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Proceedings of the
Fourth Engineering Mechanics Division
Specialty Conference
RECENT ADVANCES IN
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
AND THEIR IMPACT ON
CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
VolumeII
Sponsored by the
Engineering Mechanics Division
of the American Society of Civil Engineers
Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana
May 23-25, 1983
In cooperation with the
School of Civil EngineeringSchool of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Center for Earthquake Engineering and Ground Motion Studi
The Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program,Institute for Interdisciplinary Engineering Studies
and the
Division of Conferences
of
Purdue University
Edited by W.F. Chen and A.D.M. Lewis
Published by the
American Society of Civil Engineers345 East 47th Street
New York, New York 10017-2398
TIB/UB Hannover
< 129 910 945
Yield Surface of Orthotropic Plates
L. M. Kutt and M. P. Bieniek 660
Buckling of Plastic Tubes Under Cyclic Bending
S. Kyriakides and P-K. Shaw 664
Study of Numerical Efficiency on Nonlinear Analysis of Thin Shells
K. Sawamiphakdi and T. Y. Chang 668
Optimization of Structures in Nonlinear ResponseM. P. Kamat and L. T. Watson 679
Creep Behavior in Noncircular Tubes
C. E. Kurt 683
1-3 INELASTIC ANALYSIS
Creep Interaction of Salt and a Concrete Ring Structure
N. J. Antonas, W. T. Li, K. M. S. Mark, and C-L. Wu 687
Static and Transient Viscoplastc Analysis of a Tunnel
D. E. Schmitz and A. N. Palazotto 691
Stress and Fracture Analysis of Underground Openings
T. Y. Chang, X. L. Zhang, S. P. Yang and G. Z. Gu 696
Reinforced Concrete Shells—Analysis vs. DesignA. K. Gupta and H. Akbar 702
Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Bending, Torsion and Shear—
A Finite Element ApproachG. Mehlhorn and G. Schmidt Gonner 706
Study of Reinforced Concrete Bond Specimens by FEM
Q-g. Song 710
Geometrical Non-Linear Bending of Plates and Shells with
Consideration of Loading HistoryB. Krayterman and Gajanan M. Sabnis 714
1-4 NONLINEAR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Pipe Whip Analysis Using a Rigid Plastic Pipe Model
M. B. Atalay 718
Straightening of Inelastically Deformed Bars
F. W. Barton and R. T. Eppink 722
Glass Cladding Design for Wind
D. A. Reed and E. Simiu 726
Analysis of Concrete Pavement BlowupsA. D. Kerr and P. J. Shade 730
A Stress-Strain Analysis of Rubber and Steel Composite BearingsJ. K. Moore and L. R. Herrmann 734
1-5 INELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Material with Uniaxial Symmetric Tresca
Yield Condition and Cyclic Loading
M. A. M. Torkamani and M. R. Pajand 738
The Generalized Variational Principles in Theory of Creep
R. Wu and X. Xiaofeng 742
*Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xvi
Elasto-Plastic Material Models
R. Janardhanan and C. S. Desai 746
On the Loading Functions in Concrete PlasticityY. Takahashi; E. C. Ting; and A. H. Marchertas 751
Implementation of a General Plasticity Model
M. O. Faruque and C. S. Desai 755
1-6 NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Quarter Plane Problems for Fibre Reinforced Elastic Plates
A. P. S. Selvadurai and N. Moutafis 759
Modeling the Behavior of Composite Laminates Containing Holes
R. J. Nuismer and R. D. Howell *
1-5 INELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Material with Uniaxial Symmetric Tresca
Yield Condition and Cyclic Loading
M. A. M. Torkamani and M. R. Pajand 738
The Generalized Variational Principles in Theory of Creep
R. Wu and X. Xiaofeng 742
Elasto-Plastic Material Models
R. Janardhanan and C. S. Desai 746
On the Loading Functions in Concrete PlasticityY. Takahashi, E. C. Ting, and A. H. Marchertas 751
Implementation of a General Plasticity Model
M. O. Faruque and C. S. Desai 755
1-6 NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Quarter Plane Problems for Fibre Reinforced Elastic Plates
A. P. S. Selvadurai and N. Moutafis 759
Modeling the Behavior of Composite Laminates Containing Holes
R. J. Nuismer and R. D. Howell *
A Comparison of Finite Element J-Integral Evaluations for the Blunt Crack
Model and the Sharp Crack Model
Y. C. Pan and J. M. Kennedy 763
