means higher collection costs
Lower processing costs
Less convenient for users, they mustseparate into categories (e.g. white paper;newspapers; glass bottles; plastic bottles)
Low contamination levels, higher quality ofproduct
Proposed Location__________________________________________
Grades Value
Volume Reduction
Visibility and Access
Importance of Aesthetics
Predisposition to Participate
Expected Volumes
Frequency of Collection
Custodial Involvement
Substitute Recycling?
Safety
Space
Access by Collection Staff
Access by Vehicle
Other:
1 2 3 4 5 (low) (high)
Total Points __________
Ranking _____________
Special Considerations:
Collection Assessment Worksheet
DestinationsDesigning a program from “finish to start” by going “downstream”
from your campus first
Solid Waste• Transfer Station• Landfill• Incinerator
Consider: landfill bans (i.e. organics, tires, electronics, HHW)
Tipping fee history/trends
Landfill life expectancy
Destinations
Diverted Materials• Drop-Off Facility
• Intermediate Processing Facility (IPF)• Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)• Recycling Mill
Consider: Equipment interface / transportation
Grading / quality control
Costs-Benefits of upgrading, sorting, densifying materials
The Golden Rule: Recycling is pulled by demand rather than pushed by supply
Intermediate Processing Facility
U-MASS has own facilitythat consolidatesmaterials for longerdistance shipping
University of Colorado
7
Material Recovery Facility
8
Use Competitively-Bid Contracts
Request weight tickets
Anticipate equipment, service needs
Clarify downgrading/reject policies
Host pre-bid meetings
Tie prices to recycling market indices
Request recycling floor prices
9
Organizational Issues
Program Structure & Management
Privatized Service
Municipal Service
Student-run Program
Facilities Management
Partnership
Organizational Issues
Administration Support
Policies, Directives
Recycling Contact or Liaison
New Employee Training
Striving for an organizational ”culture” that is awareof waste and its cost to the institution & environment, and therefore reduces, reuses, recycles, composts.
Organizational Issues
Personnel
Solid Waste ManagerRecycling CoordinatorLaborers: Custodians, Truck Operators (CDL), Recycle Workers, Sorters, MoversStudent Employees/Work-StudyRecycling Committee (Focus Groups)Opportunities to involve other Non-Waste Management Employees
Organizational Issues
Funding & Budgeting
Integrated with solid waste budget
Grants or loans for one-time equipment/start-upStudent feesFee for service (“work orders” for special pickups, paper shredding)Avoided disposal cost accrualRevenue from sale of some recyclable materialsCost recovery
Diversion is Less Expensive thanLandfilling
Cost per Ton
$0.00
$100.00
$200.00
$300.00
$400.00
$500.00
$600.00
$700.00
Academic/Administrative Buildings Housing
Trash Diversion
Avoids Expensive EquipmentPurchases
10
Buffers Tipping Fee Increases
Landfill Rates per Ton
$0.00
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
$20.00
$25.00
5/1/96 - 7/31/96 8/1/96 - 9/30/98 10/1/98 - 10/1/01 11/1/01 - 11/30/04
“Profitability”
Cost/Revenues for CU’s RecyclablesAverage Commodity Price, Nov. 2000-Apr. 2003
$41.94
$29.97$34.66
$82.48
$124.34
$90.00
$-
$20.00
$40.00
$60.00
$80.00
$100.00
$120.00
$140.00
Rev
enu
es p
er T
on
White
LedgerOffice PakCardboardLow-gradeNewspaper
$31/Ton
Containers
Cost Recovery
• Soft Drink Contract
• Concessions Contract
Organizational Issues
Waste Stream Assessment
Shows where to best target your effortsGives information on container capacities, equipment needs, labor requirementsProvides feedback to refine trash disposal schedulingHelps measure diversion and recovery rates
Ideal opportunity for class project
11
Organizational Issues
Measurements & Benchmarking
Recovery Rate distinct from Diversion Rate
CURC Benchmarking – establishing standard measurements
Recycling Rate = Tons of materials recycled
Tons of recycling + solid waste
College & UniversityRecycling Council
Benchmarking Project
Access via CURC webpage
Outreach & Education
Audiences and Strategies
Need to use different messages and mediums for different audiences on campus:
o Students (On-campus/Off-campus, Grads, Family Housing)
o Faculty/Researcherso Staff (Office, Service, Laboratories)o Visitors, Sporting Events
Extrinsic PromptsIntrinsic Emphasis and Motivation
Recycling Works Financially
• Diversion is Less Expensive than Landfilling
• Diversion Insulates Against Fee Increases
• Recycling Generates Revenues
• Recycling Recovers Costs
• Lowers Generation Rates
Surveying Student Interest
Which of these three reasons to recycle is most
important to you.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Saves Resouces Saves the Campus Money It's the Right Thing to Do
Recycling is Helping theEnvironment!
