Question paper Delhi 2017 Set 1 CBSE Class 12 Pol Science · CBSE Class 12 Pol Science General...

QuestionpaperDelhi2017Set1

CBSEClass12PolScience

GeneralInstructions:

Allquestionsarecompulsory.

Questionsnumber1–5areofonemarkeach.Theanswerstothesequestionsshould

notexceed20wordseach.

Questionsnumber6–10areoftwomarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions

shouldnotexceed40wordseach.

Questionsnumber11–16areoffourmarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions

shouldnotexceed100wordseach.

Questionsnumber17–21areoffivemarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions

shouldnotexceed150wordseach.

Questionnumber21isamap-basedquestion.Writeitsanswersinyouranswerbook.

Questionsnumber22–27areofsixmarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions

shouldnotexceed150wordseach.

1.StateanyonespecialfeatureofIndo-Russianfriendship.

Ans.SpecialfeatureofIndia–SovietFriendship:

(i)RussiaisimportantforIndia’snuclearenergyrequirementandspaceindustry

(ii)TheIndianmilitarygetsmostofthehardwarefromRussia

(iii)India-USSR20yearstreatyoffriendship

2.WhichoneofthefollowingwasapartofitsglobalwaronterrorismbytheU.S.?

(a)‘OperationDesertStorm’

(b)ComputerWar

(c)‘OperationEnduringFreedom’

(d)VideogameWar

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Ans.OperationEnduringFreedom

3.Giveanyoneexampletoshowthateventstakingplaceinonepartoftheworldcould

haveanimpactonanotherpartoftheworld.

Ans.Manyeventshappeninginonepartoftheworlddoaffecttheotherpartsoftheworld

as

TheBirdflu

OR

anyotherhealthepidemic

OR

Majoreconomicevents

OR

Tsunami

4.WhathasbeentheideologyofleftpartiesinIndia?

Ans.LeftpartiesinIndiabelieveintheideologyofMarxism,Socialism,Maoism,Egalitarian

Society,State-ownership,pro-poorprogrammes.

5.HowfaristhedemandforreservationbeyondSCs,STsandOBCsjustified?

Ans.AllothersbeyondSCs,STs,andOBCs,whodeservetobenefitfromthepolicyof

reservationmustbeconsidered.

OR

Thereshouldbenoreservationandeverybodyshouldbeconsideredequal.Oranyother

relevantanswer

6.Startinginthe1960s,thetwosuperpowerssignedwhichtwosignificantagreements

tocontrolarms?

Ans.(i)LimitedTestBanTreaty

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(ii)NuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty(NPT)

OranyotherrelevantTreaty

7.AssessthecommonlyagreedupontwogoalsvisualizedbytheIndiansduringthe

nationalmovementwhichhavebeenfulfilledafterindependence.

Ans.Thegoalswere:

(i)Ideasofdemocracy/freedom/equalityandsecularism

(ii)Theupliftmentofthesociallybackwardanddisadvantagedgroups(SocialJustice)

Oranyotherrelevantexample.

8.MatchthefollowingleadersinList–AwiththesuitablestatementsinList–B:

List-A List–B

(a)LalBahadurShastri(i)FounderofCommunistPartyofIndia

(Marxist-Leninst).

(b)C.NatarajanAnnadurai (ii)FounderofD.M.K

(c)CharuMajumdar(iii)AMemberofParliamentfrom1952

tillhisdeathin1986.

(d)JagjiwanRam(iv)Coinedthefamousslogan‘JaiJawan–

JaiKisan’.

Ans.a)--------(iv)

(b)--------(ii)

(c)--------(i)

(d)--------(iii)

9.Inyouropinion,wasAnandpurSahibResolutionapleaforstrengtheningfederalism

orapleaforseparateSikhnation?

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Ans.Thecandidatemayagreethatitstrengthenedfederalismbecauseitredefinedthe

center-staterelationsandfulfilledtheaspirationsoftheSikhstosomeextent.

OR

ThecandidatemaydisagreebymentioningitthatitwasapleafordemandofaseparateSikh

Nation.

10.Assesstheroleofdemocraticnegotiationsinrespondingtoregionalaspirations.

