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DiveIntoPython GNUFreeDocumentationLicense DiveIntoPython

DiveIntoPython?? CD-ROM? GNUFreeDocumentationLicense,GeneralPublicLicense, FDL GPL

PythonActivePython(,Windows)

IDLE(,Windows)

Komodo(,Windows)

RPMs(,Linux)

Emacs python-mode

JackJansenbinaries (, MacOS,MacOSX)

Fink(, MacOSX)

Jython(, Java)

PythonLearningtoProgram

HowtoThinkLikeaComputerScientist

ThinkinginPython

Introductions

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PythonPython.org

python.cn

Pythonic

comp.lang.python

c.l.p.announce

Pythonmailinglists

python-chinesemailinglists

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PythonPythonCookbook

VaultsofParnassus

Python.faqts

DiveIntoAccessibility

DiveIntoOSX

DiveIntoGreasemonkey

diveintomark

: >DiveIntoPython>Python >WindowsPython <<>>

1.2.Windows PythonWindows, Python

ActiveStateWindows Python ActivePython, Python;Python IDE PythonWindows,Windows APIs,Windows

ActivePython, ActivePython Python IDE,,ActiveState Python PythonPython

Python“ ”Python, Python

1.1.1: ActivePython

ActivePython:

1. http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePython/ ActivePython

2. Windows95,Windows98WindowsME, ActivePythonWindowsInstaller2.0

3. ActivePython-2.2.2-224-win32-ix86.msi

5. ,,,,14M

6. ,, Start->Programs->ActiveStateActivePython2.2->PythonWinIDE:

PythonWin2.2.2(#37,Nov262002,10:24:37)[MSC32bit(Intel)]onwin32.

see'Help/AboutPythonWin'forfurthercopyrightinformation.

1.2.2: Python.org Python

1. http://www.python.org/ftp/python/ PythonWindows, .exe

2. Python-2.xxx.yyy.exe Python

4. ,HTMLHelp,( Tools/),/( Lib/test/)

5. ,, AdvancedOptions, Non-AdminInstall

6. ,, Start->Programs->Python2.3->IDLE(PythonGUI):

Python2.3.2(#49,Oct22003,20:02:00)[MSCv.120032bit(Intel)]onwin32

Type"copyright","credits"or"license()"formoreinformation.

****************************************************************

PersonalfirewallsoftwaremaywarnabouttheconnectionIDLE

makestoitssubprocessusingthiscomputer'sinternalloopback

interface.Thisconnectionisnotvisibleonanyexternal

interfaceandnodataissenttoorreceivedfromtheInternet.

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IDLE1.0

<<Python 123456789 MacOSXPython>>

: >DiveIntoPython>Python >MacOSXPython <<>>

1.3.MacOSX Python MacOSX, Python:

MacOSX10.2 Python,, XML, XML,

1.3. MacOSX Python

Python:

1. /Applications

2. Utilities

3. Terminal

4. python

WelcometoDarwin!

[localhost:~]you%python

Python2.2(#1,07/14/02,23:25:09)

[GCCApplecpp-precomp6.14]ondarwin

Type"help","copyright","credits",or"license"formoreinformation.

>>>[pressCtrl+Dtogetbacktothecommandprompt]

[localhost:~]you%

1.4. MacOSX Python

Python:

1. http://homepages.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython/download.htmlMacPython-OSX

2. , MacPython-OSX-2.3-1.dmg

3. MacPython-OSX.pkg.

6. ,, /Applications

7. MacPython-2.3

8. PythonIDE Python

MacPythonIDEshellshell, Window->PythonInteractive(Cmd-0).:

Python2.3(#2,Jul302003,11:45:28)

[GCC3.120020420(prerelease)]

Type"copyright","credits"or"license"formoreinformation.

MacPythonIDE1.0.1

1.1. Python

[localhost:~]you%python

Python2.2(#1,07/14/02,23:25:09)

[GCCApplecpp-precomp6.14]ondarwin

[localhost:~]you%/usr/local/bin/python

Python2.3(#2,Jul302003,11:45:28)

[GCC3.120020420(prerelease)]ondarwin

[localhost:~]you%

<<WindowsPython 123456789 MacOS9Python>>

: >DiveIntoPython>Python >MacOS9Python <<>>

1.4.MacOS9 PythonMacOS9 Python,,

MacOS9 Python:

1. http://homepages.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython/download.htmlMacPython23full.bin

2. , MacPython23full.bin StuffitExpander

3. MacPython23full

5. ,, /Applications

6. MacPython-OS92.3

7. PythonIDE Python

MacPythonIDEshellshell, Window->PythonInteractive(Cmd-0).:

Python2.3(#2,Jul302003,11:45:28)

[GCC3.120020420(prerelease)]

Type"copyright","credits"or"license"formoreinformation.

MacPythonIDE1.0.1

<<MacOSXPython 123456789 RedHatLinuxPython>>

: >DiveIntoPython>Python >RedHatLinuxPython <<>>

1.5.RedHatLinux PythonLinux UNIXLinux

http://www.python.org/ftp/python/, rpms/ PythonRPMrpm,:

1.2.RedHatLinux9

localhost:~$su-

Password:[enteryourrootpassword]

[root@localhostroot]#wgethttp://python.org/ftp/python/2.3/rpms/redhat-9/python2.3-2.3-5pydotorg.i386.rpm

Resolvingpython.org...done.

Connectingtopython.org[194.109.137.226]:80...connected.

HTTPrequestsent,awaitingresponse...200OK

Length:7,495,111[application/octet-stream]

[root@localhostroot]#rpm-Uvhpython2.3-2.3-5pydotorg.i386.rpm

Preparing...###########################################[100%]

1:python2.3###########################################[100%]

[root@localhostroot]#python

Python2.2.2(#1,Feb242003,19:13:11)

[GCC3.2.220030222(RedHatLinux3.2.2-4)]onlinux2

>>>[pressCtrl+Dtoexit]

[root@localhostroot]#python2.3

Python2.3(#1,Sep122003,10:53:56)

[GCC3.2.220030222(RedHatLinux3.2.2-5)]onlinux2

[root@localhostroot]#whichpython2.3

/usr/bin/python2.3

python Python——, python2.3 Python #!shell

<<MacOS9Python 123456789 DebianGNU/LinuxPython>>

: >DiveIntoPython>Python >DebianGNU/LinuxPython <<>>

1.6.DebianGNU/Linux PythonDebian GNU/Linux, Python apt

1.3.Debian GNU/Linux

localhost:~$su-

localhost:~#apt-getinstallpython

ReadingPackageLists...Done

BuildingDependencyTree...Done

Thefollowingextrapackageswillbeinstalled:

python2.3

Suggestedpackages:

python-tkpython2.3-doc

ThefollowingNEWpackageswillbeinstalled:

pythonpython2.3

0upgraded,2newlyinstalled,0toremoveand3notupgraded.

Needtoget0B/2880kBofarchives.

Afterunpacking9351kBofadditionaldiskspacewillbeused.

Doyouwanttocontinue?[Y/n]Y

Selectingpreviouslydeselectedpackagepython2.3.

(Readingdatabase...22848filesanddirectoriescurrentlyinstalled.)

Unpackingpython2.3(from.../python2.3_2.3.1-1_i386.deb)...

Selectingpreviouslydeselectedpackagepython.

Unpackingpython(from.../python_2.3.1-1_all.deb)...

Settinguppython(2.3.1-1)...

Settinguppython2.3(2.3.1-1)...

Compilingpythonmodulesin/usr/lib/python2.3...

Compilingoptimizedpythonmodulesin/usr/lib/python2.3...

localhost:~#exit

logout

localhost:~$python

Python2.3.1(#2,Sep242003,11:39:14)

[GCC3.3.220030908(Debianprerelease)]onlinux2

Type"help","copyright","credits"or"license"formoreinformation.

<<RedHatLinuxPython 123456789 Python>>

: >DiveIntoPython>Python >Python <<>>

1.7. Python, http://www.python.org/ftp/python/ Python, .tgz,configure,make,makeinstall

localhost:~$su-

localhost:~#wgethttp://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.3/Python-2.3.tgz

Resolvingwww.python.org...done.

Connectingtowww.python.org[194.109.137.226]:80...connected.

HTTPrequestsent,awaitingresponse...200OK

Length:8,436,880[application/x-tar]

localhost:~#tarxfzPython-2.3.tgz

localhost:~#cdPython-2.3

localhost:~/Python-2.3#./configure

checkingMACHDEP...linux2

checkingEXTRAPLATDIR...

checkingfor--without-gcc...no

localhost:~/Python-2.3#make

gcc-pthread-c-fno-strict-aliasing-DNDEBUG-g-O3-Wall-Wstrict-prototypes

-I.-I./Include-DPy_BUILD_CORE-oModules/python.oModules/python.c

-I.-I./Include-DPy_BUILD_CORE-oParser/acceler.oParser/acceler.c

-I.-I./Include-DPy_BUILD_CORE-oParser/grammar1.oParser/grammar1.c

localhost:~/Python-2.3#makeinstall

/usr/bin/install-cpython/usr/local/bin/python2.3

localhost:~/Python-2.3#exit

logout

localhost:~$whichpython

/usr/local/bin/python

localhost:~$python

Python2.3.1(#2,Sep242003,11:39:14)

[GCC3.3.220030908(Debianprerelease)]onlinux2

Type"help","copyright","credits"or"license"formoreinformation.

localhost:~$

<<DebianGNU/LinuxPython 123456789 PythonShell>>

: >DiveIntoPython>Python >PythonShell <<>>

1.8. PythonShell Python,shell

Python,,,shell, Pythonshell

Pythonshell,:

1.5.Shell

>>>1+1

>>>print'helloworld'

helloworld

>>>x=1

>>>y=2

>>>x+y

Pythonshell Python,shell Python,print,shellSheel,

<<Python 123456789 >>

: >DiveIntoPython>Python > <<>>

1.9. Python

, Python, Python

, Python

<<PythonShell 123456789 Python>>

2.2.2.2.1.Python

Python, C++ Pascal interface/implementation,:

defbuildConnectionString(params):

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Java Python,,

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Python (), (,)

<<Python 123456 >>

2.3. docstring() Python

2.2. buildConnectionString docstring

"""Buildaconnectionstringfromadictionaryofparameters.

Returnsstring."""

,, docstring

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docstring, docstring,(,) Python docstring

PythonIDE docstring,, docstring, docstring

PEP257 docstringPythonStyleGuide docstring

PythonTutorial docstring

<< 123456 >>

2.4.2.4.1.2.4.2.

