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Recommended citation: Assessing Special Education Students SCASS (AA-AAS Study Group), 2008.
Introduction to teaching literacy to students with cognitive disabilities. Washington, D.C., Council of
Chief State School Officers
Module 1 of 6
Introduction to Teaching Literacy to Students with
Cognitive Disabilities
Slide 2 of ___
Modules developed by Special Education Research Consultants under the direction of Lynn Ahlgrim-Delzell, Ph.D. with contributions by:• Tracie-Lynn Zakas, M.Ed.• Shawnee Wakeman, Ph.D.• Pamela Mims, M.Ed.• Katherine Trela, ABD• Ella Glass and• ASES SCASS AA-AAS Study Group Members
Slide 3 of ___
Content of the Modules
Module 1 - Introduction to Teaching Literacy to Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities (SSCD)*• Why we teach academics• Summary of current research and
evidence-based practices • National Reading Panel (2000) & Put
Reading First (2003) recommendations• Theoretical foundation for literacy
instruction• Universal Design for Learning
* Within these modules, SSCD refers to students with significant cognitive disabilities
Slide 4 of ___
Module 2 – Literacy Development and Symbolic Communication• Stages of literacy development• Phonemic awareness and phonics skills• Levels of communication skills used by
students with significant disabilities• Embedding Alternative and Augmentative
Communication (AAC) devices
Content of the Modules
Slide 5 of ___
Module 3 - Elementary grade level literature • Elements of a story-based lesson (SBL) for
elementary students• Ideas for adaptation of grade level books &
using Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) devices
Module 4 - Middle and high school literacy • Elements of a story-based lesson (SBL) for
middle/ secondary students• Adapting grade level books & using
Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) devices
Content of the Modules
Slide 6 of ___
Module 5 - Literacy in the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) • Lesson planning. • Standards-based IEPs. • Developing literacy lessons that align with
general education content standards.Module 6 – Families• What is literacy and why it is important.• Literacy activities families can do at
home.• Homework.
Content of the Modules
Slide 7 of ___
Purpose of the Modules
• Provide direction to educators in teaching literacy skills to students with significant cognitive disabilities (SSCD).
• States add eligibility criteria here.
Slide 8 of ___
IDEA Mandates
• IDEA (1997) first mentioned access to the general curriculum and alternate assessments.
• IDEA (2004) on Access to the General Curriculum. Evaluation procedures include information about involvement and progress in gen ed curriculum §614(d)(1)(A)(i)(II)(aa).
Slide 9 of ___
IDEA Mandates
• IEP includes information on how the disability affects involvement and progress in gen ed curriculum
(§614(d)(1)(A)(i)(I)(aa))
•Revise IEP to address lack of expected progress in gen ed curriculum (§614(d)(4)(A)(ii)(I))
Slide 10 of ___
No Child Left Behind of 2001
• Schools accountable for ALL students, including students with disabilities (34 CFR §200.13(b)(7)(C))
• Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) in Language Arts/reading, math, and science (34 CFR §200.2(a)(1))
• Up to 1% of students in alternate achievement standards can be counted as proficient (34 CFR §200.13(c)(1)(i))
• Alternate assessments are aligned to grade-level academic content expectations(34 CFR §200.6(a)(3)(ii)(A))
Slide 11 of ___
Historical Curricular Changes in Special Education*
• 1970s - “Developmental Model” for infant and early childhood curriculum, developmental stages, mental age• 1980s - Functional life skills curriculum
– Skills necessary for day-to-day living– Principals of normalization
* Adapted from Browder, Flowers, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Karvonen, Spooner & Algozzine, 2004
Slide 12 of ___
Historical Curricular Changes in Special Education (con’t.)
• 1990s - Social inclusion & self-determination.• 2000s - General curriculum access, academic content, and alternate assessment. Includes functional skills, social inclusion & self determination still important.