Fracture Diagnosis in Beam-Frame Structures Using Circuit AnalogyF. D. Ju, M. Akgun, and T. L. Paez 767
Finite Element Modeling of Concrete Failure in Shear
K. J. Willam and S. Sture 770
Membrane Theory for Layered Ellipsoidal Shells
D. L. Logan and M, Hourani 774
1-7 CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
Behavior of Plain Concrete Under Tension
G. Konig, M. Jahn, and D. Scheidler *
Shear Modulus Bounds for Transverse IsotropyS. Sutcliffe 778
Mechanical Characterization of Oil Shale
*Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xvu
K. P. Chong and G. F. Dana 782
Cap Model for Undisturbed Loess
J. V. Benak *
Mechanics of Soil-Heat Interaction and Its Thermal Storage CapacityH. Y. Fang and R. C. Chaney : 786
Analysis of Frozen Sand Beams
R. K. Wen, S. Soo, and O. B. Andersland 790
MATHEMATICAL METHODS
M-l APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Concrete
S. Mindess 794
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Reinforced Concrete
Z. P. Bazant and J. K. Kim 798
Fracture and Fatigue Control Design of Bridges
K. Horikawa 801
Stress Intensity Factors for Welded Bridge Details
R. Roberts and J. W. Fisher 805
M-2 ADAPTIVITY IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Some Aspects of Adaptive Finite Element ModellingA. D. Miller 809
Examples of Adaptive Models in 3D Finite Element ApplicationsA. G. Peano *
Highly Conforming High Order Finite Elements
D. A. Dunavant, and W. 0. McCarron 810
An Adaptive FEM for Convection-Diffusion Problems
W. G. Szymczak 814
On the Goals of Computation in Stress AnalysisB. A. Szabo 818
Design Aspects of Adaptive Finite Element Codes
D. W. Wang, I. N. Katz, and M. Z. Qian 821
M-3 ADVANCED FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
Hybrid/Mixed Methods in Fluid Mechanics
C. T. Yang and S. N. Atluri 825Non-Newtonian Flow Using Penalty Finite Elements
B. Bernstein, D. S. Malkus and E. T. Olsen 826
Properties of Mixed and Hybrid Finite Elements for Plate BendingJ. K. Lee 829
Shear/Membrane Locking in Curved Finite ElementsH. Stolarski and T. Belytschko 830
Hybrid-Stress Models for Plate AnalysisR. L. Spilker 834
Infinite Elements for Elastostatics of a Half SpacesR. K. N. D. Rajapakse and P. Karasudhi 835
Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xviii
PROBABILISTIC METHODS
PM—1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM RELIABILITY
General Structural System Reliability AnalysisR. M. Bennett and A. H-S. Ang 839
Reliability Based Design of Cable Elements
S. Nnaji 843
Reliability Based Design for Space Steel Frames
Y-Y. Chen and D-S. Hsu 847
Risk Analysis Procedure for Code Optimization
A. S. Nowak 851
Reliability of Antenna Structures
S. H. Wang, J. T. P. Yao, and W. F. Chen 855
On the Evaluation of Collapse Probabilities
M. J. Grimmelt; G. I. Schueller and Y. Murotsu 859
PM-2 RANDOM VIBRATION I
Circular First-Passage Due to Nonstationary Force
P. Spanos and G. Solomos 863
Approximate Reliability AnalysisM. Grigoriu 867
Seismic Safety of Soil Deposits Against LiquefactionJ. A. Pires, Y. K. Wen, and A. H-S. Ang 871
Reliability Dam-Reservior During Random EarthquakeC. Y. Yang 875
Stochastic Response of Yielding Multi-Story Structures
L. Lutes and T. S. Jan 879
PM-3 PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS
Probability Distribution of Typical Wind SpeedsK. C. Chou and R. B. Corotis 883
Reliability Design of Transmission Lines For Wind
H. S. Norville, K. C. Mehta and W. P. Vann 887
Parametric Spectral analysis
A. R. Rao and A. Durgunoglu 891
Updating Distribution of Anomaly Size and Fraction
W. H. Tang and A. Saadeghvaziri 895
The Principle of Maximum Entropy for Parameter Estimation of
Statistical Distributions
E. S. Oyegoke, J. O. Sonuga, and G. A. Akpoji 899
Entropy Weighting and Clustering in Granular Media
C. B. Brown *
PM-4 SAFETY ANALYSIS
On Reliability and Active Control of Tension Leg Platforms
Z. Prucz and T. T. Soong 903
Probabilistic Failure of Blast Excited Structures
D. Morrison and T. Paez 907
*Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xix
Reliability of Basements as Shelters
A. Longinow, N. K. Thomopoulos and J. Mohammadi 911
Probabilistic Fatigue Analysis of Freight Cars
J. Mohammadi and V. K. Garg 915
Analysis of Censored Fatigue Data
M. A. Dean 919
Seismic Reliability of Existing Buildings
.