12
GHG Reduction Due to Recycling
Net GHG Emissions of Recycling
Net GHG Emissions of Disposal
-40,000
-30,000
-20,000
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
CU Recycling's GreenHouse Gas Reduction 1980 - 2001
Outreach & Education
Activities
Printed Materials
� Proper signage on bins at “point of use”
� Brochures
� Flyers and Posters
� Door hangers, Table Tents
� Environmental Impact Reports
Outreach & Education
Direct Contact
� Training and workshops
� Class Raps
� Collection Employees
� “Green Teams”
Outreach & Education
Electronic Outreach
� E-mail Listserver
� Web page
13
Outreach & Education
Exhibits, Displays
� Tree Savings stickers
� Tree-Stack
Outreach andPromotions
Environmental Fair
Outreach & Education
Media Work
� Free “filler” Ads
� Regular recycling column
14
Outreach & Education
Enlisting Student Activism
� Printing / Posting policy� Pizza Box Campaign� Junk Mail Campaign� Pouring Contract Revision
Enlisting Student Support
• Referenda
• Resolutions• Contact with Administrators• Capital Funding
Student-Funded Capital Expansion
Other Opportunities
Waste Reduction &Reuse
Refillable Mug Program(CUPPS)
Reusable shippingcontainers
Office Supply Exchanges(OSCAR, ROSE)
15
Supply Reuse Programs
• Office Supply CollectionAnd Reuse (OSCAR)
• Reusable Office SupplyExchange (ROSE)
• Devise your ownmemorable acronym?
Other Opportunities
Composting
Yard and Grounds WasteFood Wastes in Dining HallsAnimal Bedding (laboratories or farms)
Composting• Yard & Grounds Waste
• Food Waste(pre-/post-consumer)
• Animal Bedding(from labs or farms)
• Vermi-composting (worms)
• In-Vessel Composting
• Windrow Composting
Other Opportunities
Buying Recycled Products
Eliminate any barriers in PurchasingprocessTest new products
Joint Procurement, Buying Clubs
Special “Hard to Handle” Wastes
• Appliances“white goods”
• Books/Phone Books
• Fluorescent Bulbs
• “E-waste”
• Carpeting
• Mattresses
• Surplus equipment
Tires
Concrete
Surplus Furniture
Construction Debris
Power Plant Ash
16
Student Move-In
Greatopportunity tocapture cleancorrugatedcardboard
Student Move-Out
• Charitabledonations: Food,Clothing, HouseholdItems
• Furniture• Loft Wood• Concrete Blocks• Carpets/Rugs
Building Design
• Must havebuildings withloading docksto allow forflow andseparation ofmaterials
Dock fed –
more ergonomically friendly
Side load –
height is too high for averagecustodial to safely lift bags
Academic Integration
• Guest Lectures
• Facility Tours• Class Projects• Independent Studies• Internships
• Courses
17
average per capita generation of recyclables - daily
average per capita generation of recyclables - weekly
average per capita generation of recyclables - monthly
average per capita generation of recyclables - yearly
Conclusions
Recycling tends to be most successful when:
In Operationscollection balances convenience for the generator
and collectorcustodial staff are involvedequipment can be used for both trash and
recyclinglocal recycling processing details are known
18
solid waste managers know the campus waste stream and generation sourcesbe aware of external, industry, regulatory recyclingtrendsaffected employees are involved in decision-makingtrash disposal savings are realizedstudent government and other departments supportthe programcampus administrators sanction the effortcompetitive bidding processregular assessment and measuring of programsuccess, outcomes communication and affiliationwith off campus agencies and organizations
In Organization
students help promote recycling to other studentsemphasis is placed on intrinsic reasons to recycle
face-to-face interaction is used
In Outreach
off campus vendors/organizations assistthe effortstudents’ academic involvement is recruitedrecycling provisions are designed into newbuildingspurchasing power is exerted
new materials are captured in future
In Other Opportunities
Connect
• With Your People• With Local Agencies
• With CURC & the NRC
Join the RECYC-L List
College and University Recycling Coordinator Listserv
(approximately 175 subscribers)
<RECYC-L@ListServ.brown.edu>
Send email with subject: Subscribe Recyc-L
In message: Write a short e-mail introducingyourself and your school…and you will be addedto the list.
CU Recycling303.492.8307
cure@stripe.colorado.eduwww.colorado.edu/recycle
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