Slide 13 of ___
What Teachers Need to Implement General Curriculum
Access
• Understand what it means to teach general curriculum content aligned to grade level standards (Module 5)
• Examples of interventions to use for planning instruction (Modules 3 & 4)
• State examples of what they think teachers to implement state policy/practices
Slide 14 of ___
What Teachers Need to Implement General Curriculum Access (con’t.)
Validation that academic goals and outcomes are valued and meaningful to students and their parents• Relevance of the skills and how they can be
applied in real life contexts• Students may need longer to acquire these
skills and may master less content over the course of their education
Browder, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Courtade, Gibbs, Mraz, & Flowers, in press
Slide 15 of ___
Why We Should Teach Academics
SSCD have not had the opportunity to learn• Previously held low expectations for
SSCD prevented us from teaching academics (Downing, 2006)• When given expectations of becoming
literate, students can become literate (Katims & Biklen, 2001)• Previous lack of focus on reading for SSCD
in teacher prep textbooks (Katims, 2000)• Difficulty of making literacy materials
accessible to SSCD results in fewer opportunities (Koppenhaver & Yoder, 1993)
Slide 16 of ___
Why We Should Teach Academics (con’t.)
• Students and their families value academics* • Academics can also be functional• Double standard; students without
intellectual disabilities do not have to master functional skills to be eligible to learn to read
*Browder, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Courtade-Little, & Snell, 2006
Slide 17 of ___
Why Teach Literacy?
• Allows SSCD opportunities to experience same rich reading experiences as their peers• Literature provides information and ideas SSCD may not access in other ways
– smaller social spheres – fewer life experiences
• Even if students do not become independently literate, reading can be fun
Browder, Gibbs, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Courtade, Mraz, & Flowers, in press.
Slide 18 of ___
Why Teach Literacy? (con’t.)
• Literacy skills learned early can be applied to learning core content materials later such as science, civics, etc.• Literacy skills can have functional applications such as reading Want Ads, filling out job applications, making a grocery list orfollowing a daily schedule
Slide 19 of ___
State Policies and Practices
Blank slide for states to insert specific relevant policy or practices related to aligning grade level content in reading/language arts
Slide 20 of ___
The Science of Reading
Five essential components for learning to read (National Reading Panel, 2000)
1. Phonemic awareness - producing individual letter sounds, syllabication, segmentation, blending, rhymes
2. Phonics - Pairing sounds with letter-sound association and using this knowledge to decode unknown words
3. Vocabulary - Individual words easily read and comprehended
4. Comprehension of text - Understanding meaning of passages of text
5. Fluency with use of symbols/words - Rate and accuracy of reading words
Slide 21 of ___
Put Reading First (2003)
• Concentrate on only 1-2 types of phoneme manipulation when teaching phonemic awareness
– Blending and segmenting recommended– Use letters when manipulating letter
sounds• Systematic and explicit phonics instruction makes a significant contribution to children's growth in reading
Slide 22 of ___
Reading Studies with SSCD1975 – 2005
Frequency of Studies in the of NRP Components
36
117
135
31
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Fluency Vocab Phonics PhonemicAwareness
Comp
NRP Components of Reading
Fre
qu
en
cy
Browder, Wakeman, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell & Algozzine (2006)
Slide 23 of ___
Literature Review Findings
• Most of the research focused on learning sight words (vocabulary)
• Effective instruction of sight words using– massed trials – systematic prompting and fading
• Comprehension of the sight words occurred in 1/4 of the studies– Students memorized words, but not
meaning• Few studies taught phonemic awareness
or phonics needed in order to learn to read
Slide 24 of ___
Evidence SSCD Can Learn Phonemic Awareness &
