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QC1: Quantum Computing with Superconductors 1. Introduction to Quantum Computation
1.The Unparalleled Power of a Quantum Computer
2.Two state systems: qubits
3.Types of Qubits
2. Quantum Circuits
3. Building a Quantum Computer with Superconductors
1.Quantizing Superconducting Josephson Circuits
2.Dynamics of Two-Level Quantum Systems
3.Types of superconducting qubits
4.Experiments on superconducting qubits
1. Charge qubits
2. Phase/Flux qubits
3. Hybrid qubits
4. Advantages of superconductors as qubits
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
November 29, 2005 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Quantum Computing
Qubits are two level systems a) Spin states can be true two level systems, or b) Any two quantum energy levels can also be used
0We will call the lower energy state and the higher energy state 1
In general, the wave function can be in a superposition of these two states
ψ = a 0 + b 1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
1
Computing with Quantum States • Consider two qubits, each in superposition states
1 +ψ A
0 + = A A B
= ψ B
0 B
1
• We can re-write these states a single state of the 2-e- system
ψ =
0
ψ ψ A B
=( 1 )⊗( 0 )+ +A A B
1 B
= 0 + 0 +0 +A B A
1 B
1 A
0 B
1 A 1
B
• All four “numbers” exist simultaneously • Algorithm designed so that states interfere to give one “number”
with high probability Massachusetts Institute of Technology
6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
The Promise of a Quantum Computer
A Quantum Computer … • Offers exponential improvement in
speed and memory over existing computers
• Capable of reversible computation • e.g. Can factorize a 250-digit number in
seconds while an ordinary computer will take 800 000 years!
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
2
1. Quantum Computing Roadmap Overview
2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Approaches
3. Ion Trap Approaches
4. Neutral Atom Approaches
5. Optical Approaches
6. Solid State Approaches
7. Superconducting Approaches
8. "Unique" Qubit Approaches
9. The Theory Component of the Quantum Information Processing and Quantum Computing Roadmap
http://qist.lanl.gov Massachusetts Institute of Technology
6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Outline 1. Introduction to Quantum Computation
1.The Unparallel Power of a Quantum Computer
2.Two state systems: qubits
3.Types of Qubits
2. Quantum Circuits
3. Building a Quantum Computer with Superconductors
1.Quantizing Superconducting Josephson Circuits
2.Dynamics of Two-Level Quantum Systems
3.Types of Superconducting qubits
4.Experiments on superconducting qubits
1. Charge qubits
2. Phase/Flux qubits
3. Hybrid qubits
4. Advantages of superconductors as qubits
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
3
Circuits for QubitsCircuits for Qubits
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Need to find circuits (dissipationless) which have two “good” energy levels
• Need to be able to “manipulate” qubits and couple them together
6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Harmonic Oscillator LC Circuit
1 2 1 2H =
1 mv 2
1 mω 2 2 H = C V + L Ix
2 +
2 2 2
Φdx v = d Φ and I = v= d t Ldt
dx 2 1 2 2 1 ⎛ d Φ
⎟⎞2
+1 C 1
Φ 2C1 ⎛ ⎞ { ⎜H = m⎜ + mω xH =
2 M ⎝ d t ⎠ 2 { L C dt
{2 ⎝ ⎠ 2 M
ω 2
dx d Φp = mdt p = C = C V
dt Quantum Mechanically Quantum Mechanically
∆ ∆ ≥ h / 2 L C ∆ I ∆ V ≥ h / 2x p
E = h ω ( n +E = h ω ( n + 12
) Massachusetts Institute of Technology
12
)
6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
4
Outline
1. Introduction to Quantum Computation
1.The Unparallel Power of a Quantum Computer
2.Two state systems: qubits
3.Types of Qubits
2. Quantum Circuits
Building a Quantum Computer with Superconductors 3.
