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European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |1
Raw Materials for a Modern Society Challenges
Possibilities
Future Steps
Standards and Best Practices in the EU extractive industry – Living up to expectations
Budapest, 09 March 2011
European Commission Enterprise and Industry
Antje Wittenberg - SNEMetals, Minerals, Raw Materials
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |2
Economic importance
Importance for economic value chain and emerging (key) technologies
Renewable energysolar cells, photovoltaic's, wind turbines
Energy efficiencyhybrid and electric cars, LED lighting, batteries, buildings and infrastructure
Electronicsflat screens, mobile phones
Aerospacelight weight alloys
PresenterPresentation NotesRaw materials essential ingredients for economy and society
Looking at critical raw materials, essential in many high tech productsand essential for new technologies
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |3
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NE Extractive Industry EU27Construction Materials Industrial Minerals Metals
Eurostat
last up date 09/09/2010
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |4
Enterprises EU-27, 20061 non-financial business economy
1 The total number of enterprises in the EU-27 non-financial business economy was estimated as 20.2 million in 2006. Source: Eurostat
(tin00050)
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |5
Critical raw materials
Borate
Fluorspar
Gallium
Iron
Magnesium
PGM
Tellurium
Aluminum Bauxite
Antimony
Barytes
Bentonite
Beryllium
Chromium
Clays
Cobalt
Copper
Diatomite
Feldspar
Germanium
Graphite
Gypsum
Indium
LimestoneLithium
Magnesite
ManganeseMolybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
Perlite
Rare Earths
Rhenium
SilicaSilverTalc
Tantalum
Titanium
Tungsten
Zinc
Vanadium
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0
Economic Importance
Supp
ly R
isk
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |6
Production concentration of critical raw materials
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |7
Main challenges
EU highly dependent on imports of important raw materials (metals and industrial minerals) which are increasingly affected by market distortions / commodity market speculations
Still potential in Europe (self-sufficient supply for construction materials, potential for other raw materials), but exploration and extraction face on-going increasing competition for different land uses and a highly regulated environment
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |8
The Raw Materials Initiative
Integrated strategy
based on three pillars
Underline by R&Dand innovation
Right framework conditions
within the EU
in order to foster sustainable supply
from Europeansources
Ensuring access to raw materials from
International Markets
under the same conditions as other
industrial competitors
Boosting resource efficiency
and recycling
to reduce the EU's consumption of
primary raw materials
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |9
Barents Region high potential area for ore depositsJoint project between the geological surveys of Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden provides information on more than 1600 mines, deposits and significant occurrences across the region.
By country, there is information on:
►
878 deposits in Sweden
►
338 deposits in Finland
►
243 deposits in Russia
►
157 deposits in Norway
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |10
Access to land
Promote the exchange of best practice in land use planning and administrative conditions for exploration and extraction
Encourage better networking between national geological surveys to increase the EU's knowledge base
Guidance on how extraction activities can be reconciled with Natura 2000 requirements
►
Important tool to avoid conflicts at site level –
link to land-use planning
►
Knowledge of mineral reserves essential to develop sensitivity maps and to provide objective, verifiable information
PresenterPresentation NotesWith regards to the Birds & Habitats Directives and the activities of the extractive industry, the Natura 2000 it is important to underline that it does not create an absolute exclusion to activities such as mineral extraction. However, the implementation of the Directives seems to vary considerably between Member States. We have committed ourselves to producing guidelines with the aim of providing more clarity to industry and authorities, on how extractive activities could take place in Natura 2000 areas while safeguarding the environmental protection. The guidelines are to be finalized in 2009.
The images are taken in Markt Bibart, Northern Bavaria / Germany in a gypsum quarry owned by Knauf Gyps KG in 2001 (top) and 2008 (bottom). 2008 - Monitoring after 8 years shows more than 15 plants and animals species in the red list of endangered species.Quarry covered by Natura 2000 after closing down due to technical restoration and forming morphology followed by succession.Area Sensitivity: Located inside protected wood types of Natura 2000 – quarry area reaches high biodiversity value in the meantime – interaction with wood habitats
The implementation of the INSPIRE Directive is generally believed to help improve the networking among the EU Geological Surveys. However, the obligations related to existing public digital mineral resources data (falling under Annex III.21) are limited to the production of compliant metadata (Articles 5(4) and 6(B) of the Directive).The latter task is very technical and is highly dependent on the input of experts of the field of geology and surveying, hence.
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |11
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |12
NEEI and Natura 2000Positive contribution of NEEI to biodiversity
rehabilitation of extraction sites to (re)create habitats and reinstate species (supported by several good practice examples). Site biodiversity action plans useful instruments.