H. C. Shah and W. Dong 923
PM-5 RELIABILITY ANALYSES
Reliability of Concrete Chimneys Under Wind Loading
A. Kareem and J. Hseih 928
Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Columns Based on ACI 318-77
C. Putcha and F. Mokri-Argane 932
Estimating Correlation Between Strength PropertiesD, W. Green and J. W. Evans 936
A Cumulative Damage Model for Lumber
C. C. Gerhards and C. L. Link 940
Theoretical Development of the Distribution of Soil Strength
K. O. Harrop-Williams,
944A Practical Probabilistic Model
C. Haldar and B. M. Ayyub 948
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
PR-1 CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF CONCRETE
The Strength and Behavior of Steel-Fiber Reinforced Concrete Under
Combined Tesnions-Compression LoadingR. W. Meier, H-Y. Ko and S. Sture 952
Microplane Model For Progressive FracturingZ. P. Bazant and B. H. Oh 956
Behavior of Concrete Subjected to Biaxial Cyclic Stresses
O. Buyukozturk and J. G. Zisman *
Application of a Plasticity Model to Concrete
S. M. Babcock and H. L. Schreyer 960
A Linearized Yield Surface for Tension-Weak Materials
F, E. Weisgerber 964
Possible 'Ductility' in a Material with Planar DiscontinuitiesT. M. Tharp 968
PR-2 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CONCRETE
On Wave Propagation and Fracture in Concrete Structures
L. Nilsson 972
A Strain-Rate Dependnt Damage Model for Concrete
W. Suaris and S. P. Shah 977
Impact Damage in Reinforced Concrete Shell StructuresY. Crutzen 981
Modeling High Rate Displacement Controlled Tests of Concrete
Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xx
S. O. Durrant *
A Failure Methodology Based on Shear Deformation
J. E. Crawford, T. J. Holland, P. J. Mendoza, and R. N. Murtha 985
Dynamic Response of Buried Concrete Arch to Blast LoadingI. Nelson and C. Gong 989
PR-3 FRACTURE OF MATERIALS
Nonlinear Fracture Process Zone in Concrete
M. Wecharatana and S. P. Shah 993
Coalescence of Multiple Fatigue Cracks at a Notch
R. Perez and A. F. Grandt, Jr 997
Applications of Fracture Mechanics to Concrete
S. Mindess *
A Failure Theory for Window Glass Plates
H. S. Norville and J. E. Minor 1001
Modeling Fracture in Fiber Reinforced Concrete
A. E. Naaman and K. Visalvanich 1307
Discrete Crack Modelling in Reinforced Concrete
V. E. Saouma and A. R. Ingraffea 1005
PR-4 PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Seismic Stability of Nonhomogeneous, Anisotropic Slopes
T. Sawada, S. G. Nomachi, and W. F. Chen 1009
An Improved Consolidation Law of Highly Compressive Clays
R. Salazar, T. T. Soong, and F. A. Cozzarelli 1013
On A Curve-Description Model for Soils
J. U. Khandoker and R. C. Batra 1016
Modified Duncan Model and Its ImplementationK. J. Zhang and X. L. Zhang 1020
Creep Closure of an Opening in a Deep Potash Mine
S. T. Montgomery 1024
PR-5 BEHAVIOR OF REINORCED CONCRETE
Analytical Studies of Expansive Solids in Concrete
R. Iding and B. Bresler 1028
In-Place Flexural Strength Evaluation of Concrete
M. Yener; W. F. Chen and A. Nishikawa 1032
Plastic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Thick Plate Under
Impulsive LoadingC. Zhiyuan and Y. Shengtian 1036
Couple Stress Model of Composite Material Moduli
S. K. Lakhanpal and R. M. Hackett 1040
Tension Stiffening and Compression Softening in Concrete
L. D. Leibengood, D. Darwin and R. H. Dodds 1043
A Study of the Stability of Elastic-Plastic Reinforced Concrete CompressionStruts with Medium Flexibility
K. An and Y-G. Huang *
*Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xxi
PR-6 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Simulation of Optical Properties of Black Chrome
S. T. Wu and L. W. Masters 1047
Load Induced Cracks in Cement Paste
D. Darwin and E. K. Attiogbe 1051
Proportioning of Concrete Using Regression AnalysisS. Jerath 1055
Brittle or Ductile?