Ans.Democraticnegotiationshaveplayedaconstructiveroleinaddressingregional

aspirationsexamplePunjabAccord,AssamAccord,RajivGandhi-LaldengaAccord(Mizoram

Accord)

11.DescribethefourmajorobjectivesofASEANEconomicCommunity.

Ans.ObjectivesofASEANEconomicCommunity

(i)TocreateacommonmarketandproductionbasewithintheASEANStates.

(ii)Toprovidesocialandeconomicaid

(iii)ToimprovetheexistingASEANDisputeSettlementMechanism

(iv)TocreateaFreeTradeArea.

12.Whatismeantbyalliancebuildingasacomponentoftraditionalsecuritypolicy?

Stateitsadvantages.

Ans.Ans.AnallianceisacoalitionofStatesthatcoordinatetheiractionstodeterorto

defendagainstmilitaryattack.Mostalliancesareinwriting.

ADVANTAGES

(i)Alliancesareformedtoincreasetheeffectivepowerrelativetoanothercountryor

alliance.

(ii)Theyarebasedonnationalinterest.

13.HighlightanyfournegativeconsequencesofglobalizationforthepeopleofIndia.

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Ans.NegativeConsequencesofGlobalisationcrops.

(ii)Fearoflossoflivelihoodforthesmallretailers.

(iii)ToughcompetitionforIndianMNC’sfromforeignMNC’s

(iv)FearoferosionofIndianCulturebyforeigninfluence

(i)LeadstolossforthefarmersiftheexpensiveseedsfromMNC’sfailtheir

14.ExplainthecircumstancesthatledtotheaccessionofHyderabadtoIndia.

Ans.CircumstancethatledtotheaccessionofHyderabadtoIndia:

(i)StandstillagreementwiththeNizam.

(ii)PeasantsrevoltagainsttheoppressiveruleoftheNizam,alsosupportedbywomen.

(iii)TheCommunistsandCongresswereintheforefrontofthemovement.

(iv)Nizamrespondedbyunleashingparamilitaryforces.

(v)CommunalatrocitiesbyRazakars.

(vi)Indiangovernment’smilitaryactionandHyderabad’saccessontoIndia

15.HowdidthemethodsofvotinginfreeIndiagoonchangingfromtimetotimetill

day?Explainthereasonsalso.

Ans.ChangingmethodofvotinginIndia

Inthefirstgeneralelectionin1952,therewasaboxwiththenameofthecandidate

andhis/herelectionsymbol.Eachvoterwasgivenablankballotpapertobedropped

intotheboxofthecandidateofhisorherchoice.

Afterthefirsttwoelectionsthismethodwaschanged.Nowtheballotpapercarried

thenamesandsymbolsofallthecandidates.Thevoterwasrequiredtoputthestamp

onthenameofthecandidateofhis/herchoice.Thiswastobeplacedinsideabox

commonforall.Thissystemcontinuedforyears.

Towardstheendof1990’stheElectionCommissionstartedusingtheEVM’sor

ElectronicVotingMachines.NowthisisusedalloverIndia.

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16.AnalyseanyfourfactorsresponsibleforthedownfalloftheJanataGovernmentin

1979.

Ans.FactorsresponsibleforthedownfalloftheJanataGovernment

(i)TheJantaPartycouldnotkeeptogetherduetointernalconflict.

(ii)Itlackeddirectionandleadership

(iii)Itlackedacommonprogramme

(iv)ItcouldnotbringafundamentalchangeinpoliciesfollowedbytheCongressParty.

(v)TheJantaPartysplitandthegovernmentfell

17.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:

Intheeventofanuclearwar,bothsideswillbesobadlyharmedthatitwillbe

impossibletodeclareonesideortheotherasthewinner,evenifoneofthemtriesto

attackanddisablethenuclearweaponsofitsrival,theotherwouldstillbeleftwith

enoughnuclearweaponstoinflictunacceptabledestruction.Bothsideshavethe

capacitytoretaliateagainstanattackandtocausesomuchdestructionthatneither

canaffordtoinitiatewar.Thus,thecoldwar–inspiteofbeinganintenseformof

rivalrybetweengreatpowers–remaineda‘cold’andnothotorshootingwar.The

deterrencerelationshippreventswarbutnottherivalrybetweenpowers.

(i)Whydidintenserivalrybetweenthesuperpowersremainacoldwaronly?

(ii)Whycan’tanuclearwarbetweenthetwonuclearpowersbedecisive?