Potential effects of mines/quarries on natureSpecific constraints of NEEI regarding location of mineral resourcesBiodiversity can be affected throughout the life-cycle of a project, directly or indirectly. Extent of impact depends on type/size/method of operation and sensitivity of environmentMitigation measures exist to prevent/reduce impacts
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |13
NEEI and Natura 2000Appropriate assessment of NEEI plans/projects (according Art. 6 Habitats Directive; mitigation; alternatives; compensation)►
Step by step process to assess significant neg. impacts on Natura2000.
►
Coordination with EIA or SEA process possible to reduce burden and increase effectiveness
►
if required: properly analysed and implemented
alternatives / compensation measures
Marine extraction►
Extractive activities in marine areas are more and more important.
►
Marine spatial planning is a key instrument for strategic planning.
►
Little knowledge on marine biosphere and site effects
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |14
Azñalcóllar (1998)
Baia Mare (2000)
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |15
Directive on the management of extractive waste
Extractive Industry►
prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources and the working of quarries
“Waste facilities”►
Any area designated for the accumulation or deposit of extractive waste –
dams, heaps, pond
Links with other Directives►
IPPC, Seveso, Water & Waste framework Directives, IA Directive, Natura
2000
Adopted 2006
“Prevent as far as possible adverse effects on the environment and human health of waste from
extractive industry”
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |16
Mining waste directive
Extractive Industries
EnergyEnergy
Minerals Minerals Ores
Ores IndustrialIndustrial
Minerals Minerals
ConstructionConstructionMaterialsMaterials
FerrousFerrous
metalsmetals
Non FerrousNon Ferrous
metals metals
PreciousPrecious
metalsmetals
Minor metals Minor metals
Nuclear fuelsNuclear fuels Fossil fuelsFossil fuels
UraniumUranium CoalCoal
Oil, oil shale Oil, oil shale
Not in the scope:Not in the scope:
waste from offwaste from off--
shore activities, shore activities,
waste resulting waste resulting ““indirectlyindirectly””
from from extractive industryextractive industry
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |17
Ajka plant (2010)
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |18
Key DeadlinesAdoption: 15 March 2006, Entry in force: 1 May 2006
Transposition: no later than 1 May 2008
► so far 25 Member States have transposed and notified it
Applies to all new installations
Existing facilities by 1 May 2012
Reporting: 3 years reports from MS – by mid 2011
Implementing measures: to be adopted “asap”, adopted in May 2009
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |19
Main Requirements►
Prevent risks for the environment and health notably by applying Best Available Techniques (BAT)
►
Permitting
►
Public participation, transboundary
impacts
►
Waste management plan
►
Construction and management
►
Major accident prevention policy
►
Prevention of water, soil, air pollution
►
Financial Guarantee
►
Closure and after closure procedures
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |20
Major Accident PreventionObligations at 3 levels:
1. Member States:
Risks identification and limiting measures
2. Operator:
Before start of operation, internal emergency planRisk identification and evaluationDesignation of a “risk manager”Organization, planning for emergencies
Monitoring, audit and review
3. Competent Authority: External emergency planMeasures to contain the accident and to minimise impact on humanhealth and environment
Communication to the public and relevant authorities
Rehabilitation, restoration and clean-up after accident
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |21
Worth to note 5 May 2010 - European Parliament calling for a general ban on the use of cyanide mining technologies in the European Union
Guidance on inspection activities, exchange of information of rehabilitation of the closed and abandoned facilities and assessing the utility of updating the best available technique reference document (BREF review), consultant: DHI, Denmark -final report is expected by early 2012► Seminar on inspection ► Seminar on Rehabilitation of the abandoned and closed facilities.
Inventories of the closed waste facilities -to be finalized and made public by May 2012 (Article 20)► All existing permits have to be adapted to the requirements of the
Directive by 1st of May 2012 (Article 24§1 )
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |22
Efficiency & recycling
Huge potential of EU’s Urban Mines
Tackle illegal shipment of waste to third countries through a more harmonised enforcement of Waste Shipment Regulation
Develop best practices in the area of collection and treatment of key waste streams
Develop eco-design measures aimed at fostering more efficient use of raw materials in products
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |23
AwarenessList of critical raw materials helped to raise awareness
Hints for urgently needed activities in some policy fields (trade, WTO court case, research calls for proposals)
BUT
basemetals, construction materials and industrial minerals are the backbone of our society.►What is neeed?
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |24
Research
Under FP7 new funding opportunities have been created for projects on:► Advanced underground technologies for
intelligent mining
► Substitution of critical raw materials
► Coordination of activities in Member States in the area of the industrial handling of raw material
FP8? RAW MATERIALS ?