D. Krajcinovic 1059
Deformation Effects of Random Salt Creep Variation
L. J. Branstetter, R. D. Krieg, and C. M. Stone 1063
Large-Strain Creep of Metals
A. J. Levy and M. P. Bieniek 1067
STABILITY
ST-1 STABILITY OF SHELLS
Imperfection Sensitivity of Cylindrical Shells
B. O. Almroth and R. C. Rankin 1071
Post-Buckling Equilibrium of Hyperstatic Lattices
S. J. Britvec and M. D. Davister 1075
Nonlinear Analysis of Liquid-Filled Tank
W. K. Liu and D. Lam 1079
Buckling Analysis of Stiffened Plates and Shells
A. Razzaque and M. D. Mathers 1083
Numerical Simulation of Collapse Loads for Arbitrarily Shaped Elastic Shells
W. D. Kratzig and U, Wittek 1087
Higher Order Instabilities in Single Mode Structures
D. Hui 1091
ST-2 STABILITY OF PLATES AND ARCHES
Inelastic Buckling of Short Plate Stiffeners in Beam-Column Connections
H. A. El-Ghazaly and A. N. Sherbourne 1095
Inelastic Buckling Using the Finite Strip Method
N. Mahmoud, D. A. Nethercot, and R. J. Plank 1101
Connection Spacing Criteria in Cold-Formed Steel
M. Yener 1105
Imperfection Sensitivity of Circular Arches
I. Tadjbakhsh 1109
Geometric Optimization of Arches for StabilityG. Lin 1U3
ST-3 STABILITY OF BARS AND BEAMS
Thin-Walled Bar Theories
M. Ojalvo 1115
Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Curved Members
C. H. Yoo 1118
Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xxii
A Study of the Stability of Elastc-Plastic Reinforced Concrete Compression Struts
with Medium FlexibilityK. An and Yong-giang
*
On the Snap-Through Phenomenon of N-Imperfect Bars
E. Galoussis 1122
Elastic Stability of I-Beam Under Patch LoadingsY. Takahashi, S. G. Nomachi, S. Toma, and T. Mikami 1126
Inelastic Stability of Directionally and Rotationally Restrained
Imperfect Steel Columns
S. Vinnakota 1130
Tests on Tubular Steel Columns With Variable End Restraint
D. A. Ross 1134
FLUIDS
F-l FLUID MECHANICS I
Finite Analytic Numerical Solution of Two-Dimensional Suddenly Expanded
Channel Flow
C-J. Chen and K-S. Ho 1138
Finite Element Analysis of Discontinuous Channel Flow
N. D. Katopodes 1142
A Computation of Unsteady Flows Past an Airfoil with an Upward
and Downward Motion
T-K. Hung and S-M. Huang 1146
Refraction of Gravity Waves Using Global Spline Collocation
J. M. Niedzwecki and D. A. Milburn 1150
Vortex Flow with the Presence of a Barrier
C-Y Guo and H-P. Pao 1154
F-2 FLUID MECHANICS II
Validity of Stokes-Flow Theory for a Falling Disk
R. Y. Lai and Y-T. Soo 1158
Hydrodynamic Pressure on Short-Length Gravity Dams
A. A. Rashed and W. D. Iwan 1162
Finite Element Model of Fracture Flow and Transport
P. S. Huyakorn, J. W. Mercer, and B. H. Lester 1166
Analysis of Three-Dimensional Flows Around Kinks
in Zoned and Leaky Porous Media
O. Lafe, A. Adenekan, and H. Johnson 1170
SYMPOSIUM ON MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND PREDICTION
METHODS IN TURBULENT FLOWS
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Some Physical and Mathematical Checks on Turbulence Data and Models
S. Corrsin1174
GENERAL LECTURES
Growth of a Grid-Generated Turbulent Mixed Layer
Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xxui
R. R. Long 1177
Progress of Turbulence Modelling and Its ApplicationsC. J. Chen 1180
Progress in Measurement Techniques in Turbulent Flows
W. Z. Sadeh *
TURBULENT FLOWS
TF-1 TURBULENCE MODELING AND PREDICTION METHODS I
Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region of a Pipe
S. A. Al-Nassri and T. E. UnnyDetection of Coherent Structures in Open Channel Flow Based on a Vortex Model
Th. Dracos and M. Bepchler 1311
The Transition from a Horizontal Turbulent Buoyant Jet to a Mixing Layer:
A Universal Entrainment Model
G. H. Jirka 1184
Numerical Study of Two-Dimensional Impinging Jet Flows
with Large Distance/Width Ratio
Jack C. Hwang, F-K. Tsou and S. Negahban 1190
Turbulent Flow Past Two Dimensional Prism
G. Bergeles and N, Athanassiadis 1194