, Python,

Python,

PythonIDE:

2.3. buildConnectionString docstring

>>>importodbchelper

>>>params={"server":"mpilgrim","database":"master","uid":"sa",

>>>printodbchelper.buildConnectionString(params)

server=mpilgrim;uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret

>>>printodbchelper.buildConnectionString.__doc__

Buildaconnectionstringfromadictionary

Returnsstring.

odbchelper, Python ( 4 Python),,, buildConnectionString,odbchelper.buildConnectionString Java, __doc__

Python import Perl require import Python, module.function require Perl,module::function

2.4.1.

,, Python, sys.path

>>>importsys

>>>sys.path

['','/usr/local/lib/python2.2','/usr/local/lib/python2.2/plat-linux2',

'/usr/local/lib/python2.2/lib-dynload','/usr/local/lib/python2.2/site-packages',

'/usr/local/lib/python2.2/site-packages/PIL','/usr/local/lib/python2.2/site-packages/piddle']

>>>sys

<module'sys'(built-in)>

>>>sys.path.append('/my/new/path')

sys,sys.path(,, Python,) Python() .py,, .py, sys,"", Python, Python, Python( sys C), sys.path, Python,,( 3 appendlist)

2.4.2.

Python, __doc__, docstring sys,

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,, Python ,

PythonReferenceManual Python,,eff-bot Python.

<< 123456 >>

2.5.Python begin end,, (

2.5. buildConnectionString

Returnsstring."""

return";".join(["%s=%s"%(k,v)fork,vinparams.items()])

"" if for while,,,,,( docstring)44,

2.6“if” if

2.6.if

deffib(n):

print'n=',n

ifn>1:

returnn*fib(n-1)

print'endoftheline'

return1

fib, n

Python, print print,,(),,() 5 fib,"n=5"

if iftrue,, else if else, else,

Fortran,, Python, Python

Python, C++ Java,

PythonReferenceManual,PythonStyleGuide

<< 123456 >>

2.6. Python

if__name__=="__main__":

,, if , if,

C, Python ==, = C, Python,

if, __name__ __name__ import, __name__, __name__

>>>importodbchelper

>>>odbchelper.__name__

'odbchelper'

,, if, __name__ __main__,,

MacPython, if__name__ ,,__main__

PythonReferenceManual

<< 123456 >>

: >DiveIntoPython>>List <<>>

3.2.List3.2.1.List3.2.2.list3.2.3.list3.2.4.list3.2.5.list

List Pythonlist VisualBasic Powerbuilder,Pythonlist

Pythonlist Perl Perl, @ Python,, Python

Pythonlist Java(, Pythonlist Java) ArrayList,,

3.2.1.List

3.6.List

>>>li=["a","b","mpilgrim","z","example"]

['a','b','mpilgrim','z','example']

>>>li[0]

>>>li[4]

'example'

5listList

List0listli[0]

5list li[4],0

3.7.list

>>>li[-1]

'example'

>>>li[-3]

'mpilgrim'

listlist li[-1]

,: li[-n]==li[len(li)-n]list, li[-3]==li[5-

3]==li[2]

3.8.list(slice)

>>>li[1:3]

['b','mpilgrim']

>>>li[1:-1]

['b','mpilgrim','z']

>>>li[0:3]

['a','b','mpilgrim']

2list,“ slice”list,listslice( li[1]),slice( li[3])slice,slice,list,slice,slice

List0, li[0:3]list3, li[0], li[3]

3.9.Slice

>>>li[:3]

['a','b','mpilgrim']

>>>li[3:]

['z','example']

>>>li[:]

0,,0 li[:3] 3.8“list(slice)” li[0:3],list, li[3:] li[3:5],list55list, li[:3]3, li[3:]2, li[:n]

n, li[n:],list,list lilist,list, li li[:]list

3.2.2.list

3.10.list

>>>li.append("new")

['a','b','mpilgrim','z','example','new']

>>>li.insert(2,"new")

['a','b','new','mpilgrim','z','example','new']

>>>li.extend(["two","elements"])

['a','b','new','mpilgrim','z','example','new','two','elements']

appendlist

insertlist,list, 'new', li[2]

extendlist extend,list,list

3.11.extend() append()

>>>li=['a','b','c']

>>>li.extend(['d','e','f'])

['a','b','c','d','e','f']

>>>len(li)

>>>li[-1]

>>>li=['a','b','c']

>>>li.append(['d','e','f'])

['a','b','c',['d','e','f']]

>>>len(li)

>>>li[-1]

['d','e','f']

Lists extend append, extend,list,listlistlist3( 'a','b' 'c'),3( 'd','e' 'f')list,list6, append,,list3list44? extend, append

3.2.3.list

3.12.list

>>>li.index("example")

>>>li.index("new")

>>>li.index("c")

Traceback(innermostlast):

File"<interactiveinput>",line1,in?

ValueError:list.index(x):xnotinlist

>>>"c"inli

indexlistindexlist 'new'list, li[2] li[6],index, 2

list, Python,,,,list, in,, True, False

2.2.1, Python, Python( if),:

0false;true( "")false;truelist( [])false;listtruetuple( ())false;tupletruedictionary( {})false;dictionarytrue

Python2.2.1,, True False Python

3.2.4.list

3.13.list

>>>li.remove("z")

['a','b','new','mpilgrim','example','new','two','elements']

>>>li.remove("new")

['a','b','mpilgrim','example','new','two','elements']

>>>li.remove("c")

ValueError:list.remove(x):xnotinlist

>>>li.pop()

'elements'

['a','b','mpilgrim','example','new','two']

removelistremove, 'new'list, li.remove("new") 'new'

list, Python indexpop:list,, li[-1],listli.remove(value),list

3.2.5.list

3.14.List

>>>li=['a','b','mpilgrim']

>>>li=li+['example','new']

['a','b','mpilgrim','example','new']

>>>li+=['two']

['a','b','mpilgrim','example','new','two']

>>>li=[1,2]*3

[1,2,1,2,1,2]

Lists + list=list+otherlistlist.extend(otherlist) +()list, extendlist,list, extendPython += li+=['two'] li.extend(['two']) +=list,,( 5*list li=[1,2]*3 li=[1,2]+[1,2]+[1,2],list

HowtoThinkLikeaComputerScientistlist, listPythonTutorial listPythonKnowledgeBase list listPythonLibraryReference list

<< 12345678 Tuple>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>Tuple <<>>

3.3.TupleTuplelisttuple

3.15.tuple

>>>t=("a","b","mpilgrim","z","example")

('a','b','mpilgrim','z','example')

>>>t[0]

>>>t[-1]

'example'

>>>t[1:3]

('b','mpilgrim')

tuplelist,TuplelistTupleslist0,tuple t[0]

listtuplelist(slice)list,listtuple,tuple

3.16.Tuple

('a','b','mpilgrim','z','example')

>>>t.append("new")

AttributeError:'tuple'objecthasnoattribute'append'

>>>t.remove("z")

AttributeError:'tuple'objecthasnoattribute'remove'

>>>t.index("example")

AttributeError:'tuple'objecthasnoattribute'index'

>>>"z"int

tupleTuple append extend

tupleTuple remove pop

tupleTuple index, intuple

Tuplelist,,tuplelist“ ”,tuplelist assert,,tuplelist() dictionarykeys,“ ”? Tuples Tuplesdictionarykey,list,DictionarykeyTuple,listtuple,,dictionarykey,dictionarytupledictionarykeyTuples,

Tuplelist, tuplelist,tuplelist, tuplelist, listtuple

HowtoThinkLikeaComputerScientisttuple tuplePythonKnowledgeBase tuplePythonTutorial tuple

<<List 12345678 >>

: >DiveIntoPython>> <<>>

3.4.3.4.1.3.4.2.

dictionary,tuple,list(,), 2

Python,,

3.17. myParams

myParams={"server":"mpilgrim",\

"database":"master",\

"uid":"sa",\

"pwd":"secret"\

,,(“ \”)

(“ \”),, Python PythonIDE,,

,,( dictionary )(“ \”),,,

, myParams, VBScript optionexplicit, VBScript, Python,

3.4.1.

NameError:Thereisnovariablenamed'x'

>>>x=1

Python

3.4.2.

Python“”

>>>v=('a','b','e')

>>>(x,y,z)=v

vtuple, (x,y,z)tupletupletuple, v

C, enum,, Python, range

>>>range(7)

[0,1,2,3,4,5,6]

>>>(MONDAY,TUESDAY,WEDNESDAY,THURSDAY,FRIDAY,SATURDAY,SUNDAY)=range(7)

>>>MONDAY

>>>TUESDAY

>>>SUNDAY

rangelist,0list,,(,printrange.__doc__)MONDAY,TUESDAY,WEDNESDAY,THURSDAY,FRIDAY,SATURDAY SUNDAY( calendar, UNIX cal calendar): MONDAY 0,TUESDAY 1,

,tupletuple, Python, os, 6

PythonReferenceManualHowtoThinkLikeaComputerScientist

<<Tuple 12345678 >>

3.5.Python, %s

Python, C sprintf

>>>k="uid"

>>>v="sa"

>>>"%s=%s"%(k,v)

'uid=sa'

%s k %s v(,)

(k,v)tuple

>>>uid="sa"

>>>pwd="secret"

>>>printpwd+"isnotagoodpasswordfor"+uid

secretisnotagoodpasswordforsa

>>>print"%sisnotagoodpasswordfor%s"%(pwd,uid)

secretisnotagoodpasswordforsa

>>>userCount=6

>>>print"Usersconnected:%d"%(userCount,)

Usersconnected:6

>>>print"Usersconnected:"+userCount

TypeError:cannotconcatenate'str'and'int'objects

+,(userCount,)tuple,,tuple,,list,tupledictionary,,tuple,tuple userCount %s %d,

printf C, Python,

>>>print"Today'sstockprice:%f"%50.4625

50.462500

>>>print"Today'sstockprice:%.2f"%50.4625

>>>print"Changesinceyesterday:%+.2f"%1.5

%f,6".2" %f2 +".2",2

PythonLibraryReferenceEffectiveAWKProgramming , ,0

<< 12345678 list>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>list <<>>

3.6.listPythonlist,,list,listlist

3.24.List

>>>li=[1,9,8,4]

>>>[elem*2foreleminli]

[2,18,16,8]

[1,9,8,4]

>>>li=[elem*2foreleminli]

[2,18,16,8]

, lilist Python li, elem, Pythonelem*2,list,listlistlist Pythonlist,list, Python

2 buildConnectionStringlist:

["%s=%s"%(k,v)fork,vinparams.items()]

,dictionary params itemsdictionarytuplelist

3.25.keys,values items

>>>params.keys()

['server','uid','database','pwd']

>>>params.values()

['mpilgrim','sa','master','secret']

>>>params.items()

[('server','mpilgrim'),('uid','sa'),('database','master'),('pwd','secret')]