1.Quantizing Superconducting Josephson Circuits
2.Dynamics of Two-Level Quantum Systems
3.Types of Superconducting qubits
4.Experiments on superconducting qubits
1. Charge qubits
2. Phase/Flux qubits
3. Hybrid qubits
4. Advantages of superconductors as qubits
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Quantization of Circuits
1. Find the energy of the circuit
2. Change the energy into the Hamiltonian of the circuit by identifying the canonical variables
3. Quantize the Hamiltonian
¾ Usually we can make it look like a familiar quantum system
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
5
Quantization of a Josephson JunctionQuantization of a Josephson Junction
Charging Energy Josephson Energy cUC =
1 Q2 =
1 CV 2 U J =Φ 0 I (1− cos ϕ )
2π
1 ⎛⎜ Φ 0 ⎞
2 ⎛ ϕ∂ ⎞
2
2 C 2
= ⎟ C⎜ ⎟2 ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ ∂ t ⎠
2 EC =
2C EJ
Φ
20
π
Ie = c
Hamiltonian: H = 1 ⎛⎜ Φ 0 ⎞⎟
2
C⎛⎜ϕ∂ ⎟⎞
2
+Φ 0 Ic (1− cos ϕ )
2 ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ ∂ t ⎠ 2π
Circuit behaves just like a physical pendulum.
For Al-Al2O3-Al junction with an area of 100x100 nm2
C = 1fF and Ic=300 nA, which gives EC=10µ eV and EJ=600µ eV
To see quantization, Temperature < 300 mK Massachusetts Institute of Technology
6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
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7
8
Outline 1. Introduction to Quantum Computation
1.The Unparallel Power of a Quantum Computer
2.Two state systems: qubits
3.Types of Qubits
2. Quantum Circuits
3. Building a Quantum Computer with Superconductors
1.Quantizing Superconducting Josephson Circuits
2.Dynamics of Two-Level Quantum Systems
3.Types of Superconducting qubits
4.Experiments on superconducting qubits
1. Charge qubits
2. Phase/Flux qubits
3. Hybrid qubits
4. Advantages of superconductors as qubits
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dynamics Two-Level Quantum Systems
ψ α 2⎛ −F −V ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ Eigenenergies E= F 2 +V , = ⎜ ⎟ H = ⎜
⎝−V * F ⎠⎟ β⎝ ⎠
1⎛ ⎞ At F=0, let ψ ( t = 0 ) = ⎜ ⎟ 0⎝ ⎠ E+
E-
F
1 0
⎛ ⎜⎝
01
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
+V
-V
⎞⎛11
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −1 1
2 1
⎞ ⎟ V V⎠ 1 ⎛ ⎞ i t 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ − i t
ψ ( ) 1
t = ⎜ ⎟12 ⎝ ⎠ e h +
2 ⎜⎝ −1 ⎟⎠ e h
1 0V t ⎛ ⎞ V t ⎛ ⎞ = co s ⎜ ⎟ + i s in ⎜ ⎟0 1h ⎝ ⎠ h ⎝ ⎠
1⎛ ⎞ System oscillates between ⎜ ⎟ 0⎝ ⎠ 0⎛ ⎞ and ⎜ ⎟ with period1
2 ⎜⎝⎜ 1⎟⎠⎟ ⎝ ⎠
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
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Rabi Oscillations
Drive the system with V(t)=V0 eiωt at the resonant frequency ω = E+ − E−
1If ψ (t = 0) = ⎛ ⎞ then⎜ ⎟0,
⎝ ⎠ 1 0V t ⎛ ⎞ o ω ⎛ ⎞0( )ψ t = cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin
V tei t
⎜ ⎟0 1h ⎝ ⎠ h ⎝ ⎠
Oscillations between states can be controlled by V0 and the time of AC drive, with period
hΤ =
2V 0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Charge-State Superconducting Qubit
Images removed for copyright reasons.
Please see: Nakamura, Y., Yu A. Pashkin, and J. S. Tsai. Nature 398, 786 (1999).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
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Charge qubit a Cooper-pair box E EJ / C 3 . 0 ~
Coherence up to ~ 5 ns, presently limited by background charge noise (dephasing) and by readout process (relaxation)
Images removed for copyright reasons.
Please see: Nakamura, Y., Yu A. Pashkin, and J. S. Tsai. Nature 398, 786 (1999).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Types of Superconducting Qubits
• Charge-state Qubits (voltage-controlled) – Cooper pair boxes
• Flux/Phase-state qubits (flux-current control) – Persistent Current Qubits – RF SQUID Qubits – Phase Qubits (single junction)
• Hybrid Charge-Phase Qubits
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Three-Junction Loop Measurements
j
µ µm µm2
LIc µA EJ/Ec
µm µm2
LSQUID Ic µA
Jc2
0≡
1≡
20 µm
1pF 0.45µm
1.1µm 0.55µm
1.1µm
I V
I+ V+Image removed for copyright reasons.