Phonics• Acquisition of letter-sound correspondences (Hoogeveen, Smeets, & Lancioni, 1989; Hoogeveen Smeets, & van der Houven, 1987)• Increase in: reading sounds, blending sounds into words, and word reading (Bracey, Maggs, & Morath, 1975) • Decrease in word recognition errors using phonic analysis and error correction (Singh & Singh, 1985; Singh & Singh, 1988)• Used Corrective Reading program to teach decoding (Bradform, Shippen, Alberto, Houchins, & Flores, 2006)
Slide 25 of ___
Translating the “Science” for Students Who Are SSCD &
Non-verbal
•Current practices for teaching these skills requires verbal fluency
•For SSCD who are nonverbal– We need to translate these skills for use with AAC devices – Various adaptations for nonverbal responding (See Module 2)
•Fluency may not be applicable to students with physical or oral motor difficulties
Slide 26 of ___
Model for Literacy Instruction for Students with Severe
Disabilities
•This conceptual model of literacy instruction is the guide used throughout the modules as a theoretical basis for providing literacy instruction
•Two components– Increased Independence as a Reader– Lifelong Access to Literature
Browder, Gibbs, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Courtade,Mraz & Flowers (in press)
Slide 27 of ___
Increased Independenceas a Reader
• Focus on learning to read in elementary grades using phonics instruction adapted for student responding (Module 2)
- Explicit phonics instruction• Focus on functional application of reading in middle/secondary adapted for student responding (Module 4)
- Phonics instruction occurs in the context of a reading activity
Slide 28 of ___
Lifelong Access to Literature
Focus for all students to access age and grade-level appropriate literature continues throughout life (Module 4)
• Type of material changes• Level of abstraction changes• Type of reading activity changes
Slide 29 of ___
Universal Design for Learning*
• Provides jumping off place for us to begin thinking about adapting and modifying grade level curriculum for SSCD• Calls for flexibility in curriculum for ALL students by means of:- Representation- Expression- Engagement
*Center for Applied Technology, 1999.
Slide 30 of ___
Flexible RepresentationAlternative modes to present information• Reduce perceptual barriers
- Digital text that can be altered in size, color etc,
- Audio with captions- Adding images/graphics
• Reduce cognitive barriers- Summaries of “Big ideas”- Providing background knowledge and links to prior learning- Embedding applied behavior analysis based instructional
strategies in lessons
Slide 31 of ___
Flexible Expression
• Alternative modes to demonstrate learning• Reduce physical barriers
– Alternatives to pencil and paper– Alternatives to verbal barriers
• Reduce cognitive barriers– Conspicuous learning strategies
Center for Applied Technology, 1999.
Slide 32 of ___
Flexible Engagement
• Alternative modes for SSCD to participate in the learning environment• Consideration of individual culture, experience, motivation• Flexible alternatives for
– Balancing support and challenge– Balancing novelty and familiarity– Balancing age-relevant and cultural
interests– Student input into curricular materials
Center for Applied Technology, 1999.
Slide 33 of ___
Covered in Module One:
• Why we teach academics• Summary of current research and evidence-based practices • National Reading Panel (2000) & Put
Reading First (2003) recommendations• Theoretical foundation for literacy
instruction• Universal Design for Learning
Slide 34 of ___
References
• Bracey, S., Maggs, A., & Morath. P. (1975). The effects of direct phonics approach in teaching reading to six moderately retarded children: Acquisition and mastery learning stages. Exceptional Child, 22, 83-90.
• Bradford, S., Shippen. M., Alberto, P., Houchins, D., & Flores, M. (2006). Using systematic instruction to teach decoding skills to middle school students with moderate intellectual disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 41, 323-324.
• Browder, D., Ahlgrim-Delzell, L., Flowers, C. (2004). Parent Survey on the Impact of Alternate Assessment. Unpublished manuscript.
Slide 35 of ___
• Browder, D., Ahlgrim-Delzell, L., Courtade-Little, G., & Snell, M. (2006). General Curriculum Access. InM. Snell & F. Brown (Eds.), Instruction for students with severe disabilities (6th ed., pp.489-525). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
• Browder, D. Flowers, C., Ahlgrim-Delzell, L., Karvonen, M., Spooner, F., & Algozzine, B. (2004). The alignment of alternate assessment content with academic and functional curricula. The Journal of Special Education, 37, 211-223.
