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Defining vulnerabilityA case study from Zambia
Katie Schenk, Lewis Ndhlovu, Stephen Tembo, Andson Nsune, Chozi Nkhata, RAPIDS
Interagency Task Team on Children and HIV and AIDS
Washington, DC23-24th April 2007
ECR
Reaching AIDS-affected People with Integrated Development and Support
Outline• Introduction
– Aims, methods• Results
– Quantitative and qualitative• Lessons learnt
– Implications for programs
Study Aims• To explore community
conceptualizations of vulnerability• To examine vulnerability factors –
characteristics and prevalence• To discuss implications for
community-based care and support interventions
Methods• 6 sentinel sites• Quantitative approaches:
household surveys• Qualitative approaches: focus
group discussions and in-depth interviews
• Ethical issues
Results
SociodemographicsTable 1: Description of household respondents
District name
Chongwe (n = 241)
%
Kalomo (n = 259)
%
Mazabuka (n = 236)
%
Mpika (n = 279)
%
Ndola (n = 195)
%
Petauke (n = 293)
%
Total
(n = 1,503) %
Sex of head of household Male 77 77 80 72 81 72 76
Female 23 23 20 28 20 28 24
Respondent age (mean, in years) Male 43 39 39 42 43 43 41
Female 42 37 39 43 40 41 40
Respondent marital status Males Single 4 10 3 9 5 4 6
Currently married 86 84 92 84 86 91 87 Divorced/separated 4 3 2 3 6 2 3
Widowed 6 3 3 4 3 3 4
Females Single 8 11 6 3 1 8 6 Currently married 42 56 50 48 61 54 52
Divorced/separated 15 9 16 10 11 10 11 Widowed 35 24 28 39 27 28 30
% of currently married who are in polygamous marriages
Males 7 13 17 4 4 10 10
Females 14 14 25 10 2 13 13
Household Composition
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 adult 2 adults 3-4 adults 5-6 adults 7+ adults
Number of adult members
Num
ber o
f hou
seho
lds Female-headed
Male-headed
73%
13%
22%
22% 29%
Problems• LACK OF FOOD• health problems (adult and child)• increasing number of orphans• agricultural production problems (esp lack
of farming inputs)• lack of money, material goods, earning
opportunities• insufficient schooling support for children
Which Households?• Female-headed households• Elderly-headed households• Widow-headed households• Households with a member who is
chronically ill or disabled• Households with a child member who
has been orphaned or taken in• Households headed by children• Households that are simply poor
Orphanhood and Fostering
Child-headed Households• Qualitative vs quantitative data
– “My parents died 4 years ago and being the eldest I look after 6 siblings. I have to put food on the table and pay school fees, especially for those in secondary school.”
– “I have taken up responsibility of looking after my siblings. I like school but attending school won’t put food on the table or pay for the much needed school fees. I would rather work on the farms and earn an income for my family.”
Female youths, Chongwe
Vulnerability Characteristics
All 6 sites (n = 5,009)
% Maternal orphan (mother dead or unknown) 4 Paternal orphan (father dead or unknown) 11
Orphaned (% of all children)
Double orphan 7 Child lives with a parent who is chronically ill 3 Child lives in a hh with anyone who is chronically ill 17 Child has been taken in from another hh 30 Child lives in a hh that has taken in children 53 Child lives in a female-headed hh 22 Child lives in an elderly-headed household 10
Vulnerable (% of all children)
Child lives in a widow/er-headed household 14
Vulnerability Prevalence
32% 46% 22%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Total
neither
vulnerable,not orphaned
orphaned
Vulnerability Distribution
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 1 2 3 4 5-7
Number of characteristics of vulnerability
Num
ber o
f chi
ldre
n
orphanednot orphaned
Lessons Learnt
Implications for Programs• Importance of community input• Targeting • Data requirements
• Further research– Clustering, thresholds– SES– Link to outcomes
Thank you
kschenk@pcdc.org
www.rapids.org.zmwww.popcouncil.org/hivaids/orphans.html
www.popcouncil.org/horizons
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