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R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Pressuremeter testing andfoundation design
[Geotech] SEMINAR MONDAY APRIL 29TH,20132013
Georgia Tech, AtlantaGeorgia Tech, Atlanta
Roger FRANK
Université Paris-Est, Navier, CERMES (ENPC-LCPC), Paris
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Contents
� Introduction to design rules. Why use the MPT ?
� Shallow foundations� Axial capacity of piles � Transverse capacity of piles� Conclusions
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Main references� Work of Ménard (1954-1967), Cambefort, Gambin, Cassan, etc. � Work of Laboratoires des ponts et chaussées (LPCs) from
1963-… by Amar, Baguelin, Bustamante, Canépa, Frank, Garnier, Jézéquel and others
� 3 synthetical papers:- Gambin, M., Frank, R. (2009) "Direct Design Rules For Piles Using
Ménard Pressuremeter Test", Proc Int Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo’09 (IFCEE’09), Orlando, Florida, ASCE
- Canépa, Y., Garnier J. (2004). "Etudes expérimentales du comportementdes fondations superficielles - Etat de l'art", Proc. Int Symp. Fondsup2003
- Bustamante M., Frank R. (1999) "Current French design practice for axially loaded piles". Ground Engineering (note : MPM & CPT)
� Foundation engng code for public works (Fascicule 62-V, 1993)and course taught at Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussées –under reunder reunder reunder re----drafting to match Eurocode 7drafting to match Eurocode 7drafting to match Eurocode 7drafting to match Eurocode 7…………
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Contents
� Introduction to design rules. Why use the MPM?
� Shallow foundations� Axial capacity of piles � Transverse capacity of piles � Conclusions
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
The Ménard pressuremeter test (MPT)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
DOCUMENT APAGEO - XPRESSIO
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
p1
p2
pf
EM = 23 MPa
Pl =
1,7
MP
a
VS + 2V1
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Pressuremeter soil profilePressuremeter soil profile
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Bearing capacity : the pressuremeter ‘faith’
qu = qo + kp (ple - po)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
� The pressuremeter test can be performed in all types of soils and soft rocks
� It provides the soil engineer with both afailure parameter and a deformation parameter measured in situ
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Use of in situ test results
� The direct method (‘semi-empirical’) should be preferredi.e direct rules for determining the bearing capacity of foundations from the test results : (and possibly the displacements)
Specific advantages of the Pressuremeterwith the limit pressure pLM :
� bearing capacity of shallow foundations (qp)� axial bearing capacity of deep foundations (qp and qs)With the pressuremeter modulus EM : � settlement of shallow foundations (s)� analysis of the behaviour of deep foundations under
transverse loading
Rd,N,qc, etc.
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
ContentsContents
� Introduction to design rules. Why use the MPM ?
�Shallow foundations� Axial capacity of piles � Transverse capacity of piles� Conclusions
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Tests at Jossigny & La Benne (1980s)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
LCPC CentrifugeLCPC Centrifuge (Nantes) 1985 (Nantes) 1985 --……
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Bearing factors - strip and square footings
(AFNOR, 2013)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Design bearing capacity
Reference stress qréf :
iδβ reduction factor depends on β, δ, d/Be, De/Be
With (model factor) γRD ≈ 1.2andγR;v = 1.4 for ULS
γR;v = 2.3 for SLS
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Pressuremeter method for settlement prediction
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Ménard’s formula for settlement
years)
is the volumetric settlement
is the deviatoric settlement
Rheological coefficient α
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Selection of moduli Ec and Ed
Ec = E 1 and
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
LPCs 1978-1987
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Contents
� Introduction to design rules. Why use the MPM ?
� Shallow foundations
�Axial capacity of piles� Transverse capacity of piles� Conclusions
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Pile load tests at Dunkirk (1985)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Revised MPM rules for bearing capacity : kp
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Revised MPM rules for bearing capacity : qs
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Settlement of piles
t-z curves from Ménard pressuremeter modulus EM(laws of Frank-Zhao, 1982)
for fine grained soils :kτ = 2.0 EM/(2ro) and kq = 11.0 EM/(2ro) for granular soilskτ = 0.8 EM/(2ro) and kq = 4.8 EM/(2ro)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40
EM(MPa)
z(m
)
EM moyen
EM-Forage100
EM-Forage-10
EM-Forage20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
pLM(MPa)
z(m
)
pLM moyen
pLM-Forage100
pLM-Forage10
pLM-Forage20
2nd example : CFA pile in silt and clay (Northern France)
B = 0.5 m ; D = 12 m
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400Charge en tête / vertical load (kN)
dépl
acem
ent /
set
tlem
ent (
mm
)
Pieu test/pile tested(Bustamante M. et Gianeselli L.)Antoinet et al.
Bahar et al.
Robas et Kuder
Said et al.
Mecsi
Monnet
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Contents
� Introduction to design rules. Why use the MPM (and CPT) ?
� Shallow foundations� Axial capacity of piles
�Transverse capacity of piles� Conclusions
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Transverse load tests at Plancoët (1975-…)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
P-y curves
with Kf = 2ESM
18 18EsM = EM --------------------------------------------- or EM
--------------------------
4(2,65 B/Bo)α Bo/B + 3α 4(2,65)α + 3α
EsM = Ménard reaction modulus
Short duration Accidental actions
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
g(z) method
d4y EI ---- + P(y - g) = 0
dz4
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Reaction curve for long duration loads
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Pile of Provins (1974)
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Contents
� Introduction to design rules. Why use the MPM (and CPT) ?
� Shallow foundations� Axial capacity of piles � Transverse capacity of piles
�Conclusions
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
� The pressuremeter allows the determination of thebearing capacity and of the displacement offoundations
� The base capacity is based on the analogy withthe cavity expansion theory (sounder than limitequilibrium approaches)
� The shaft friction of piles is determined essentiallyin an empirical manner (numerous full scale loadtest results)
� MPM results yield easily p-y and t-z curves.
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Eurocode 7 issues/challenges …
� All design rules compatible with Eurocode 7 should be based on pile load test results
� Important role of displacement of foundations ofstructures (more than safety with regard to groundfailure)
� Are we ready of SLS checks only based on displacements? … and is the structural engineerready himself ?
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Thank you for your attention !
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