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Racial Stigma, Mass Incarceration and American
Values
Glenn C. Loury
Merton P. Stoltz Professor
Brown University
February 2007
State Prisons Grow Faster than Higher Ed
According to a 2002 report of the Justice Policy Institute (Washington, DC):
• “During the 1980s and 1990s, state spending on corrections grew at 6 times the rate of state spending on higher education, and by the close of the 1990’s, there were nearly a third more African American men in prison and jail than in universities or colleges.”
Imprisonment in the United States, 1925-2004
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,00019
25
1929
1933
1937
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
Pri
so
n P
op
ula
tio
n
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Inc
arc
era
ted
pe
r 1
00
,00
0
Total prison population Incarceration Rate
Proportion Ever in Prisonby Age, Race and Birth Cohort
White Men Black Men
0
5
10
15
20
25
Born 1945-1949 Born 1965-1969 Born 1945-1949 Born 1965-1969
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34
Two Paths to Civic Incorporation
Europe (Welfare State Remedies for Social Marginality)• Unemployment/welfare are seen as problems of “social exclusion”• Social-democratic activism incorporate marginal into “mainstream”
versus
United States (A Quasi-Paternalism Governs the Poor)• Social dysfunction, behavioral pathology, and personal
disorganization as the sources of marginality
• “Telling the Poor What to Do” (Help and Hassle) – Directive, supervisory, and punitive policies– Supports to enable preferred behavior (faith-based)
-.5
0.5
Pol
icy
Pop
ulat
ion
Rel
ativ
e to
199
0
1990 1995 2000y ear
Receiv ing Cash Assistance Incarcerated
The American Path Chosen: Change in Numbers Incarcerated and Receiving Cash Aid:1990-2000
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