(iii)Explainthelogicof‘deterrence’.

Ans.(i)Theintenserivalryremainedacoldwarbecauseeachofthetwosuperpowersknew

thattheywouldnotbeabletosavethemselves,inspiteoftheuseofnuclearweaponsasthey

bothpossessedthecapabilityofdestroyingeachother.

(ii)Itcouldneverbedecisiveaseachpowerhadamplestockofnuclearweapons.Evenafter

gettingdestroyedtheycouldcausedestructionandthennobodywouldbevictories.

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(iii)Inspiteofhavingthecapacitytoretaliateagainstanattack,theycouldnotaffordto

initiatewar.Thisiscalledthelogicof‘deterrence’.

18.Readthepassagegivenbelowcarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:

Despitethemixedrecordofthedemocraticexperience,thepeopleinallthese

countriesofSouthAsiasharetheaspirationfordemocracy.Arecentsurveyofthe

attitudesofthepeopleinthefivebigcountriesoftheregionshowedthatthereis

widespreadsupportfordemocracyinallthesecountries.Ordinarycitizens,richaswell

aspoorandbelongingtodifferentreligions,viewtheideaofdemocracypositivelyand

supporttheinstitutionsofrepresentativedemocracy.Theypreferdemocracyoverany

otherformofgovernmentandthinkthatdemocracyissuitablefortheircountry.These

aresignificantfindings,foritwasearlierbelievedthatdemocracycouldflourishand

findsupportonlyinprosperouscountriesoftheworld.

(i)Assessthepopularityofrepresentativedemocracy.

(ii)Analysethereasonsforthewidespreadsupportfordemocracyinthefivebig

countriesofSouthAsia.

(iii)Howfardoyouagreewiththestatementthatdemocracycanflourishandfind

supportonlyinprosperouscountries?

Ans.(i)Representativedemocracyhasgainedpopularityduetowidespreadsupportinthe

fivebigcountries,whereordinarycitizens–richandpoor,belongingtodifferentreligions,

viewtheideaofdemocracypositivelyandsupporttheinstitutionsofrepresentative

democracy.

(ii)ThereasonforwidespreadsupportfordemocracyinthefivebigcountriesofSouthAsia

isthatitsuitstheircountryandgivesthehopeoffulfillingtheiraspirations.

(iii)IdonotagreewiththisviewastheexamplesofIndiaandSriLankaareaproofofthe

successofdemocrary.Othercountriesalsohavesuccessfuldemocracies.

19.Readthepassagegivenbelowcarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:

Movementsarenotonlyaboutcollectiveassertionsoronlyaboutralliesandprotests.

Theyinvolveagradualprocessofcomingtogetherofpeoplewithsimilarproblems,

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similardemandsandsimilarexpectations.Butthenmovementsarealsoaboutmaking

peopleawareoftheirrightsandtheexpectationsthattheycanhavefromdemocratic

institutions.SocialmovementsinIndiahavebeeninvolvedintheseeducativetasksfor

alongtimeandhavethuscontributedtoexpansionofdemocracyratherthancausing

disruptions.

(i)MentionanyonerightgrantedtothepeopleofIndiaasaresultofanymovement.

(ii)Howfardoyouagreethatsocialmovementshavecontributedtotheexpansionof

democracyratherthancausingdisruptions?

(iii)Whatistherelationshipbetweenthemovementsandthedemocraticinstitutions?

Ans.(i)RightofInformationorRighttoRehabilitalisation.

(oranyotherexample)

(ii)Socialmovementsbringtogetherpeoplewithsimilardemandsandexpectations.They

makethemawareoftheirrights,hencecontributetodemocracy.Oranyotherrelevant

point.

(iii)Everydemocraticinstitutionshascertainfunctionstoperform.Itisthroughthe

movementsthattheaspirationsofthepeoplecometotheforefrontandaregivenpriority.

Hencethereisadeeprelationshipbetweenmovementsanddemocraticinstitutions.

20.

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(i)Identifyandnametheleadershownontherightinthecartoon.

(ii)Whattypeofrelationshipdoesthecartoonindicatebetweenthepeopleandthe

ruler?

(iii)Inyouropinion,howsuccessfulwastheapproachadoptedbytheleaderonthe

righttosolvetheissueofPrincelyStates?