Dictionary keyslistlistdictionary(,dictionary),listvalueslistlist keyslist, n,params.values()[n]==params[params.keys()[n]]items (key,value)tuplelistlistdictionary

buildConnectionStringlist, params.items(),listlistparams.items(),listdictionary params

3.26.buildConnectionStringlist

>>>params.items()

[('server','mpilgrim'),('uid','sa'),('database','master'),('pwd','secret')]

>>>[kfork,vinparams.items()]

['server','uid','database','pwd']

>>>[vfork,vinparams.items()]

['mpilgrim','sa','master','secret']

>>>["%s=%s"%(k,v)fork,vinparams.items()]

['server=mpilgrim','uid=sa','database=master','pwd=secret']

list params.items() params.items() ('server',

'mpilgrim'),list, k 'server',v 'mpilgrim',list v, k,list params.keys(), k,list params.values() ,dictionarykey-valuelist list

PythonTutoriallist mapPythonTutorial listlist

<< 12345678 list>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>list <<>>

3.7.list3.7.1.

key=valuekey-valuelist,list, join

buildConnectionStringlist:

,, ,, ";", join

, joinlist,

joinlist;list

3.27.odbchelper.py

>>>["%s=%s"%(k,v)fork,vinparams.items()]

>>>";".join(["%s=%s"%(k,v)fork,vinparams.items()])

'server=mpilgrim;uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret'

odbchelper,,

list, split

>>>li=['server=mpilgrim','uid=sa','database=master','pwd=secret'

>>>s=";".join(li)

'server=mpilgrim;uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret'

>>>s.split(";")

>>>s.split(";",1)

['server=mpilgrim','uid=sa;database=master;pwd=secret']

split join,list ,(“ ;”),listsplit,(“ ,... ”,)

anystring.split(delimiter,1),,(list)(list),

PythonKnowledgeBase ,PythonLibraryReferencePythonLibraryReference stringTheWholePythonFAQ joinlist

3.7.1.

Python, joinlist,, join Python1.6, string,,, lower,upper split Pythonjoin,list, string()string.join

<<list 12345678 >>

3.8. odbchelper.py

Returnsstring."""

"uid":"sa",\

"pwd":"secret"\

printbuildConnectionString(myParams)

odbchelper.py:

PythonIDE Python IDE, docstring, dictionary,tuple list,:,list,dictionary,

list list listlistlist

<<list 12345678 >>

4.2.Python SQLServerTransact/SQL

definfo(object,spacing=10,collapse=1):

spacing collapse object info spacing10collapse 1 info collapse 1

collapse spacing spacing Python

4.4.info

info(odbchelper)

info(odbchelper,12)

info(odbchelper,collapse=0)

info(spacing=15,object=odbchelper)

spacing 10collapse 1

collapse 1

collapse spacing10

( object),

“ ” Python“ ”

PythonTutorial list

<< 123456789 typestrdir>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>typestrdir <<>>

4.3. typestrdir

4.3.1.type4.3.2.str4.3.3.

Python VisualBasic

4.3.1.type

type types

4.5.type

>>>type(1)

<type'int'>

>>>li=[]

>>>type(li)

<type'list'>

>>>importodbchelper

>>>type(odbchelper)

<type'module'>

>>>importtypes

>>>type(odbchelper)==types.ModuleType

type----typetypetype types info

4.3.2.str

4.6.str

>>>str(1)

>>>horsemen=['war','pestilence','famine']

>>>horsemen

['war','pestilence','famine']

>>>horsemen.append('Powerbuilder')

>>>str(horsemen)

"['war','pestilence','famine','Powerbuilder']"

>>>str(odbchelper)

"<module'odbchelper'from'c:\\docbook\\dip\\py\\odbchelper.py'>"

>>>str(None)

'None'

str strstrstr NoneNone Pythonnull 'None' info

info dir dir……

4.7.dir

>>>li=[]

>>>dir(li)

['append','count','extend','index','insert',

'pop','remove','reverse','sort']

>>>d={}

>>>dir(d)

['clear','copy','get','has_key','items','keys','setdefault','update','values']

>>>importodbchelper

>>>dir(odbchelper)

['__builtins__','__doc__','__file__','__name__','buildConnectionString']

li dir(li)d dir(d) keys

odbchelper dir(odbchelper)__name____doc__, odbchelper 2buildConnectionString

callable True False

4.8.callable

>>>importstring

>>>string.punctuation

'!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'

>>>string.join

>>>callable(string.punctuation)

>>>callable(string.join)

>>>printstring.join.__doc__

join(list[,sep])->string

Returnastringcomposedofthewordsinlist,with

interveningoccurrencesofsep.Thedefaultseparatorisa

singlespace.

(joinfieldsandjoinaresynonymous)

string join string.punctuation

string.joinstring.punctuationstring.join docstring callable

4.3.3.

typestrdir Python __builtin__ Python from

__builtin__import*“ ”

__builtin__ Python info AttributeError

>>>fromapihelperimportinfo

>>>import__builtin__

>>>info(__builtin__,20)

ArithmeticErrorBaseclassforarithmeticerrors.

AssertionErrorAssertionfailed.

AttributeErrorAttributenotfound.

EOFErrorReadbeyondendoffile.

EnvironmentErrorBaseclassforI/Orelatederrors.

ExceptionCommonbaseclassforallexceptions.

FloatingPointErrorFloatingpointoperationfailed.

IOErrorI/Ooperationfailed.

[...snip...]

Python Pythonman Python

PythonLibraryReference

<< 123456789 getattr>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>getattr <<>>

4.4. getattr

4.4.1.getattr4.4.2.getattr

Python getattr

4.10.getattr

>>>li=["Larry","Curly"]

>>>li.pop

<built-inmethodpopoflistobjectat010DF884>

>>>getattr(li,"pop")

<built-inmethodpopoflistobjectat010DF884>

>>>getattr(li,"append")("Moe")

["Larry","Curly","Moe"]

>>>getattr({},"clear")

<built-inmethodclearofdictionaryobjectat00F113D4>

>>>getattr((),"pop")

AttributeError:'tuple'objecthasnoattribute'pop'

pop pop pop li.pop()

pop getattr getattrlistpop

getattr li.append("Moe")getattr

getattr getattr

4.4.1. getattr

getattr

4.11.apihelper.py getattr

>>>importodbchelper

>>>odbchelper.buildConnectionString

>>>getattr(odbchelper,"buildConnectionString")

>>>object=odbchelper

>>>method="buildConnectionString"

>>>getattr(object,method)

>>>type(getattr(object,method))

<type'function'>

>>>importtypes

>>>type(getattr(object,method))==types.FunctionType

>>>callable(getattr(object,method))

odbchelper buildConnectionString 2 Python

getattr getattr(object,"attribute") object.attribute

object attribute info object method

method type method

4.4.2.getattr

getattr

HTMLXML statsout output_htmloutput_xmloutput_text

4.12. getattr

importstatsout

defoutput(data,format="text"):

output_function=getattr(statsout,"output_%s"%format)

returnoutput_function(data)

output data format format text format"output_" statsout statsoutoutput_pdf“pdf” format output

output_function statsout

Bug statsout getattr None

output_function

getattr

4.13.getattr

importstatsout

defoutput(data,format="text"):

output_function=getattr(statsout,"output_%s"%format,statsout.output_text)

returnoutput_function(data)

getattr

<<typestrdir 123456789 >>

4.5.Python3.6“list”

[mapping-expressionforelementinsource-listiffilter-expression

if Python

>>>li=["a","mpilgrim","foo","b","c","b","d","d"]

>>>[elemforeleminliiflen(elem)>1]

['mpilgrim','foo']

>>>[elemforeleminliifelem!="b"]

['a','mpilgrim','foo','c','d','d']

>>>[elemforeleminliifli.count(elem)==1]

['a','mpilgrim','foo','c']

Python

count b d

apihelper.py

methodList=[methodformethodindir(object)ifcallable(getattr(object,method))]

methodList dir(object) object—— if

callablegetattr in object method

getattr(object,method)

object// getattr pop odbchelper buildConnectionString __name__

PythonTutorial

<<getattr 123456789 andor>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>andor <<>>

4.6.and or

4.6.1.and-or

Python and or

4.15.and

>>>'a'and'b'

>>>''and'b'

>>>'a'and'b'and'c'

and 0''[](){}None 5 and and 'a' 'b' 'b'

and '' and 'c'

4.16.or

>>>'a'or'b'

>>>''or'b'

>>>''or[]or{}

>>>defsidefx():

...print"insidefx()"

...return1

>>>'a'orsidefx()

or and or 'a'or '' 'b' 'b'

or or '' [] {} {} or sidefx or 'a''a'

C bool?a:b bool a b Python and or

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4.17.and-or

>>>a="first"

>>>b="second"

>>>1andaorb

'first'

>>>0andaorb

'second'

C bool?a:b and 1and'first''first' 'first'or'second' 'first'

0and'first' False 0or'second' 'second'

Python and-or C bool?a:b a

4.18.and-or

>>>a=""

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>>>1andaorb

'second'

a Python 1and'' '' ''or'second''second'

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>>>a=""

>>>b="second"

>>>(1and[a]or[b])[0]

[a] a 0 '' [a]

if lambda

PythonCookbook and-or

<< 123456789 lambda>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>lambda <<>>

4.7. lambda

4.7.1.lambda

Python lambda Lisp

4.20.lambda

>>>deff(x):

...returnx*2

>>>f(3)

>>>g=lambdax:x*2

>>>g(3)

>>>(lambdax:x*2)(3)

lambda return

lambda lambda

lambda lambda lambda

lambda

4.7.1. lambda

apihelper.py lambda

processFunc=collapseand(lambdas:"".join(s.split()))or(

and-or lambda lambda

4.21.split

>>>s="thisis\na\ttest"

>>>prints

thisis

a test

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['this','is','a','test']

>>>print"".join(s.split())

'thisisatest'

\n \t split split join info doc

string

info lambda split and-or

processFunc collapse collapse processFunc(string) processFunc(string)

VisualBasic collapse ifPython lambda

lambda

PythonKnowledgeBase lambda

PythonTutorial lambdaPEP227 PythonTheWholePythonFAQ lambda

<<andor 123456789 >>

apihelper.py

print"\n".join(["%s%s"%

(method.ljust(spacing),

processFunc(str(getattr(object,method).__doc__)))

formethodinmethodList])

formethodinmethodList

methodList object method

4.22. docstring

>>>importodbchelper

>>>object=odbchelper

>>>method='buildConnectionString'

>>>getattr(object,method)

>>>printgetattr(object,method).__doc__

Buildaconnectionstringfromadictionaryofparameters.