TF-2 TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS
Observations on the Nature and Mechanism of the Structure of Turbulent
Boundary Layers: A Survey and New Results
J. M. Wallace and J. L. Balint 1198
Prediction of Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flows with k-e Closure Model
by a Semi-Discretization Method
A. Liakopoulos and C. C. Hsu 1202
Mixing Lengths for Turbulent Flows Over Rough Surfaces
P. S. Granville 1206
Overflow Turbulent Boundary Layer and Its Characteristics
L. Zaichao 1208
Calculation of Ship Boundary LayersV. C. Patel *
TF-3 TURBULENCE MODELLING AND PREDICTION METHODS II
Prediction of Flow in Channels with Flood Plains
A. O. Demuren 1212
Turbulent Wake Heat Transfer Calculation
V. W. Nee *
Statistical and Spectral Properties of a Heater Round Turbulent Buoyant Jet
P. N. Papanicolaou and E. J. List *
The Decay of Turbulence in a Stratified Fluid
R. R. Long 1216
On Secondary Motions in Open Channel Flow
A. J. Odgaard 1220
Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xxiv
TF-4 TURBULENT FLOW ABOUT BODIES
Turbulence Effects on Flow Past Circular CylinderK. C. S. Kwok 1224
Characteristics of Pressure Fluctuations on the Windward and Leeward Faces of
a Tall Building Model
A. Kareem 1228
Amplification of Turbulence in Flow Approaching an Airfoil
W. Z. Sadeh and P. P. Sullivan 1232
On Uniform Flow Around Rough CylindersC. Farell, S. K. Fedeniuk and P. Moura 1235
Generation and Control of Turbulence by a Pulsating Grid
B, Bienkiewicz 1238
Spectral Properties of Turbulence and Reynolds Stress in a Shearing Flow
T. Tsubaki and T. Komatsu 1242
TF-5 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND FLOW
VISUALIZATION METHODS I
A Reynolds Stress Measurement Technique for Complex Flows
F. B. Gessner and S. H. Arterberry 1303
Flow Visualization and Digital Image Processing of the Velocity and
Concentration Fields in Turbulent Flows
J. L. Balint, M. Ayrault, and J. P. Schon 1246
A Survey of Methods to Measure Vorticity in Turbulent Flows
James M. Wallace 1250
Turbulence Measurements Near the Free Surface in Stirred Grid Experiments
B. H. Brumley and G. H. Jirka 1254
Evaluation of the Accuracy in Velocity Measurement in Alluvial Rivers
T. Asano 1258
Theory and Measurements of Two-Dimensional Granular Flow
N. L. Ackermann and H. Shen 1262
Diffusion of Turbulent Energy in a Granular Flow
H. Shen and N. L. Ackermann 1266
TF-6 TURBULENCE
The Role of Eddy Viscosity in a Plane Jet Impingement
J. C. Y. Guo 1270
Noise Enhancement/Suppression from Acoustically Excited Jets
D. F. Long, H. Kim, and R. E. A. Arndt 1274
Turbulent Wake of a Yawed Circular Cylinder
T. W. Kao*
Turbulent Wake in a Stratified Fluid: A Review
H. P. Pao*
Study of Turbulent Flow Structure by Cavitation Technique
S. C. Ling*
On Prediction of Characteristics for Vertical Plane Buoyant Jets in
Stably Linear Stratified Environments
W. Li and C. J. Chen 1279
Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xxv
TF-7 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE AND FLOW
VISUALIZATION METHODS II
Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry In Muddy Flows
R. He, S. Wang, and X. Li 1283
Directional Sensitivity of Hot Wire Probes
R. J. Adrian, R. E. Johnson, B. G. Jones, P. Merati, and A. T. C. Tung .... 1287
Concurrent Forward Backscatter LDA Measurement
T. K. Cheung and J. R. Koseff 1291
Velocity Measurement at a Breaking Air-Water Interface
W. K. Melville and R. Rapp 1295
LDA Measurements in a Smooth Open Channel
P. Steffler, N. Rajaratnam and A. W. Peterson *
Turbulence Measurements in a Denil-Type Fishwa
P. Steffler, N. Rajaratnam and A. W. Peterson *
LDV Measurements in Two-Dimensional Bent-Over Jets
H. Haniu and B. R. Ramparian 1299
SUBJECT INDEX 1315
AUTHOR INDEX 1321
Manuscript not available at time of printing.
xxvi
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