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |25
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |26
R&D - preliminary findings
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |27
Marine environmentShallow water zones
Deep sea mining - future (ore) mining
Advanced technologies („key-hole surgery“ to minimise the impact)
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |28
Marine Zones
Source:
BGR after Symonds et al., 1998
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |29
The Context - EUROPE 2020
4 Flagships Initiatives out of 7
An industrial policy for the globalisation era
Resource Efficient Europe
An agenda for new skills and jobs
Innovation Union
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |30
An industrial policy for the globalisation era
Industry matters
Lessons learned from the finacial and economic crisis
The importance of the manufacturing value chain
List of critical raw materials helped to raise awareness
RAW MATERIALS
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |31
Resource Efficient Europe
Increasing pressure on natural resources
The need to be more efficient both for ECONOMIC and ENVIRONMENTAL reasons
Recycling
RAW MATERIALS
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |32
An agenda for new skills and jobs
A challenge for the extractive and recycling industries
High Tech Skills - geologists and engineers
Inside and outside Europe
RAW MATERIALS
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |33
Innovation Union
A matter of survival in a globalised world
It is about►
technology –
crucial step stone
►
Processes
►
Best practices
►
Standards
►
Procurement
►
Regulations
Creativity in Raw Materials
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |34
Key componentsTechnology-Focused policy areas►
Extraction, processing, recycling
►
Substitution
Non Technology policy areas►
Improving Europe's raw materials regulatory framework, knowledge and infrastructure base, e.g. access to land..
►
Promotion of excellence, resource efficiency and recycling, e.g. public procurement and private initiatives.
International cooperation ►
Promoting appropriate international cooperation, notably with other countries/ regions of the world.
May deal with different policy issues such as geology, research
trade
and
investment
conditions
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |35
Material Flows and Statisticsraw materials avilibility
►
primary raw materials –
base metal and by- product relationship (e.g. Zn –
In)
►
resouce and reserve statistics
►
recovery rate and reclyling
►
urban mining and landfills
►
import and export statistical data
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |36
Next steps
Review of the comments made in the framewotk of the workshop on the 28th of Feburary
New internal proposal
Support by Member States - cruicial
Communication by Summer
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |37
Thank you for your attention !References:
Report on critical raw materials: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm
Report on best practices in area of land use planning, permitting and geological knowledge:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/sustainable-supply/index_en.htm
Natura
2000 guidelines:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/guidance_en.htm
Trade raw materials activity report 2009:
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/june/tradoc_146207.pdf
Communication on the EU 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation Union:
http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/innovation-union-communication_en.pdf
Mining waste directive:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/Mining/index.htm
BREF (Best available techniques):
http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/sustainable-supply/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/guidance_en.htmhttp://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/june/tradoc_146207.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/innovation-union-communication_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/Mining/index.htmhttp://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |38
Key component technologyDeveloping new innovative technologies and solutions for sustainable raw materials supply►
Innovative technologies along the entire value chain for cost effective, safe and environmentally and socially sound raw materials exploration, extraction (including mining), processing, recovering and recycling of primary and secondary raw materials.
Developing new innovative materials by design technologies and solutions for the substitution of critical materials.►
Solutions to reduce the resource usage, incl. finding of substitutes of critical, scare or hazardous materials.
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |39
Non-technolgy areasImproving Europe's raw materials regulatory framework, knowledge and infrastructure base.►
building an innovative knowledge base of European resources, incl. exploration of primary and secondary raw materials (on land and in the marine environment) and estimations of the resource including urban mines (land fills and mining waste)
►
exchange of best practice in defining a minerals policy in the Member States based on principles of sustainable development;
setting up a policy for land-use planning for minerals in the Member States,
clear process for authorisation of minerals exploration and extraction in the Member States
using and improving, on the basis of proper analysis, the knowledge base which is needed for an efficient raw materials strategy
►
higher education and skills;
►
standardisation of geological data in particular for low value raw materials and coherence on the relevant terminology.
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |40
Non-technolgy areasImproving the regulatory framework via promotion of excellence and promoting recycling through public procurement and private initiatives. ►
Resource efficiency along the entire value chain including materials flows, collecting, sorting and re-delivering raw materials to increase the recycling and by-product rate of raw materials also while in trace amounts and the overall recycling rate;
►
Recycling of critical materials and hazardous substances from WEEE;
►
implementation notably for what concerns collection/recycling rates of the MS but also control on illegal export of waste.