Note:Thefollowingquestionisforvisuallyimpairedcandidatesonlyinlieuof

Ans.(i)SardarVallabhbhaiPatel

(ii)Cartoonshowsthattheprincelyrulersoppressedandexploitedthepeople.

(iii)SardarPatelwasextremelysuccessfulinsolvingtheissueoftheprincelystatesmarger/

accessionwithIndia.

Q.No.20:Answerthefollowingquestions:

20.1NametheDeputyPrimeMinisterinthefirstCouncilofMinistersunderJawaharlal

Nehru.

20.2BeforesigningtheInstrumentofAccessionwiththeIndianGovernment,what

assurancewasgiventotheMaharajaofManipur?

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20.3WhichsectionofthepeopleinHyderabadroseagainsttheNizamandwhy?

Ans.ForVisuallyimpaired

(20.1)SardarVallabhbhaiPatel.

(20.2)MaharajawasassuredthattheinternalautonomyofManipurwillbemaintained.

(20.3)ThepeasantsandfarmersofTelanganarevoltedagainsttheNizamduetohis

oppressivepolicies

21.

Inthegivenpoliticaloutlinemapoftheworld,fivecountrieshavebeenmarkedasA,B

,C,DandE.Identifythesecountriesonthebasisofinformationgivenbelowand

writetheircorrectnamesinyouranswerbookalongwiththeirrespectiveserial

numberoftheinformationusedandtheconcernedalphabetsasperthe

followingformat:

SerialNo.oftheinformation

used

Alphabet

concerned

Nameofthe

Country

(i)

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(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(i)Thecountrywhere‘EarthSummit’washeldinJune1992.

(ii)Aleadingcontributortogreenhousegasemissions.

(iii)Acountryknownforitsanti-dampro-rivermovements.

(iv)AcountryexemptedfromtherequirementoftheKyotoProtocol.

(v)Thesecondlargestproducerofcrudeoilintheworld.

Note:ThefollowingquestionisfortheVisuallyImpairedcandidatesonly,inlieuof

Q.No.21:Answerthefollowingquestions:

21.1Namethecountrywhere‘MontrealProtocol’wassignedin1987.

21.2Namethecountrywhere‘KyotoProtocol’wasagreeduponin1997.

21.3Whichcountrymainlyadvocatedtheviewthatthemajorresponsibilityofcurbing

gasemissionsrestswiththedevelopedcountries?

21.4WhichcountryfromNorthAmericaisknownforitsforestmovements?

21.5MentiontheSouthAmericancountrywhichisfacingenormouspressuredueto

deforestation.

Ans.21.1Canada

21.2Japan

21.3India

21.4Mexico

21.5Brazil

22.HowdidIndiaplayacrucialroleintheNon-alignedMovementduringtheColdWar

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period?Explain.

OR

WhydidtheSovietUnion,thesecondmostpowerfulcountryintheworld,disintegrate

?Explainanysixreasons.

Ans.India’sCrucialroleinNon-alignedMovement–

(i)Indiatookcaretostayawayfromthetwoalliances.

(ii)Itraisedavoiceagainstthenewlydecolonisedcountriesbecomingpartofthesealliances.

(iii)Indiafavouredactiveinterveninginworldaffairstosoftencoldwarrivalries.

(iv)Indianleadersanddiplomatsplayedanimportantroleinreducingdifferencesbetween

thetwoalliances.

(v)Indiacommunicatedandmediatedtoreducetensions.

(vi)IndiainvolvedothermembersofNAMinthismission.

(vii)Indiatriedtoactivatethoseregionalandinternationalorganisationsthatwerenota

partofalliances.

Oranyotherrelevantpoint.

OR

DisintegrationSovietUnion

(i)InternalweaknessofSovietpoliticalandeconomicinstitutions.

(ii)Economicstagnation.

(iii)Sovietresourcesweremainlyusedtomaintainitsnuclearandmilitaryarsenals.

(iv)AwarenessamongSovietpeopleabouttheeconomicadvancementoftheWest.

(v)Stagnationinpoliticalandadministrativefields.

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(vi)TheCommunistPartywasnotanswerabletothepeople.

(vii)Ordinarypeoplewerealienatedfromthegovernment.

(viii)Pooradministration,rampantcorruption,inabilitytocorrectmistakes.

(ix)Lackofopennessandcentralisationofauthority.

