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2+ -3 3 2 2Mg + 2 HCO MgCO + CO + H OStep 3:
+ 2+3 2 5 4 2 2Mg Si O (OH) + 6 H 3 Mg + 2 SiO + 5 H OStep 2:
- +2 2 3 3(g)CO H CO HCO + HStep 1:
Adsorption
CCUS within Energy SystemsMineral Carbonation
Absorption
Separation Processes Laboratory – Prof. Marco MazzottiInstitute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich
www.ipe.ethz.ch
CO2 Capture and Storage at SPL
Climate change mitigation requires a net-zero-CO2 world, where we need to implement renewable energy sources, to capture CO2 and then either store it or re-use it.
The implementation of renewable energy sources requires different energy storage technologies to deal with short- and long-term generation dynamics.
1. L-economy
3. L-economyw/ CCS
2. L-economy w/ CCU
5. O-economy w/ CCU
6. O-economyw/ DAC-CU
7. O-economy w/ bio-energy
8. NET-economy w/ bio-energy and CCS: BECCS
9. NET-economy w/ DAC and CS: DACCS
po
siti
ve C
O2
emis
sio
ns
neg
ativ
e C
O2
emis
sio
ns
net
-zer
o C
O2
emis
sio
ns
4. L-economyw/ DAC-CS
Fossil (reduced) carbon
Oxidized carbon (CO2)
Synthetic (reduced) carbon
Biogenic (reduced) carbon
Renewable energy source
CO2 in the atmosphere
Distributed CO2 emissions
CO2 conversion plant
Direct air capture of CO2 from air (DAC)
Biomass treatment plant
Managed biomass growth
Post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC)
Underground CO2 storage
Point source CO2 emissions
Optimization tool determining the optimal design and operation of the H2 supply chain to minimize cost and/or CO2 emissions while satisfying a given H2 demand.
20
40
60
80
100
Ro
un
d-t
rip
eff
icie
ncy
[%
]
Flywheel Battery Pumped hydro
CAES P2H2 P2CH4
Characteristic storage time
minutes hours days to weeks weeks to months
Zurich
We aim at developing novel system paradigms and optimization techniques for the assessment of several decarbonization options from a system perspective.
Magnetic Suspension
Balance
Measuring adsorption isotherms
for pure components and gas mixtures
Adsorption Equilibria
CO2
onActivatedCarbon
Adsorption Kinetics
TI
PI
TIT
I PI
Column
TI
TI
TI
Vent
TIC
110 cm
85 cm
60 cm
40 cm
10 cm
TI
Breakthrough experiments
Investigation of mass and heat transfer
Modeling
Adsorption Processes Simulation Toolbox
Experimentalvalidation
2-column Fixed-Bed
Lab-scale setupfor operation of cyclic adsorption processes:
Pressure swing, PSA
Temperature swing, TSA
Vacuum swing, VSA
Optimization
Non-ConvexMulti-Objective
Optimization
Maximization of the process performance
under a set ofnon-linear and
non-convex constraintsSensitivity analysis
Optimization result
Numerical resolution of system of NPDAEs until
cyclic steady state
Carbon-free Fuel
CO2-free flue gas
Pre-combustion CO2 capturePost-combustion CO2 capture
Pressure (PSA) or Vacuum-Pressure (VPSA) Swing Adsorption processes
Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA)Processes
CO2 capture from a moist N2/CO2 mixturewhich contains impurities
Separation of CO2, integrated with H2-purification. H2 is produced to be used as carbon-free fuel
A change in pressure
(range: 0-30 bar) drives the regeneration of the sorbent
CO2
Waste (N2)
Dryfeed
Adsorption Heating Cooling
t ime
Rinse PurgeSorbent regenerationis allowed for by recovered waste heat (up to 150°C)
H2 purification PSA plant, Linde North America• Classical absorption process with recycle between absorber
and desorber
• CO2 uptake capacity limited by solid formation (NH4HCO3)
• Solid handling section introduced
• Solid formation (NH4HCO3) exploited to make CO2 capture less energy intensive
Direct Air CaptureDAC
Vacuum-TemperatureSwing Adsorption (VTSA)Processes
CO2 separation from airrecovering waste heator exploiting renewable heat sources
Distributed captureTechnology
Production of pure CO2
stream for direct utilization
DAC units, Climeworks
AirAdsorption-based Processes development:Challenges
Characterization of new adsorbent materials and definition of optimal adsorbent
specifications
Optimization of process design for maximum efficiency
Technology scale-up
Characterization of multi-component competitiveadsorption, hysteresis and non-idealities
20
40
60
80
100
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
to r
ou
nd
-tri
p
eff
icie
ncy
of
P2C
H4
[%]
Electricity input
Electricity output
Ele
ctro
lysi
s lo
sse
s
DA
C lo
sse
s
Fue
l syn
the
sis
loss
es
Fue
l co
nve
rs.
loss
es
Rate-based model development Model-based process design and development
Thermodynamics Trans Phenom & Kin Synthesis Optimization Integration
CO2 comp
Auxiliaries
Cooling
Chilling
Reboiler
CO2 desorber
Other
reboilers
Steam generation
Heat recovered from the
cement plant and
integrated in the CAP
Liquid Chilled Ammonia Process (L-CAP)
Controlled Solid Formation Chilled Ammonia Process (CSF-CAP)
Mineral carbonation in a nutshell
Recycling of concrete waste
RCA
Mineral Carbonation Mineral Carbonation
CO2 CO2
C- RCA
SandCaCO3
Accelerated
carbonation
Concrete recycling
Crushing
Iron removal
Classification
Iron
Decentralized concrete recycling
Kiln
Fuel
Clinker
1 Mt
0.84 MtCO2
MillCement0.55 MtCO2
0.29 MtCO2
Cement plant
Infrastructure
0.05 MtCO2
Additions
CaCO3 + SiO2
1.6 Mt
Air
Concrete plants
Gravel
Concrete
Sand Water
Decentralized concrete manufacturing
Centralized cement manufacturingConcrete fines
0.05 MtCO2
• Cement manufacturing is responsible for approx. 6% of the global CO2
emissions• Lack of foreseeable alternative for
cement and for its manufacturing process
• 2/3 of the CO2 stems from the raw material (limestone)
• Recycling of concrete waste can store CO2 and avoid the calcination of new limestone
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