• Browder, D. Gibbs, S. Ahlgrim-Delzell, L., Courtade, G., Mraz, & Flowers, C. (in press). Literacy for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities: What Should We Teach and What Should We Hope to Achieve? Remedial and Special Education.
References (con’t.)
Slide 36 of ___
• Browder, D., & Spooner, F. (Eds.) (2006). Teaching language arts, math & science to students with significant cognitive disabilities. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
• Browder D. Wakeman, S. Spooner, F., Ahlgrim-Delzell, L., & Algozzine, B. (2006). Research on reading for individuals with significant cognitive disabilities. Exceptional Children, 72, 392-408.
• Brown, L., Nietupski, J., & Hamre-Nietupski, S. (1976). Criterion of ultimate functioning. In M. A. Thomas (Ed.), Hey, don’t forget about me! Education’s investment in the severely, profoundly, and multiply handicapped (pp. 2-15). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.
References (con’t.)
Slide 37 of ___
• Center for Applied Special Technology [CAST]. (1999). Three essential qualities for universal design for learning. Retrieved February 27, 2003, from http://www.cec.sped.org/osep/appendix.html
• Brown, L., Nietupski, J., & Hamre-Nietupski, S. (1976). Criterion of ultimate functioning. In M. A. Thomas (Ed.), Hey, don’t forget about me! Education’s investment in the severely, profoundly, and multiply handicapped (pp. 2-15). Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.
• Center for Applied Special Technology [CAST]. (1999). Three essential qualities for universal design for learning. Retrieved February 27, 2003, from http://www.cec.sped.org/osep/appendix.html
37
References (con’t.)
Slide 38 of ___
• Downing, J. (2006). Building literacy for students at the presymbolic and early symbolic levels. In D. Browder & F. Spooner (Eds.), Teaching language arts, math and science to students with significant cognitive disabilities (pp.39-92). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
• Hoogeveen, J. Smeets, P., & Lancioni, G. (1989). Teaching moderately mentally retarded children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10, 1-18.
• Hoogeveen, F. R., Smeets, P. M., & van der Houven, J. E. (1987). Establishing letter-sound correspondences in children classified as trainable mentally retarded. Education and Training in Mental Retardation, 22, 77-84.
• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 2004, 20 U.S.C. §1400 et seq.
References (con’t.)
Slide 39 of ___
• Katims, D. S. (2000). Literacy instruction for people with mental retardation. Historical highlights and contemporary analysis. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 35, 3-15.
• Kliewer, C., & Biklen, D. (2001). "School's Not Really a Place for Reading": A Research Synthesis of the Literate Lives of Students with Severe Disabilities. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 26, 1-12.
• Koppenhaver, D. A., & Yoder, D. E. (1993). Classroom literacy instruction for children with severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI): What is and what might be. Topics in Language Disorders, 3(2), -15.
References (con’t.)
Slide 40 of ___
• National Institute for Literacy. (2001). Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved April 25, 2005, from http://www.nifl.gov/partnershipforreading/publications/PFRbooklet.pdf
• National Reading Panel. (2000). Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [NIH Pub. No. 00-4754].
• No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002).
References (con’t.)
Slide 41 of ___
• Wehmeyer, M. L., Sands, D. J., Knowlton, H. E., & Kozleski, E. B. (2002). Self-determination: Curriculum augmentation and student involvement. In M. L. Wehmeyer, D. J. Sands, H. E. Knowlton, & E. B. Kozleski, Teaching students with mental retardation: Providing access to the general curriculum (pp.232-251). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
• Wolfsenberger, W. (1972). Normalization; The principal of normalization in human services. Toronto: National Institute for Mental Retardation.
References (con’t.)
End of Module 1
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