(x)Governmentlostpopularbacking

(xi)RiseofnationalismanddesireforsovereigntywithintheSovietrepublics.

(xii)Gorbachov’sruleinreformingtheeconomyandotherreforms.

23“ThebedrockofcontemporaryU.S.powerliesintheoverwhelmingsuperiorityofits

militarypower.”Justifythestatementwithanythreesuitablearguments.

OR

AnalyseanythreemajorfactorsresponsibleforevolvingtheEuropeanUnionfroman

economicuniontoapoliticalone.

Ans.(i)TheU.S.todayhasmilitarycapabilitiesthatcanreachanypointontheplanet

accurately.

(ii)NootherpowerintheworldcanmatchthecapabilityoftheU.S.qualitativelyor

quantitatively.

(iii)TheU.S.todayspendsmoreonitsmilitarycapabilitythanthenext12powerscombined

Oranyotherrelevantpoints

OR

MajorFactors

(i)TheEuropeanUnionhasitsownflag,anthemfoundingdateandcurrency.

(ii)TheE.U.hastriedtoexpandtheareasofcooperation.

(iii)ManynewcountriesespeciallyfromtheerstwhileSovietblochavejoinedtheE.U.

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(iv)TheE.U.haseconomic,political,diplomaticandmilitaryinfluence.

(v)Ithassomeformofcommonsecuritypolicyindealingwithothernations.

24.Describeanythreechallengingglobalissuesthatcanonlybedealtwithwhen

everyoneworkstogether.

OR

Whatismeantbytraditionalnotionofinternalandexternalsecurity?

Ans.Thevariouschallengesthatrequirecollectiveglobalactionare:

(i)Diseases/epidemics(BirdFlu,Ebolavirusetc.)

(ii)GlobalWarming

(iii)Terrorism

(iv)GlobalPoverty

(v)HumanRightsViolations

(Candidatestoexplainanythreeoftheaboveoranyotherrelevantpoint)

OR

1.InternalSecurity

Itisrelatedtosecuritywithinthecountry,i.e.internallawandorder.

Internalsecurityisessentialtofaceanyexternalchallenges.

AfterWorldWarIIinternalsecuritywasalmostassuredinmostofthedeveloped

world.

Oranyotherrelevantpoint

2.ExternalSecurity

Threatofwarormilitaryattackbyanothercountry.

Acountrycanpreventtheattack,defendorsurrender.

Createabalanceofpower.

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Alliancebuilding.

25.AnalysetheimpactonSino-Indianrelationssince1962onwards.

OR

HowfarhasIndiabeensuccessfulinconductingitsforeignpolicypeacefullyand

avoidinginternationalconflicts?Explainwiththehelpofexamples.

Ans.Sino-IndianRelationssince1962

IttookmorethanadecadeforIndia-Chinatoresumenormalrelations.

AtalBihariVajpayeewasthefirsttopleader(theForeignMinister)tovisitChinain

1979.

Later,RajivGandhi,themPMalsovisitedChinain1988.

Sincethen,theemphasisismoreonimprovingrelationsandtradewithChina.

Bilateralagreementshavebeensignedonculturalexchangesandcooperationin

scienceandtechnology.

Talkstoresolvetheboundaryquestionshavecontinuedwithoutinterruptionand

military-to-militarycooperationisincreasing.

IndianandChineseleadersandofficialsvisitBeijingandNewDelhiwithgreater

frequency.

Increasingtransport&communicationlinks/openingofborderposts/adoptionof

similarpoliciesininternationaleconomicinstitutionslikeWTOishelpingtoestablish

amorepositiverelationship.

ChinawasseenascontributingtothebuildupofPakistan’snuclearprogramme.

China’smilitaryrelationswithBangladeshandMyanmarwereviewedashostileto

India’sinterestinSouthAsia.

(anysixpoints)

OR

ThereweremanyinternationaldevelopmentsatthetimeIndiaattainedindependence.

JawaharlalNehru,thePrimeMinisterofIndiawasalsotheForeignMinister.He

playedanimportantroleintheformulationandimplementationofIndia’sforeign

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policy.

NehruwishedtoachieveournationalgoalsthroughthepolicyofNAM.

India’sforeignpolicyfavouredthedreamofapeacefulworld.

ItadvocatedthepolicyofNAMtoreducecoldwartensions.