Returnsstring.

info object methodList method getattr object method

docstring

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>>>>>>deffoo():print2

>>>>>>foo()

>>>>>>foo.__doc__

>>>foo.__doc__==None

>>>str(foo.__doc__)

'None'

docstring __doc__ None __doc__

IDE __doc__ None __doc__strnull 'None'

SQL ISNULL =NULLnull Python ==

None isNone isNone

processFunc str None processFunc split None None split

processFunc method ljust ljust

4.24.ljust

>>>s='buildConnectionString'

>>>s.ljust(30)

'buildConnectionString'

>>>s.ljust(20)

'buildConnectionString'

ljust info docstring

ljust processFunc docstring methodList "\n" join

>>>li=['a','b','c']

>>>print"\n".join(li)

Python

<<lambda 123456789 >>

4.9.apihelper.py

"""Printmethodsanddocstrings.

Takesmodule,class,list,dictionary,orstring."""

printinfo.__doc__

apihelper.py

>>>li=[]

>>>info(li)

appendL.append(object)--appendobjecttoend

countL.count(value)->integer--returnnumberofoccurrencesofvalue

extendL.extend(list)--extendlistbyappendinglistelements

indexL.index(value)->integer--returnindexoffirstoccurrenceofvalue

insertL.insert(index,object)--insertobjectbeforeindex

popL.pop([index])->item--removeandreturnitematindex(defaultlast)

removeL.remove(value)--removefirstoccurrenceofvalue

reverseL.reverse()--reverse*INPLACE*

sortL.sort([cmpfunc])--sort*INPLACE*;ifgiven,cmpfunc(x,y)->-1,0,1

str getattr and-or lambda Python

<< 123456789 >>

: >DiveIntoPython>>frommoduleimport <<>>

5.2. frommoduleimport

Python importmodule2.4“”

frommoduleimport

fromUserDictimportUserDict

importmodule types frommoduleimport*

Python frommoduleimport* Perl usemodule

Python importmodule Perl requiremodule

Python frommoduleimport* Java importmodule.*

Python importmodule Java importmodule

5.2.importmodulevs.frommoduleimport

>>>importtypes

>>>types.FunctionType

<type'function'>

>>>FunctionType

NameError:Thereisnovariablenamed'FunctionType'

>>>fromtypesimportFunctionType

>>>FunctionType

<type'function'>

types Python types

FunctionType types types FunctionType FunctionType types

frommoduleimport

frommodule

frommoduleimport

importmodule

Python

frommoduleimport*

eff-bot importmodulevs.frommoduleimportPythonTutorial frommoduleimport*

<< 12345678910 >>

5.3.5.3.1.5.3.2.self__init__

Python

Python Python class

5.3. Python

classLoaf:

Loaf EachWordLikeThis

pass Python“ ”

if for

Python pass Java C( {})

C++ Python Python __init__

5.4. FileInfo

classFileInfo(UserDict):

Python FileInfo UserDict UserDict

UserDict UserList UserString2.2dict,list“”

Python Java extends

Python

5.3.1.

__init__ FileInfo

5.5. FileInfoClass

"storefilemetadata"

def__init__(self,filename=None):

docstrings__init__ __init__“ init” __init__ __init__ Python

__init__ self __init__ self self

Python__init__ filename None Python

Python self C++ Java thisself Python self

5.6. FileInfo

"storefilemetadata"

UserDict.__init__(self)

self["name"]=filename

Powerbuilder“ ” Python

filename name __init__

5.3.2. self __init__

self __init__ self selfPython

Python

__init__ __init__

Python

LearningtoProgramHowtoThinkLikeaComputerScientistPythonTutorialPythonKnowledgeBase

<<frommoduleimport12345678910 >>

5.4.5.4.1.

Python __init__

5.7. FileInfo

>>>importfileinfo

>>>f=fileinfo.FileInfo("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3")

>>>f.__class__

<classfileinfo.FileInfoat010EC204>

>>>f.__doc__

'storefilemetadata'

{'name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3'}

FileInfo fileinfo f

/music/_singles/kairo.mp3 FileInfo __init__filename __class__ Java Class getNamegetSuperclass Python __class__

__bases__ docstring docstring

__init__ filename self["name"] __init____init__

Python C++ Java new

5.4.1.

Python

>>>defleakmem():

...f=fileinfo.FileInfo('/music/_singles/kairo.mp3')

>>>foriinrange(100):

...leakmem()

leakmem FileInfo f f f FileInfo f Python leakmem Python leakmem FileInfo

“ ” Python FileInfo f f 0 Python

Python Python Python Python2.0“ ”

Python Python

PythonLibraryReference __class__PythonLibraryReference gc Python

<< 12345678910 UserDict:>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>UserDict: <<>>

5.5. UserDict:

FileInfo UserDict UserDict FileInfoPython .py Python lib

Windows ActivePythonIDE File->Locate...(Ctrl-L)

5.9. UserDict

classUserDict:

def__init__(self,dict=None):

self.data={}

ifdictisnotNone:self.update(dict)

UserDict FileInfo __init__FileInfoPython Java Powerbuilder“ ” C++“ ”UserDict data instance.data self __init__update update if C++

Java Powerbuilder PL/SQL Python __init__ __init__

__init__ __init__ __init__

PythonGuido“ C++Python”

__init__ AttributeError

5.10.UserDict

defclear(self):self.data.clear()

defcopy(self):

ifself.__class__isUserDict:

returnUserDict(self.data)

importcopy

returncopy.copy(self)

defkeys(self):returnself.data.keys()

defitems(self):returnself.data.items()

defvalues(self):returnself.data.values()

clear clear selfPython( data) copy-self

__class__ self UserDict UserDict UserDict self.data UserDict importcopy

self.__class__ UserDict self UserDictFileInfo UserDict copy Python self.data

Python2.2 Python UserString

UserList UserDict UserDict Python2.2 dict fileinfo_fromdict.py

Python dict UserDict

5.11. dict

classFileInfo(dict):

"storefilemetadata"

UserDict dict UserDict.UserDict dict

UserDict __init__ dict

PythonLibraryReference UserDict copy

<< 12345678910 >>

5.6.5.6.1.

Python Python

5.6.1.

5.12.__getitem__

def__getitem__(self,key):returnself.data[key]

>>>f=fileinfo.FileInfo("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3")

>>>f.__getitem__("name")

'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3'

>>>f["name"]

__getitem__ clearkeys values__getitem__ Python f.__getitem__("name")__getitem__ Python

, Python __getitem__ __setitem__,

5.13.__setitem__

def__setitem__(self,key,item):self.data[key]=item

>>>f.__setitem__("genre",31)

{'name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3','genre':31}

>>>f["genre"]=32

{'name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3','genre':32}

__getitem__ __setitem__ self.data__getitem__ Python __setitem__ f __setitem__ f.__setitem__("genre",

__setitem__ Python UserDict __setitem__

__setitem__

MP3FileInfo FileInfo MP3FileInfo name name FileInfo MP3

5.14. MP3FileInfo __setitem__

def__setitem__(self,key,item):

ifkey=="name"anditem:

self.__parse(item)

FileInfo.__setitem__(self,key,item)

__setitem__ Python MP3FileInfo name name __parse MP3FileInfo self__parse self.__parse Python FileInfo __setitem__ Python UserDict __setitem__

self.attribute self.method

5.15. MP3FileInfo name

>>>importfileinfo

>>>mp3file=fileinfo.MP3FileInfo()

>>>mp3file

{'name':None}

>>>mp3file["name"]="/music/_singles/kairo.mp3"

>>>mp3file

{'album':'RaveMix','artist':'***DJMARY-JANE***','genre':31,

'title':'KAIRO****THEBESTGOA','name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3',

'year':'2000','comment':'http://mp3.com/DJMARYJANE'}

>>>mp3file["name"]="/music/_singles/sidewinder.mp3"

>>>mp3file

{'album':'','artist':'TheCynicProject','genre':18,'title':'Sidewinder',

'name':'/music/_singles/sidewinder.mp3','year':'2000',

'comment':'http://mp3.com/cynicproject'}

MP3FileInfo __init__ filename MP3FileInfo __init__ Python FileInfo__init__ __init__ UserDict __init__ name filename None mp3file name None

mp3file name MP3FileInfo __setitem__UserDict name self.__parse __parse

album,artist,genre,title,year comment

name Python __setitem____setitem__

self.__parseself.__parse

<<UserDict: 12345678910 >>

5.7. __getitem__ __setitem__ Python

UserDict

5.16.UserDict

def__repr__(self):returnrepr(self.data)

def__cmp__(self,dict):

ifisinstance(dict,UserDict):

returncmp(self.data,dict.data)

returncmp(self.data,dict)

def__len__(self):returnlen(self.data)

def__delitem__(self,key):delself.data[key]

__repr__ repr(instance) repr repr

__cmp__ == Python__cmp__ == Python __cmp____len__ len(instance) len len __len__ len(instance

__len____delitem__ delinstance[key] del Python __delitem__

Java str1==str2 Python str1isstr2

Java str1.equals(str2) Python str1==

str2 Java Java == JavaPython Java str1==str2 objectidentity Python str1isstr2 Javastr1.equals(str2) Python str1==str2 Java

== Java Python“ ”

“ ” UserDict UserDict

- __setitem__ __getitem__ GetLength __len__

“ GetLength” Python __len__“ ”

Python

<< 12345678910 >>

5.8. Python

classMP3FileInfo(FileInfo):

"storeID3v1.0MP3tags"

tagDataMap={"title":(3,33,stripnulls),

"artist":(33,63,stripnulls),

"album":(63,93,stripnulls),

"year":(93,97,stripnulls),

"comment":(97,126,stripnulls),

"genre":(127,128,ord)}

>>>importfileinfo

>>>fileinfo.MP3FileInfo

<classfileinfo.MP3FileInfoat01257FDC>

>>>fileinfo.MP3FileInfo.tagDataMap

{'title':(3,33,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'genre':(127,128,<built-infunctionord>),

'artist':(33,63,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'year':(93,97,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'comment':(97,126,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'album':(63,93,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>)}

>>>m=fileinfo.MP3FileInfo()

>>>m.tagDataMap

{'title':(3,33,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'genre':(127,128,<built-infunctionord>),

'artist':(33,63,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'year':(93,97,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'comment':(97,126,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>),

'album':(63,93,<functionstripnullsat0260C8D4>)}

MP3FileInfotagDataMap

Java Python Python static Python __init__

MP3FileInfo

Python Python None

>>>classcounter:

...count=0

...def__init__(self):

...self.__class__.count+=1

>>>counter

<class__main__.counterat010EAECC>

>>>counter.count

>>>c=counter()

>>>c.count

>>>counter.count

>>>d=counter()

>>>d.count

>>>c.count

>>>counter.count

count counter__class__ self counter

count __init__ count 1

<< 12345678910 >>

5.9.Python

Python

Python Python

MP3FileInfo __parse __setitem__ __setitem__ fileinfo

Python __setitem__ __doc__

>>>importfileinfo

>>>m=fileinfo.MP3FileInfo()

>>>m.__parse("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3")

AttributeError:'MP3FileInfo'instancehasnoattribute'__parse'

Python Python _MP3FileInfo__parse

PythonTutorial

<< 12345678910 >>

5.10. 12 , getattrWeb

Python,, for

importmodule frommoduleimport

__init__ , UserDict ,

<< 12345678910 >>

6.2.6.2.1.6.2.2.6.2.3.I/O6.2.4.