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |41
41 raw materials analysedAluminum
Antimony
Barytes
BauxiteBentonite
Beryllium Borates
ChromiumClays (incl. kaolin)
Cobalt Copper
DiatomiteFeldspar Fluorspar
Gallium
GermaniumGraphite Gypsum Indium
Iron oreLimestone Lithium Magnesite
MagnesiumManganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
Perlite
Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) Rare earths (REE)
Rhenium
Silica sandSilver Talc
TantalumTellurium Titanium Tungsten VanadiumZinc
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |42
Economic importance
Importance for economic value chain and emerging (key) technologies
Renewable energy:solar cells, wind turbines
Energy efficiency:hybrid and electric cars, LED lighting, batteries
Electronics:flat screens, mobile phones
Aerospace:light weight alloys
PresenterPresentation NotesRaw materials essential ingredients for economy and society
Looking at critical raw materials, essential in many high tech productsand essential for new technologies
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |43
Emerging technologiesRaw material Production
2006 [t]Demand emerging tech. 2006 [t]
Demand emerging tech. 2030 [t]
Demand/ prod. 2006
Demand/ prod. 2030
Factor
Gallium 152 28 603 0.18 3.97 22
Indium 581 234 1.911 0.40 3.29 8.2
Germanium 100 28 220 0.28 2.20 7.9
Neodymium 16.800 4.000 27.900 0.23 1.66 7.2
Platinum 255 very small 345 0 1.35
Tantalum 1.384 551 1.410 0.40 1.02 2.5
Silver 19.051 5.342 15.823 0.28 0.83 2.9
Cobalt 62.279 12.820 26.860 0.21 0.43 2.1
Palladium 267 23 77 0.09 0.29 3.2
Titanium 7.211.000 15.397 58.148 0.08 0.29 3.6
Copper 15.093.000 1.410.000 3.696.070 0.09 0.24 2.7
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |44
Emerging technologies (2)Raw material Emerging technologies
Antimony Antimony-Tin-Oxide (~ In-Sn-O), micro capacitors
Cobalt Li-ion batteries, synthetic fuels
Gallium Semi-conductors, thin layer photovoltaics, IC, WLED
Germanium Fibre
optic cable, IR optical technology
Indium Displays, thin layer photovoltaics
Platinum (PGM) Fuel cells, catalysts
Palladium (PGM) Catalysts, seawater desalination
Niobium Micro capacitors, ferroalloys
Neodymium (REE) Permanent magnets, laser technology
Tantalum Micro capacitors, medical technology
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |45
Policy-oriented (2)Recycling►
Improve collection►
Prevent illegal exports of End-of-Life products►
Promote research
Substitution►
Promote research
Material Efficiency►
Minimise
the raw material used►
Minimise
raw material losses
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |46
Category A Other waste(not cat A, not inert)
Inert(unpolluted soils)
BAT Application Yes Yes Yes
Waste Man. Plan Yes Yes Yes
Prevention water, soil
and air deteriorationYes Yes Yes (except for
cyanide)
Construction and
managementYes Yes Partly
Permitting, public
participation,
transboundary
impacts
Yes Yes No
Financial guarantee,
closure proceduresYes Yes No
Major accident
prevention policyYes except
« Seveso »
No No
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |47
Permitting and Public ParticipationNo permit – no waste facility, single permit possible
BREF’s to be used as reference
Public to be informed on:
application for a permit
nature of possible decision
arrangements for public participation
main reports and advices transmitted to the authorities
content of the decisions and its justification
Comments and opinions to be expressed before decision
European CommissionEnterprise and Industry A. Wittenberg | 09.03.2011 |48
Prevention of water, air, soil pollution
Competent authority has to check whether the operators have taken adequate measures to limit and control possible pollution (dust, gas, water contamination,..)
Pond with cyanide: concentration to be reduced to the lowest possible level
Limit values: 10 ppm for new installations
50 ppm, 25 ppm by 2013, 10 ppm by 2018
Slide Number 1Economic importanceNE Extractive Industry EU27EnterprisesEU-27, 20061�non-financial business economyCritical raw materials Production concentration �of critical raw materialsMain challengesThe Raw Materials InitiativeBarents Region �high potential area for ore depositsAccess to land Slide Number 11NEEI and Natura 2000NEEI and Natura 2000Slide Number 14Directive on the �management of extractive wasteMining waste directiveSlide Number 17Key DeadlinesMain RequirementsMajor Accident Prevention Worth to note Efficiency & recyclingAwarenessResearch Slide Number 25R&D - preliminary findingsMarine environmentMarine ZonesThe Context - EUROPE 2020 An industrial policy for the �globalisation eraResource Efficient EuropeAn agenda for new skills and jobsInnovation UnionKey componentsMaterial Flows and StatisticsNext stepsThank you for your attention !Key component technologyNon-technolgy areasNon-technolgy areas41 raw materials analysedEconomic importanceEmerging technologiesEmerging technologies (2)Policy-oriented (2)Slide Number 46Permitting and Public ParticipationPrevention of water, air, soil pollution
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