IndiaprovidedhumanresourcestoUnitedNationsPeaceKeepingForce.

IndiadidnotjoinSuperPowerblocs.

1956,IndiaprotestedagainstBritishactionontheissueofSuezCanal.

IndiadidnottakeanindependentstandincaseofUSSRmissiononHungary.

Pakistan’salliancewithUSandIndia’sleaningtowardsUSSR,werethemainpointsin

decidingourforeignrelations.

IndiahasalwaysstoodforNon-alignmentandworldpeace.

26.ExaminethedevelopmentsthatgaverisetotheconflictbetweentheUnion

GovernmentandtheJudiciaryinIndia.

OR

AnalysethecircumstancesthatledtotherestorationofCongressSystemafterthe

Party’ssplitin1969.

Ans.CausesofconfrontationbetweentheUnionGovernmentandtheJudiciary.

(i)ConstitutionalissueabouttheamendmenttotheFundamentalRights.

(ii)CantheParliamentcurtailtheRighttoPropertybyamendingtheconstitution?

(iii)TheParliamentamendedandabridgedtheFundamentalRightstoimplementDPSPs.But

theJudiciarydidnotagreetothis.

(iv)ItisintheKeshvanandaBhartiCasewhentheJudiciaryassertedthatthebasicfeatures

oftheconstitutioncannotbeamendedevenbytheParliament.

(v)FillingupthevacancyoftheChiefJusticeofIndiabynotappointingtheseniormost

judge.

(vi)TheclimaxoftheconfrontationwastherulingoftheAllahabadHighCourtdeclaring

IndiraGandhi’selectioninvalid.

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Oranyotherrelevantdevelopment

OR

Socialistscredentials,Tenpointprogramme,NationalisationofBanks,Nationalisation

ofGeneralInsurance,Pro-poorprogrammes.

LandReforms,LandCellingAct.

GaribiHatao–Positiveprogramme.

AbolitionofPrivyPurse.

Generationofasupportbaseamongthedisadvantaged,landlessLabourors,dalits,

adivasis,minorities,womenandunemployedyouth.

ResultsoftheGeneralElections1971–CongressVictory.

VictoryintheIndo-PakWar1971–IndiraGandhiseenastheprotectorofthepoor&

theunderprivilegedbutalsoasastrongnationalistleader.

SweepingthroughStateAssemblyElectionsin1972bytheCongress.

Withtwosuccessiveelectionvictories,oneattheCenterandtheotherattheState

level,thedominanceoftheCongresswasrestored.

IndiraGandhihadreinventedtheparty–Itreliedonthepopularityofasupreme

leader.Ithadaweakorganizationalstructureanddidnothavemanyfactions.She

restoredtheCongressbychangingthenatureoftheCongressitself.

27.Describetheexternalandinternaldisputesresponsibleformakingthepoliticsof

JammuandKashmircontinuouslycontroversial.

OR

Describeanythreemajordevelopmentsthatleftalonglastingimpactonthepoliticsof

IndiaafterthedeathofRajivGandhi.

Ans.ExternalDispute

(i)Pakistan’sclaimonKashmir.

(ii)PakistanhasillegallyoccupiedpartofKashmirknownasPakOccupiedKashmir(POK)

andcallsitAzadKashmir,whichispartofIndia.

(iii)TrainingcampsformilitantsinPOKandsupporttomilitancywithinJ&K.

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InternalDispute

(i)StatusofKashmirwithintheIndianUnion.

(ii)SpecialstatusofJ&KunderArticle.370

(iii)Twoviews:

(a)PeopleoutsideJ&KbelievethatArticle370doesnotallowfullintegrationofthestatewith

India.

(b)WithinJ&Kpeoplebelievethatthedemandforplebisitehasnotbeenfulfilled,special

statushasbeeneroded,democracynotproperlyinstitutionalizedasintherestofIndia.

Oranyotherrelevantpoint

OR

(i)EndofCongressSystem.

(ii)RiseofOBCpolitics–MandalIssues.

(iii)DemolitionofBabriMasjidinDecember1992.

(iv)RiseoftheBJP.

(v)BeginningoftheCoalitionEra/alliancepolitics.

(vi)RiseofregionalpartiesastheyplayedaroleintheformationofcoalitionsattheUnion

Governmentlevel.

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