Python open open

>>>f=open("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3","rb")

<openfile'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3',mode'rb'at010E3988>

>>>f.mode

>>>f.name

open printopen.__doc__

open mode name

6.2.1.

>>>f.tell()

>>>f.seek(-128,2)

>>>f.tell()

7542909

>>>tagData=f.read(128)

>>>tagData

'TAGKAIRO****THEBESTGOA***DJMARY-JANE***

RaveMix2000http://mp3.com/DJMARYJANE\037'

>>>f.tell()

7543037

tell 0

seek 0 1 2 2 128tellread tagData

tell128128

6.2.2.

>>>f.closed

>>>f.close()

<closedfile'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3',mode'rb'at010E3988>

>>>f.closed

>>>f.seek(0)

ValueError:I/Ooperationonclosedfile

>>>f.tell()

>>>f.read()

>>>f.close()

closed closed False

closeclosed f close

6.2.3. I/O

fileinfo.py

6.6.MP3FileInfo

fsock=open(filename,"rb",0)

fsock.seek(-128,2)

tagdata=fsock.read(128)

finally:

fsock.close()

exceptIOError:

try...except open IOErrorseek IOError128read IOError try...finally open seek read

try...finally finally try“” IOError open,seek read IOError

pass Python“ ”try...except

6.2.4.

"Append""write"

,,"log,"

>>>logfile=open('test.log','w')

>>>logfile.write('testsucceeded')

>>>logfile.close()

>>>printfile('test.log').read()

testsucceeded

>>>logfile=open('test.log','a')

>>>logfile.write('line2')

>>>logfile.close()

>>>printfile('test.log').read()

testsucceededline2

test.log, "w"

open writefile open,, test.log, "a"

, test.log ,

PythonTutorial listeff-bot PythonKnowledgeBasePythonLibraryReference

<< 1234567 for>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>for <<>>

6.3.for

Python for Python

Pythonlist Python for

6.8.for

>>>li=['a','b','e']

>>>forsinli:

...prints

>>>print"\n".join(li)

for list lilist s if for for joinlistfor

“ ” VisualBasic for

>>>foriinrange(5):

...printi

>>>li=['a','b','c','d','e']

>>>foriinrange(len(li)):

...printli[i]

3.20“” rangelist, , VisualBasiclist

for fordictionary

6.10.dictionary

>>>importos

>>>fork,vinos.environ.items():

...print"%s=%s"%(k,v)

USERPROFILE=C:\DocumentsandSettings\mpilgrim

OS=Windows_NT

COMPUTERNAME=MPILGRIM

USERNAME=mpilgrim

[......]

>>>print"\n".join(["%s=%s"%(k,v)

...fork,vinos.environ.items()])

USERPROFILE=C:\DocumentsandSettings\mpilgrim

OS=Windows_NT

COMPUTERNAME=MPILGRIM

USERNAME=mpilgrim

[......]

os.environdictionaryWindowsshellexport MacOSdictionaryos.environ.items()tuplelist [(key1,value1),(key2,

value2),...] forlist key1 kvalue1 v k

=USERPROFILEv=C:\DocumentsandSettings\mpilgrim kOSv Windows_NT

list fordictionarylistlistfor print

5 fileinfo.py MP3FileInfo for

6.11.MP3FileInfo for

"genre":(127,128,ord)}

iftagdata[:3]=="TAG":

fortag,(start,end,parseFunc)inself.tagDataMap.items():

self[tag]=parseFunc(tagdata[start:end])

tagDataMap MP312833233-62

63-92 tagDataMaptupledictionarytuple

for itemslist items (key,value)tuplelistlist ("title",(3,33,<functionstripnulls>))

tag "title"start 3end 33parseFunc stripnulls

MP3 start end tagdata parseFunc parseFunc self tag tagDataMap self

<< 1234567 sys.modules>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>sys.modules <<>>

6.4. sys.modules

Python,dictionary sys.modules

6.12.sys.modules

>>>importsys

>>>print'\n'.join(sys.modules.keys())

win32api

os.path

exceptions

__main__

ntpath

__builtin__

signal

UserDict

sys Python sys.version sys.version_infosys.getrecursionlimit() sys.setrecursionlimit())sys.modules Python PythonPythonIDE sys.modules IDE

sys.modules

6.13. sys.modules

>>>importfileinfo

>>>print'\n'.join(sys.modules.keys())

win32api

os.path

fileinfo

exceptions

__main__

ntpath

__builtin__

signal

UserDict

>>>fileinfo

<module'fileinfo'from'fileinfo.pyc'>

>>>sys.modules["fileinfo"]

sys.modules Python sys.modules

sys.modules

sys.modulesdictionary __module__ __module__

6.14.__module__

>>>fromfileinfoimportMP3FileInfo

>>>MP3FileInfo.__module__

'fileinfo'

>>>sys.modules[MP3FileInfo.__module__]

Python __module__

sys.modules

, 5 sys.modules fileinfo.py

6.15.fileinfo.py sys.modules

defgetFileInfoClass(filename,module=sys.modules[FileInfo.__module__]):

"getfileinfoclassfromfilenameextension"

subclass="%sFileInfo"%os.path.splitext(filename)[1].upper()[1:]

returnhasattr(module,subclass)andgetattr(module,subclass)

filename module module FileInfoPython sys.modules Python module module os subclass MP3FileInfo

getattr hasattr getattr,“ Ifthismodulehastheclassnamedbysubclassthenreturnit,otherwisereturnthebaseclassFileInfo subclass FileInfo”

PythonTutorialPythonLibraryReference sys

<<for 1234567 Directory>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>Directory <<>>

6.5.Directoryos.path,

>>>importos

>>>os.path.join("c:\\music\\ap\\","mahadeva.mp3")

'c:\\music\\ap\\mahadeva.mp3'

>>>os.path.join("c:\\music\\ap","mahadeva.mp3")

'c:\\music\\ap\\mahadeva.mp3'

>>>os.path.expanduser("~")

'c:\\DocumentsandSettings\\mpilgrim\\MyDocuments'

>>>os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"),"Python")

'c:\\DocumentsandSettings\\mpilgrim\\MyDocuments\\Python'

os.path getpass getpass os pathos.path joinWindows

join addSlashIfNecessary Python

expanduser ~Windows, UNIX MacOSX,MacOS

>>>os.path.split("c:\\music\\ap\\mahadeva.mp3")

('c:\\music\\ap','mahadeva.mp3')

>>>(filepath,filename)=os.path.split("c:\\music\\ap\\mahadeva.mp3"

>>>filepath

'c:\\music\\ap'

>>>filename

'mahadeva.mp3'

>>>(shortname,extension)=os.path.splitext(filename)

>>>shortname

'mahadeva'

>>>extension

'.mp3'

splittuple

splittupletuplefilepath splittuplefilename splittuple

os.path splitexttuple

>>>os.listdir("c:\\music\\_singles\\")

['a_time_long_forgotten_con.mp3','hellraiser.mp3',

'kairo.mp3','long_way_home1.mp3','sidewinder.mp3',

'spinning.mp3']

>>>dirname="c:\\"

>>>os.listdir(dirname)

['AUTOEXEC.BAT','boot.ini','CONFIG.SYS','cygwin',

'docbook','DocumentsandSettings','Incoming','Inetpub','IO.SYS',

'MSDOS.SYS','Music','NTDETECT.COM','ntldr','pagefile.sys',

'ProgramFiles','Python20','RECYCLER',

'SystemVolumeInformation','TEMP','WINNT']

>>>[fforfinos.listdir(dirname)

...ifos.path.isfile(os.path.join(dirname,f))]

['AUTOEXEC.BAT','boot.ini','CONFIG.SYS','IO.SYS','MSDOS.SYS',

'NTDETECT.COM','ntldr','pagefile.sys']

>>>[fforfinos.listdir(dirname)

...ifos.path.isdir(os.path.join(dirname,f))]

['cygwin','docbook','DocumentsandSettings','Incoming',

'Inetpub','Music','ProgramFiles','Python20','RECYCLER',

'SystemVolumeInformation','TEMP','WINNT']

listdirlistlistdir os.path isfile isfile10os.path.join isfileos.path isdir10

6.19. fileinfo.py

deflistDirectory(directory,fileExtList):

"getlistoffileinfoobjectsforfilesofparticularextensions"

fileList=[os.path.normcase(f)

forfinos.listdir(directory)]

fileList=[os.path.join(directory,f)

forfinfileList

ifos.path.splitext(f)[1]infileExtList]

os.listdir(directory) directorylist flist os.path.normcase(f)mahadeva.mp3 mahadeva.MP3Windows MacOS

normcase UNIX flist os.path.splitext(f)list fileExtList listDirectory os.path.join(directory,f)list

os os.path os.path.splitUNIX,Windows,MacOS Python

directory ,

6.20.ListingDirectorieswithglob

>>>os.listdir("c:\\music\\_singles\\")

['a_time_long_forgotten_con.mp3','hellraiser.mp3',

'kairo.mp3','long_way_home1.mp3','sidewinder.mp3',

'spinning.mp3']

>>>importglob

>>>glob.glob('c:\\music\\_singles\\*.mp3')

['c:\\music\\_singles\\a_time_long_forgotten_con.mp3',

'c:\\music\\_singles\\hellraiser.mp3',

'c:\\music\\_singles\\kairo.mp3',

'c:\\music\\_singles\\long_way_home1.mp3',

'c:\\music\\_singles\\sidewinder.mp3',

'c:\\music\\_singles\\spinning.mp3']

>>>glob.glob('c:\\music\\_singles\\s*.mp3')

['c:\\music\\_singles\\sidewinder.mp3',

'c:\\music\\_singles\\spinning.mp3']

>>>glob.glob('c:\\music\\*\\*.mp3')

, os.listdir,glob,, "*.mp3","s"".mp3",: music,, .mp3 globlist .mp3, , c:\music,

PythonKnowledgeBase osPythonLibraryReference os os.path

<<sys.modules 1234567 >>

6.21.listDirectory

forfinfileList

return[getFileInfoClass(f)(f)forfinfileList]

listDirectorydictionary c:\music\_singles\ ['.mp3']listdictionary directory fileExtList Pascal PythonlistDirectory os( os.path.splitext(filename)[1])( .upper())( [1:]) c:\music\ap\mahadeva.mp3 .mp3 MP3MP3FileInfo

FileInfo:“ ”( fileList)( f) getFileInfoClass

getFileInfoClass(f) f__init__ FileInfo __init__ self["name"]

__setitem__ __setitem__( MP3FileInfo)list

listDirectory MP3FileInfo

HTMLFileInfo HTML DOCFileInfo Word.doclistDirectory

<<Directory 1234567 >>

6.7. 5 fileinfo.py

"""Frameworkforgettingfiletype-specificmetadata.