6.763 2005 Lecture QC1 Persistent current qubits require high-quality sub-micron unctions with low current density, and only MIT Lincoln has demonstrated this capability in Nb.
Three-junction Loop Jct. Size ~ 0.45 m, 0.55Loop size ~16x16
3-junction~ 30pH ~1 & 2
~ 350 & 550 DC SQUID Shunt capacitors ~ 1pF Jct. Size ~ 1.1Loop size ~20x20
~ 50pH ~10 & 20
M~35pH ~350 & 730A/cm
1-20 GHz
Images removed for copyright reasons.
Energy Band Diagram of MIT-LL PC-Qubit:
12
Observation of Coherent Superposition of Macroscopic States Jonathan Friedman, Vijay Patel, Wei Chen, Sergey Tolpygo and James Lukens
Images removed for copyright reasons.
Please see: Friedman, J., et al. Nature 406, 43 (July, 2000); and Van der Wal, C., et al. Science 290, 773 (Oct. 2000).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Advantages of Superconductors for Quantum Computing
• Employs lithographic technology • Scalable to large circuits • Combined with on-chip, ultra-fast
control electronics – Microwave Oscillators – Single Flux Quantum classical electronics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
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Images removed for copyright reasons.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Circuits Fabricated at Lincoln Laboratory
Quantum Computation with Superconducting Quantum Devices T.P. Orlando, Ken Segall, D. Crankshaw, D.Nakada, S. Lloyd, L. Levitov,- MIT
M. Tinkham , Nina Markovic, Segio Vanenzula– Harvard; K. Berggren, Lincoln Laboratory
1/27/03
SQUID on-chip oscillator and qubit
Images removed for copyright reasons.
On-chip oscillator couples to qubit: No spectroscopy yet due to high temperature
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
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Image removed for copyright reasons.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
Feasibility of Superconductive Control Electronics Fabrication
On-chip Control for an RF-SQUID M.J. Feldman, M.F. Bocko, Univ. of Rochester
www.ece.rochester.edu/~sde/
Images removed for copyright reasons.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
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Quantum Computation Quantum
/
Dilution Refrigerator Insert
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
with Superconducting Devices T.P. Orlando, Yang Yu, D.Nakada, B. Singh, J. Lee, D. Berns,
Ken Segall, D. Crankshaw, B Cord- MIT
1/27 03
Installed and to begin dc data taking in February and ac data taking in April
Sample Holder
DC Measurement on Nb Persistent Current Qubit
IR sw
VVg
IL sw
Isw
Isw
ISW
FLUX
Isw
FLUX
|1>
|0>
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
SQUID Detector
16
Cum
ulative Distribution Function
Weakly-Driven limit, 3.25 GHz
) T= 25 mK
Cumulative Distribution Function:
Magnetic Flux
Switc
hing
Cur
rent
of S
QU
ID
Resonance peaks at 3.25 GHz
= |0>
= |1>
Yang Yu (MIT) and Will Oliver (MIT-LL
Observation of Coherent Superposition of Macroscopic States Jonathan Friedman, Vijay Patel, Wei Chen, Sergey Tolpygo and James Lukens
Please see: Friedman, J., 406 ; and Van der Wal, C., Science .
Images removed for copyright reasons.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
et al. Nature , 43 (July, 2000)et al. 290, 773 (Oct. 2000)
17
switc
hing
pro
babi
lity
(%)
time between pulses ∆t (µs)
νRF = 16409.50 MHz
Images removed for copyright reasons.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.763 2005 Lecture QC1
CHARGE-FLUX QUBIT
Quantronics Group CEA-Saclay
France
M. Devoret (now at Yale) D. Esteve, C. Urbina D. Vion, H. Pothier P. Joyez, A. Cottet
Coherence time measured by Ramsey fringes : 500ns Qubit transition frequency: 16.5 GHz; coherence quality factor: 25 000
RAMSEY FRINGES
Image removed for copyright reasons.
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