Reconstruction to Populism 1860’s to 1890’s

Reconstruction to Populism1860’s to 1890’s

• Chapter 17• Reconstruction – process of reuniting the nation

1865-1877• Ten Percent Plan – Lincoln proposal• Wade-Davis Bill• 13th Amendment – Dec. 18, 1865 – made slavery

illegal in US• Freedmen’s Bureau – aid group for poor people in

south• Andrew Johnson• Black Codes – deprived black people of basic rights• Radical Republicans – politicians most in favor of

equal rights for minorities

Andrew Johnson 17th President

Freedmen’s Bureau

Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gave blacks the same legal rights as whites

• 14th Amendment – July 28, 1868 – all people born or naturalized in US are citizensUlysses S. Grant elected President in 1868

• Reconstruction Acts – banned ex-confederates from voting or holding political office – placed South under military rule - 1867

• 15th Amendment – March 30, 1870 – gave black men the right to vote

• Republican-dominated governments with black support in south

• Carpetbaggers/Scalawags

• Hiram Revels – 1870 – first black man to be elected to the U.S. Senate – from Mississippi

• Ku Klux Klan – formed in 1866 in Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest/ 2nd KKK formed in 1915

• General Amnesty Act of 1872• Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes

becomes President• Compromise of 1877• Reconstruction ends– whites are returned political

privileges

Ulysses S. Grant18th President

Rutherford B. Hayes – 19th President

Hiram Revels

States that went through Reconstruction

Nathan Bedford Forrest

• Civil Rights Act of 1875 – guaranteed all people equal rights in public places – later declared unconstitutional

• Redeemers – Southern democrats• Jim Crow Laws – laws that required racial

segregation in the South – poll tax, literacy test, public segregation

• Plessy vs. Ferguson – 1896 – Supreme Court rules that “Separate but Equal” is legal

• Many Southern blacks continue to do the same work for the same person that had been their owner before the Civil War - sharecropping

Indian Wars in the West• American expansion westward brought

conflict with Indian tribes – Manifest Destiny• Conflicts lasted from 1860’s to 1890• Most tribes were moved to reservations• Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 - Colorado• War with the Sioux – 1874-1876 - Dakotas• Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse – Sioux leaders• Battle of the Little Bighorn – June 25, 1876 –

George Armstrong Custer

• Buffalo Soldiers – black soldiers

• War with the Navajo and Apache – 1860’s to 1880’s

• Geronimo

• Massacre at Wounded Knee – 1890 – South Dakota – Indian Wars are over

Crazy Horse Sitting Bull George Armstrong Custer

Custer’s Last Stand

Aftermath at Wounded Knee

Geronimo

The Wild West• Mining, Ranching, and Farming were the big

reasons for westward movement

• Pony Express – 1860’s

• Transcontinental Railroad – 1862-1869

• Mining towns were know as Boomtowns – gold/silver

• Cattle Kingdom – Texas to Canada – Cowboys

• Range Wars

• 1862 – Homestead Act

• Sodbusters

Pony Express

Transcontinental Railroad

2nd Industrial Revolution – 1850’s to 1890’s

• New power sources – petroleum/oil, electricity

• Led to new transportation expansion

• 1. Railroads – 193,000 miles of track by 1900

• 2. Cars – 1893

• 3. Airplanes – 1903 – Wright Brothers – Kitty Hawk, NC

• 1876 – Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell

• 1879 – Electric Light Bulb – Thomas Edison

First Car First Airplane Flight

Wright Brothers

Thomas Edison

AlexanderGrahamBell

Big Business Forms• Free Enterprise – government leaves business

alone

• Entrepreneurs – people who start new businesses

• Patents – exclusive right to make or sell an invention

• Corporations – businesses that sell ownership stock to individuals

• Andrew Carnegie – Steel Production – Vertical Integration

• John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company – Horizontal Integration

• Trusts – when companies group together to force out competition

• America is industrial leader of the world by mid- 1890’s

John D. Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

Workers Fight Back• Labor Unions form to get better working

conditions and pay – collective bargaining

• A. Knights of Labor

• B. American Federation of Labor – AFL

• 1886 – Haymarket Riot – Chicago

• Anarchists – people who oppose all government

• 1889 – Homestead Strike – Pennsylvania

• Pinkerton Detective Agency

• 1894 – Pullman Strike

• 1890 – Sherman Anti-Trust Act – made monopolies and trusts illegal

Haymarket Riot

New Immigrants – After 1880• Old Immigrants – before 1880 – mostly from

Northern and Western Europe• New Immigrants – After 1880 – mostly from

Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia• 1. Came looking for jobs created by 2nd Industrial

Revolution – did most of the low-paying factory and construction work in the US.

• 2. Came to escape religious and political persecution – Armenians and Jews

• Voyages were usually difficult and uncomfortable – Steerage class

• Ellis Island, NY – main immigrant processing center

Ellis Island

Urban Life• Most new immigrants settled in northern and

mid-western cities, causing rapid growth – led to overcrowding, sanitation problems, increase in crime

• 1. 1850 – 6 cities with population over 100,000

• 2. 1900 – 35 cities with population over 100,000

• Settled in areas with other people from their race or religion

• Benevolent Societies – aid groups set up to assist immigrant groups (death, sickness, unemployment)

• Many middle-class Americans began to move to suburbs – areas outside of cities

Resistance to Immigrants• Nativists – people opposed to immigrants,

usually because of racial or religious prejudice – worried about job competition

• 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – banned immigrants from China for 10 years – repealed in 1943

• 1894 – Immigration Restriction League – wanted all immigrants to prove literacy in some language, especially English

Rise of Populism• US population doubled between 1860 and

1900 – number of farms tripled

• Farm competition and overproduction led to many farmers struggling – blames big business and it’s influence in government

• 1867 – National Grange

• 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act – regulated trade and railroads

• 1888 – Sherman Silver Purchase Act – increased money supply

• 1892 – Populist Party formed for national political elections – struggled to find support and faded away