Instantiateappropriateclasswithfilename.Returnedobjectactslikea

dictionary,withkey-valuepairsforeachpieceofmetadata.

importfileinfo

info=fileinfo.MP3FileInfo("/music/ap/mahadeva.mp3")

print"\\n".join(["%s=%s"%(k,v)fork,vininfo.items()])

OruselistDirectoryfunctiontogetinfoonallfilesinadirectory.

forinfoinfileinfo.listDirectory("/music/ap/",[".mp3"]):

Frameworkcanbeextendedbyaddingclassesforparticularfiletypes,e.g.

HTMLFileInfo,MPGFileInfo,DOCFileInfo.Eachclassiscompletelyresponsiblefor

parsingitsfilesappropriately;seeMP3FileInfoforexample.

importos

importsys

defstripnulls(data):

"stripwhitespaceandnulls"

returndata.replace("\00","").strip()

"storefilemetadata"

"genre":(127,128,ord)}

def__parse(self,filename):

"parseID3v1.0tagsfromMP3file"

self.clear()

fsock.seek(-128,2)

finally:

fsock.close()

exceptIOError:

self.__parse(item)

forfinfileList

forinfoinlistDirectory("/music/_singles/",[".mp3"]):

print"\n".join(["%s=%s"%(k,v)fork,vininfo.items()])

try...except try...finally for os

<< 1234567 >>

>>>s='100NORTHMAINROAD'

>>>s.replace('ROAD','RD.')

'100NORTHMAINRD.'

>>>s='100NORTHBROADROAD'

>>>s.replace('ROAD','RD.')

'100NORTHBRD.RD.'

>>>s[:-4]+s[-4:].replace('ROAD','RD.')

'100NORTHBROADRD.'

>>>importre

>>>re.sub('ROAD$','RD.',s)

'100NORTHBROADRD.'

'ROAD''RD.'replace 'ROAD'

s.replace'ROAD' 'BROAD' 'ROAD'replace 'ROAD'

'ROAD' 'ROAD'(s[-4:])(s[:-4]) 'STREET''ST.'s[:-6]s[-6:].replace(...)Pythonre

'ROAD$' 'ROAD' $“”^“”re.subs 'ROAD$''RD.'s 'ROAD''ROAD''ROAD's

'ROAD' 'BROAD''BROAD''ROAD'

>>>s='100BROAD'

>>>re.sub('ROAD$','RD.',s)

'100BRD.'

>>>re.sub('\\bROAD$','RD.',s)

'100BROAD'

>>>re.sub(r'\bROAD$','RD.',s)

'100BROAD'

>>>s='100BROADROADAPT.3'

>>>re.sub(r'\bROAD$','RD.',s)

'100BROADROADAPT.3'

>>>re.sub(r'\bROAD\b','RD.',s)

'100BROADRD.APT3'

'ROAD'\b“”Python'\'“”PerlPythonPerlbug“”'r'Python'\t'r'\t''\''t'

'ROAD' 'ROAD're.sub$\b“ 'ROAD'”

<< 1234567 >>

7.3.7.3.1.7.3.2.

“ MCMXLVI”“ 1946”(“ MDCCCLXXXVIII”“ 1888”)

I=1V=5X=10L=50C=100D=500M=1000

I1,II2, III3.VI 6(,“ 5 1”),VII 7,VIII10(I,X,C, M). 4,5 4 IIII; IV(“ 5 1”) 40XL

41 XLI,42 XLII,43 XLIII, 44 XLIV( 5010,51). 9,10: 8 VIII, 9 IX( 101), VIIII( I) 90 XC,900 CM.5 10X,VV 100C, LL.

DC 600; CD( 400,500100).CI 101; IC1001;XCIX, 10010,9 101).

“5”1055

7.3.1.

1000 M

>>>importre

>>>pattern='^M?M?M?$'

>>>re.search(pattern,'M')

<SRE_Matchobjectat0106FB58>

>>>re.search(pattern,'MM')

<SRE_Matchobjectat0106C290>

>>>re.search(pattern,'MMM')

<SRE_Matchobjectat0106AA38>

>>>re.search(pattern,'MMMM')

>>>re.search(pattern,'')

<SRE_Matchobjectat0106F4A8>

M?M03 M

research( pattern)( 'M') searchsearchNone,Pythonnullvalue search 'M'

M M'MM'M M

'MMM'M'MMMM' M( $),( M) searchNone. M

7.3.2.

100=C200=CC300=CCC400=CD500=D600=DC700=DCC800=DCCC900=CM

C(0)D,C

>>>importre

>>>pattern='^M?M?M?(CM|CD|D?C?C?C?)$'

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCM')

<SRE_Matchobjectat01070390>

>>>re.search(pattern,'MD')

<SRE_Matchobjectat01073A50>

>>>re.search(pattern,'MMMCCC')

<SRE_Matchobjectat010748A8>

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCMC')

>>>re.search(pattern,'')

<SRE_Matchobjectat01071D98>

( ^),(M?M?M?) CM,CD, D?C?C?C?(D03 C)(),'MCM' M M CM( CD D?C?C?C?) MCM1900'MD' M, M D?C?C?C?D( C) MD1500'MMMCCC' M D?C?C?C?CCC( D) MMMCCC3300'MCMC' M M CM $( C) C D?C?C?C? CM

M D?C?C?C?

<< 1234567 {n,m}>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>{n,m} <<>>

7.4. {n,m}

7.4.1.

>>>importre

<_sre.SRE_Matchobjectat0x008EE090>

<_sre.SRE_Matchobjectat0x008EEB48>

M,M(),

M,M( M) None.

7.6.From ntom

>>>pattern='^M{0,3}$'

<_sre.SRE_Matchobjectat0x008EEDA8>

“ 03 M ”0313M

M M M None.

7.4.1.

>>>pattern='^M?M?M?M?(CM|CD|D?C?C?C?)(XC|XL|L?X?X?X?)$'

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCMXL')

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCML')

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCMLX')

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCMLXXX')

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCMLXXXX')

MCM, XL, (A|B|C)“ A,B,C ” XL,XC L?X?X?

X? MCML1940.M,CM, L?X?X?X?L?X?X?X? LX MCML1950.M,CM, LX X MCMLX1960.M,CM, LX MCMLXXX 1980.M,CM, LX ie X None.MCMLXXXX

>>>pattern='^M?M?M?M?(CM|CD|D?C?C?C?)(XC|XL|L?X?X?X?)(IX|IV|V?I?I?I?)$'

7.8. {n,m}

>>>pattern='^M{0,4}(CM|CD|D?C{0,3})(XC|XL|L?X{0,3})(IX|IV|V?I{0,3})$'

>>>re.search(pattern,'MDLV')

>>>re.search(pattern,'MMDCLXVI')

>>>re.search(pattern,'MMMMDCCCLXXXVIII')

>>>re.search(pattern,'I')

M D?C{0,3} D0C L?X{0,3} L0XV?I{0,3}V0 I

MDLV1555.M D?C{0,3}D C L?X{0,3}LX V?I{0,3}VI

MMDCLXVI2666.M D?C{0,3}D C L?X{0,3}LX V?I{0,3}VI

MMMMDCCCLXXXVIII3888,(“ ”)4 M0 D?C{0,3}

X0 V?I{0,3} VI

M343888

<< 1234567 >>

7.5.“ ”inlinedocumentation

Python

()Python #

7.9.(InlineComments)

>>>pattern="""

^#beginningofstring

M{0,4}#thousands-0to4M's

(CM|CD|D?C{0,3})#hundreds-900(CM),400(CD),0-300(0to3C's),

#or500-800(D,followedby0to3C's)

(XC|XL|L?X{0,3})#tens-90(XC),40(XL),0-30(0to3X's),

#or50-80(L,followedby0to3X's)

(IX|IV|V?I{0,3})#ones-9(IX),4(IV),0-3(0to3I's),

#or5-8(V,followedby0to3I's)

$#endofstring

>>>re.search(pattern,'M',re.VERBOSE)

>>>re.search(pattern,'MCMLXXXIX',re.VERBOSE)

>>>re.search(pattern,'MMMMDCCCLXXXVIII',re.VERBOSE)

re.VERBOSEre

M CM,LX IXieM D?C{0,3}D C L?X{0,3}LX V?I{0,3}VI

re.VERBOSE re.search Python Python

<<{n,m} 1234567 :>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>: <<>>

800-555-1212

8005551212

800.555.1212

(800)555-1212

1-800-555-1212

800-555-1212-1234

800-555-1212x1234

800-555-1212ext.1234

work1-(800)555.1212#1234

8005551212 1234.

>>>phonePattern=re.compile(r'^(\d{3})-(\d{3})-(\d{4})$')

>>>phonePattern.search('800-555-1212').groups()

('800','555','1212')

>>>phonePattern.search('800-555-1212-1234')

(\d{3})\d{3} {3}“ ” {n,m} \d“ ”(09)“ ”

searchgroups()

>>>phonePattern=re.compile(r'^(\d{3})-(\d{3})-(\d{4})-(\d+)$')

>>>phonePattern.search('800-555-1212-1234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

>>>phonePattern.search('80055512121234')

>>>phonePattern.search('800-555-1212')

groups()

>>>phonePattern=re.compile(r'^(\d{3})\D+(\d{3})\D+(\d{4})\D+(\d+)$'

>>>phonePattern.search('80055512121234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

>>>phonePattern.search('800-555-1212-1234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

\D+ \D +“ 1” \D+

>>>phonePattern=re.compile(r'^(\d{3})\D*(\d{3})\D*(\d{4})\D*(\d*)$'

>>>phonePattern.search('80055512121234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

>>>phonePattern.search('800.555.1212x1234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

('800','555','1212','')

>>>phonePattern.search('(800)5551212x1234')

+ * \D+\D* +“ 1”? *“ 0”( 800)0( 555)0( 1212)0(1234) x

groups()“ 0”

>>>phonePattern=re.compile(r'^\D*(\d{3})\D*(\d{3})\D*(\d{4})\D*(\d*)$'

>>>phonePattern.search('(800)5551212ext.1234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

('800','555','1212','')

>>>phonePattern.search('work1-(800)555.1212#1234')

\D*0( \D*)0( 800)1( 555)1( 1212)00

1(\D*) Aargh.

>>>phonePattern=re.compile(r'(\d{3})\D*(\d{3})\D*(\d{4})\D*(\d*)$'

>>>phonePattern.search('work1-(800)555.1212#1234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

('800','555','1212','')

('800','555','1212','1234')

7.16.()

>>>phonePattern=re.compile(r'''

#don'tmatchbeginningofstring,numbercanstartanywhere

(\d{3})#areacodeis3digits(e.g.'800')

\D*#optionalseparatorisanynumberofnon-digits

(\d{3})#trunkis3digits(e.g.'555')

\D*#optionalseparator

(\d{4})#restofnumberis4digits(e.g.'1212')

\D*#optionalseparator

(\d*)#extensionisoptionalandcanbeanynumberofdigits

$#endofstring

''',re.VERBOSE)

>>>phonePattern.search('work1-(800)555.1212#1234').groups()

('800','555','1212','1234')

('800','555','1212','')

RegularExpressionHOWTOPythonPythonLibraryReferenceremodule.

<< 1234567 >>

^$\b\d\Dx?x10 xx*0xx+1xx{n,m}x n m

(a|b|c)abc

(x)(rememberedgroup).re.searchgroups()

“ ”

--JamieZawinski,incomp.emacs.xemacs

<<: 1234567 HTML>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTML>sgmllib.py <<>>

8.2.sgmllib.py

HTML: HTMLHTML sgmllib.py Python

HTML HTML sgmllib.py HTML

sgmllib.py: SGMLParserSGMLParser HTMLSGMLParser HTML: HTML

SGMLParser HTML8:

(Starttag) HTML <html><head><body> <pre> <img>

tagnameSGMLParser start_tagname do_

<pre> start_pre do_pre SGMLParserunknown_starttag

(Endtag) HTML </html></head></body> </pre> SGMLParser

end_tagname SGMLParser(Characterreference)

SGMLParser handle_charref(Entityreference)

HTML © SGMLParser HTML handle_entityref

(Comment)HTML,  SGMLParser handle_comment

(Processinginstruction)HTML <?...> SGMLParser handle_pi

(Declaration)HTML DOCTYPE <!...> SGMLParser handle_decl

(Textdata)7 SGMLParser handle_data

Python2.0bug SGMLParser(handle_decl)DOCTYPE Python2.1

sgmllib.py sgmllib.py HTMLunknown_starttagunknown_endtaghandle_data

Windows ActivePythonIDE“ Runscript”

8.4.sgmllib.py

HTMLtoc.html( HTML,http://diveintopython.org/

c:\python23\lib>type"c:\downloads\diveintopython\html\toc\index.html"

<!DOCTYPEhtml

PUBLIC"-//W3C//DTDHTML4.01//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

<htmllang="en">

<head>

<metahttp-equiv="Content-Type"content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1">

<title>DiveIntoPython</title>

<linkrel="stylesheet"href="diveintopython.css"type="text/css">

......

sgmllib.py:

c:\python23\lib>pythonsgmllib.py"c:\downloads\diveintopython\html\toc\index.html"

data:'\n\n'

starttag:<htmllang="en">

data:'\n'

starttag:<head>

data:'\n'

starttag:<metahttp-equiv="Content-Type"content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1">

data:'\n\n'

starttag:<title>

data:'DiveIntoPython'

endtag:</title>

data:'\n'

starttag:<linkrel="stylesheet"href="diveintopython.css"type="text/css">

data:'\n'

......

SGMLParser HTML SGMLParser BaseHTMLProcessor8 HTML BaseHTMLProcessor Dialectizer HTMLhandle_data HTML Dialectizer Dialectizer.handle_data http://diveintopython.org/web

, locals,globalsdictionary

<<HTML 12345678910 HTML>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTML>HTML <<>>

8.3. HTML HTML SGMLParser

HTML HTML HTML file HTML

8.5.urllib

>>>importurllib

>>>sock=urllib.urlopen("http://diveintopython.org/")

>>>htmlSource=sock.read()

>>>sock.close()

>>>printhtmlSource

<!DOCTYPEhtmlPUBLIC"-//W3C//DTDHTML4.01Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head>

<metahttp-equiv='Content-Type'content='text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1'>

<title>DiveIntoPython</title>

<linkrel='stylesheet'href='diveintopython.css'type='text/css'>

<linkrev='made'href='mailto:mark@diveintopython.org'>

<metaname='keywords'content='Python,DiveIntoPython,tutorial,object-oriented,programming,documentation,book,free'>

<metaname='description'content='afreePythontutorialforexperiencedprogrammers'>

</head>

<bodybgcolor='white'text='black'link='#0000FF'vlink='#840084'alink='#0000FF'>

<tablecellpadding='0'cellspacing='0'border='0'width='100%'>

<tr><tdclass='header'width='1%'valign='top'>diveintopython.org</td>

<tdwidth='99%'align='right'><hrsize='1'noshade></td></tr>

<tr><tdclass='tagline'colspan='2'>Python for experienced programmers</td></tr>

[......]

urllib Python URL()urllib urlopen URL urlopen

urlopen read HTML readlines

http://diveintopython.org/ HTML

8.6.urllister.py

fromsgmllibimportSGMLParser

classURLLister(SGMLParser):

defreset(self):

SGMLParser.reset(self)

self.urls=[]

defstart_a(self,attrs):

href=[vfork,vinattrsifk=='href']

ifhref:

self.urls.extend(href)

reset SGMLParser __init__ reset__init__ <a> start_a SGMLParser href nametitleattrstuplelist [(attribute,value),(attribute,

value),...] HTML <a>() attrslist list <a> href k=='href' SGMLParser attrs

8.7. urllister.py

>>>importurllib,urllister

>>>usock=urllib.urlopen("http://diveintopython.org/")

>>>parser=urllister.URLLister()

>>>parser.feed(usock.read())

>>>usock.close()

>>>parser.close()

>>>forurlinparser.urls:printurl

toc/index.html

#download

#languages

toc/index.html

appendix/history.html

download/diveintopython-html-5.0.zip

download/diveintopython-pdf-5.0.zip

download/diveintopython-word-5.0.zip

download/diveintopython-text-5.0.zip

download/diveintopython-html-flat-5.0.zip

download/diveintopython-xml-5.0.zip

download/diveintopython-common-5.0.zip

......

SGMLParser feed HTML [1]usock.read() close URL close feed HTML close

close parser.urls HTML URL()

Footnotes

[1] SGMLParser (consumer) HTML feed “

<<sgmllib.py 12345678910 BaseHTMLProcessor.py>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTML>BaseHTMLProcessor.py <<>>

8.4.BaseHTMLProcessor.py

SGMLParser SGMLParser HTML(consumer) : HTML SGMLParser SGMLParser HTML HTML(producer)

SGMLParser BaseHTMLProcessor8: unknown_starttag,unknown_endtag,handle_charref,handle_entityref,handle_comment,handle_pi,handle_declhandle_data

8.8.BaseHTMLProcessor

classBaseHTMLProcessor(SGMLParser):

defreset(self):

self.pieces=[]

defunknown_starttag(self,tag,attrs):

strattrs="".join(['%s="%s"'%(key,value)forkey,value

self.pieces.append("<%(tag)s%(strattrs)s>"%locals())

defunknown_endtag(self,tag):

self.pieces.append("</%(tag)s>"%locals())

defhandle_charref(self,ref):

self.pieces.append("&#%(ref)s;"%locals())

defhandle_entityref(self,ref):

self.pieces.append("&%(ref)s"%locals())

ifhtmlentitydefs.entitydefs.has_key(ref):

self.pieces.append(";")

defhandle_data(self,text):

self.pieces.append(text)

defhandle_comment(self,text):

self.pieces.append(""%locals())

defhandle_pi(self,text):

self.pieces.append("<?%(text)s>"%locals())

defhandle_decl(self,text):

self.pieces.append("<!%(text)s>"%locals())

reset SGMLParser.__init__ self.piecesself.pieces HTML SGMLParser HTML

self.pieces self.pieceslist Pythonlist [2]

BaseHTMLProcessor( URLListerstart_a)SGMLParser unknown_starttag( tag)/list( attrs) HTML self.pieces </...> SGMLParser handle_charref HTML ref

160 ref &#...;# ref &...;( HTML HTML Python htmlentitydefs if) self.piecesHTML  <?...>

HTML HTML( JavaScript) HTML()BaseHTMLProcessor HTML SGMLParser

SGMLParser BaseHTMLProcessor

8.9.BaseHTMLProcessor

defoutput(self):

"""ReturnprocessedHTMLasasinglestring"""

return"".join(self.pieces)

BaseHTMLProcessor SGMLParser HTMLself.pieces Python string join: string.join(self.pieces,"")

W3CPythonLibraryReference htmlentitydefs

Footnotes

[2]Pythonlist:listlist s=s+

newpiece s=s+newpiecelist n O(n) n O(n2)

<<HTML 12345678910 localsglobals>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTML>localsglobals <<>>

8.5.locals globals

HTML, Python Python, locals globals,dictionary

locals? :

,, locals,,,

Pythondictionary Pythondictionary

Python

x Python:

1. - x, xPython2. - x Python3. - Python x

Python x NameError Thereisnovariablenamed'x' 3.18“” Python

Python2.2:Python( lambda) Python2.2(

lambda) Python2.1 Python2.0 Python2.2:

from__future__importnested_scopes

? ! Python ? locals

8.10.locals

>>>deffoo(arg):

...x=1

...printlocals()

>>>foo(7)

{'arg':7,'x':1}

>>>foo('bar')

{'arg':'bar','x':1}

foo: arg x,locals/dictionarydictionarydictionary 7foodictionary: arg(7) x(1)

Python arg( locals) locals

locals() globals() globals [3]

frommoduleimport importmodule importmodule:module.function frommoduleimport globals

8.11.globals

BaseHTMLProcessor.py:

fork,vinglobals().items():

printk,"=",v

globalsdictionary itemsdictionary globals

(, Python):

c:\docbook\dip\py>pythonBaseHTMLProcessor.py

SGMLParser=sgmllib.SGMLParser

htmlentitydefs=<module'htmlentitydefs'from'C:\Python23\lib\htmlentitydefs.py'

BaseHTMLProcessor=__main__.BaseHTMLProcessor

__name__=__main__

......

SGMLParser frommoduleimport sgmllib htmlentitydefs, import htmlentitydefs,entitydefs htmlentitydefs, BaseHTMLProcessor, if__name__() __name__ __main__

__name__ __main__ globals

locals globals: getattr

locals globals

8.12.locals, globals

deffoo(arg):

printlocals()

locals()["x"]=2

print"x=",x

print"z=",z

foo(3)

globals()["z"]=8

print"z=",z

3 foo {'arg':3,'x':1}

localsdictionary,dictionary x 2 locals

x=1 x=2

locals z Python() globals:localsglobalsdictionary z=8 z=7

Footnotes

<<BaseHTMLProcessor.py12345678910 dictionary>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTML>dictionary <<>>

8.6.dictionary locals globals?dictionary,tuple

dictionarytuple

8.13.dictionary

>>>"%(pwd)s"%params

'secret'

>>>"%(pwd)sisnotagoodpasswordfor%(uid)s"%params

'secretisnotagoodpasswordforsa'

>>>"%(database)sofmind,%(database)sofbody"%params

'masterofmind,masterofbody'

tupledictionary params %s paramsdictionary %

(pwd)s secret

dictionarydictionary KeyError

dictionarydictionary localsdictionary

8.14.BaseHTMLProcessor.pydictionary

localsdictionary( text) text'Beginpagefooter' ""%locals() '<!--

Beginpagefooter-->'

8.15.dictionary

attrs/tuplelist dictionary items :

1. attrs [('href','index.html'),('title','Gotohome

page')]

2. key 'href'value 'index.html'

3. '%s="%s"'%(key,value) 'href="index.html"'

4. key 'title'value 'Gotohomepage'

5. 'title="Gotohomepage"'

6. listlist strattrslist 'href="index.html"

title="Gotohomepage"'

dictionary tag strattrs tag 'a' '<a

href="index.html"title="Gotohomepage">' self.pieces

localsdictionary locals locals

<<localsglobals 12345678910 >>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTML> <<>>

8.7. comp.lang.python“ HTML ”[4]( HTML HTML) HTML BaseHTMLProcessor

BaseHTMLProcessor(consume) HTML( SGMLParser) HTMLHTML

8.16.Quotingattributevalues

>>>htmlSource="""

...<html>

...<head>

...<title>Testpage</title>

...</head>

...<body>

...<ul>

...<li><ahref=index.html>Home</a></li>

...<li><ahref=toc.html>Tableofcontents</a></li>

...<li><ahref=history.html>Revisionhistory</a></li>

...</body>

...</html>

..."""

>>>fromBaseHTMLProcessorimportBaseHTMLProcessor

>>>parser=BaseHTMLProcessor()

>>>parser.feed(htmlSource)

>>>printparser.output()

<html>

<head>

<title>Testpage</title>

</head>

<body>

<li><ahref="toc.html">Tableofcontents</a></li>

<li><ahref="history.html">Revisionhistory</a></li>

</body>

</html>

<a> href( docstring IDE)

BaseHTMLProcessor output: SGMLParserHTML BaseHTMLProcessor HTML(parser.pieces) parser.output HTML

Footnotes

[4]“ Python ”(: Emacs)“ Python Perl”(:“ Perl Python ”-LarryWall19981014)

<<dictionary 12345678910 dialect.py>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTML>dialect.py <<>>

8.8.dialect.py

Dialectizer BaseHTMLProcessor() <pre>...</pre>

<pre> Dialectizer: start_pre end_pre

defstart_pre(self,attrs):

self.verbatim+=1

self.unknown_starttag("pre",attrs)

defend_pre(self):

self.unknown_endtag("pre")

self.verbatim-=1

SGMLParser HTML <pre> start_pre():attrs() attrs/tuplelist unknown_starttag reset <pre> <pre> </pre>( 1 0() <pre>) <pre> unknown_starttag

SGMLParser </pre> end_pre

SGMLParser() SGMLParser: <pre> </pre>

start_pre end_pre Python

8.18.SGMLParser

deffinish_starttag(self,tag,attrs):

method=getattr(self,'start_'+tag)

exceptAttributeError:

method=getattr(self,'do_'+tag)

exceptAttributeError:

self.unknown_starttag(tag,attrs)

return-1

self.handle_starttag(tag,method,attrs)

return0

self.stack.append(tag)

self.handle_starttag(tag,method,attrs)

return1

defhandle_starttag(self,tag,method,attrs):

method(attrs)

SGMLParser( unknown_starttag)SGMLParser“ ” getattr getattr self

tag 'pre' getattr( Dialectizer) start_pre

getattr AttributeError getattrtry...except AttributeError start_xxx do_xxx

SGMLParser( start_xxx do_xxx start_xxx) AttributeError do_xxx getattr start_xxxdo_xxx: unknown_starttag

try...except else try...except do_xxx,;,

start_xxx do_xxx handle_starttag list( start_xxx

: Dialectizer <pre> </pre> handle_data

8.19. handle_data

self.pieces.append(self.verbatimandtextorself.process(text))

handle_data: BaseHTMLProcessor handle_data self.pieces<pre>...</pre> self.verbatim 0Python and-or

Dialectizer Perl dialect.py HTML ,

<< 12345678910 >>

8.20.translate,1

deftranslate(url,dialectName="chef"):

importurllib

sock=urllib.urlopen(url)

htmlSource=sock.read()

sock.close()

translate dialectName import Python import(800)URL

8.21.translate,2:

parserName="%sDialectizer"%dialectName.capitalize()

parserClass=globals()[parserName]

parser=parserClass()

capitalize dialectName'chef'parserName 'ChefDialectizer'

( parserName)dictionary( globals())() parserName 'ChefDialectizer'parserClassChefDialectizer

( parserClass): parserClassChefDialectizerparser ChefDialectizer

Dialectizer case( Python case if

): translate FooDialectizer 'foo'

dialectName translate translate

FooDialectizer frommoduleimport globals() translate FooDialectizer

Python URL()“ ”

Dialectizer Dialectizer dialect.pytranslate translate()(foodialect.py FooDialectizer) 'foo' translatefoodialect.py FooDialectizer

8.22.translate,3

parser.feed(htmlSource)

parser.close()

returnparser.output()

feed HTML feed feed( HTML) HTML feed close()

output BaseHTMLProcessor

“ ” URL

<<dialect.py 12345678910 >>

8.10.Python sgmllib.py HTML

HTML URLlister HTML Dialectizer

locals() globals()dictionary

<< 12345678910 XML>>

: >DiveIntoPython>XML> <<>>

9.2. XML

9.5. XML()

>>>fromxml.domimportminidom

>>>xmldoc=minidom.parse('~/diveintopython/common/py/kgp/binary.xml'

frommoduleimport"."import xml domxml minidom xml.dom

.py Python lib/

Python21/Python()

+--lib/()

+--xml/xml()

+--sax/xml.sax()

+--dom/xml.dom(minidom.py)

+--parsers/xml.parsers()

fromxml.domimportminidomPython“ xml dom minidom minidom ” Python Python

>>>minidom

<module'xml.dom.minidom'from'C:\Python21\lib\xml\dom\minidom.pyc'>

>>>minidom.Element

<classxml.dom.minidom.Elementat01095744>

>>>fromxml.dom.minidomimportElement

>>>Element

>>>minidom.Element

>>>fromxmlimportdom

>>>dom

<module'xml.dom'from'C:\Python21\lib\xml\dom\__init__.pyc'>

>>>importxml

>>>xml

<module'xml'from'C:\Python21\lib\xml\__init__.pyc'>

xml.domminidom minidom minidomElement

xml.domminidomElement Element Element

domxml xml

__init__.py __init__.pyxml.dom Node xml/dom/__init__.py xml dom

__init__.py

__init__.py __init__.py__init__.py

sax dom xml sax xmlsax.py dom

xmldom.py XML3000

Python Python

<<XML 1234567 XML>>

: >DiveIntoPython>XML>XML <<>>

9.3.XML XML

9.8. XML()

>>>xmldoc=minidom.parse('~/diveintopython/common/py/kgp/binary.xml'

>>>xmldoc

<xml.dom.minidom.Documentinstanceat010BE87C>

>>>printxmldoc.toxml()

<?xmlversion="1.0"?>

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

<refid="byte">

<xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/>\

<xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/>

</ref>

</grammar>

xml.dom minidomminidom.parse XML XML

minidom.parse Document Node DocumentPython Python minidom.parse XMLtoxml Node minidom.parse Document toxmlNode XML Document XML

>>>xmldoc.childNodes

[<DOMElement:grammarat17538908>]

>>>xmldoc.childNodes[0]

<DOMElement:grammarat17538908>

>>>xmldoc.firstChild

Node childNodes Node Document XML grammar Python Python Node firstChild childNodes[0] lastChild

childNodes[-1]

9.10.toxml

>>>grammarNode=xmldoc.firstChild

>>>printgrammarNode.toxml()

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

<refid="byte">

</ref>

</grammar>

toxml Node XMLDocument

>>>grammarNode.childNodes

[<DOMTextnode"\n">,<DOMElement:refat17533332>,\

<DOMTextnode"\n">,<DOMElement:refat17549660>,<DOMTextnode"\n">]

>>>printgrammarNode.firstChild.toxml()

>>>printgrammarNode.childNodes[1].toxml()

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

>>>printgrammarNode.childNodes[3].toxml()

<refid="byte">

</ref>

>>>printgrammarNode.lastChild.toxml()

binary.xml XML grammar ref'<grammar>' '<ref>' grammar '</ref>'

grammar.childNodes53 Text Element Text '<grammar>' '<ref>'

Element ref Element ref Text '</ref>' '</grammar>'

9.12.Drillingdownallthewaytotext

>>>grammarNode

>>>refNode=grammarNode.childNodes[1]

>>>refNode

<DOMElement:refat17987740>

>>>refNode.childNodes

[<DOMTextnode"\n">,<DOMTextnode"">,<DOMElement:pat19315844>,\

<DOMTextnode"\n">,<DOMTextnode"">,\

<DOMElement:pat19462036>,<DOMTextnode"\n">]

>>>pNode=refNode.childNodes[2]

>>>pNode

<DOMElement:pat19315844>

>>>printpNode.toxml()

0

>>>pNode.firstChild

<DOMTextnode"0">

>>>pNode.firstChild.data

refgrammarNode.childNodes[1]childNodes[0] Text

toxmlp pNode.childNodes '0' TextText.data 'u'

<< 1234567 Unicode>>

: >DiveIntoPython>XML>Unicode <<>>

9.4.UnicodeUnicode Python XMLunicode

. unicode(0-255)koi8-r241Mac241unicode

unicode2065535 [5]2Unicode

7 ASCII012765“ A”97“ a”7 ASCIIISO-8859-1“ latin-1”7Unicode7 ASCII0127ISO-8859-112825525665535

unicodeunicode

Python

2.0 Pythonunicode XMLunicode XMLunicode

9.13.unicode

>>>s=u'Divein'

u'Divein'

>>>prints

Divein

unicode ASCII“ u” ASCIIunicode ASCII ASCIIunicode

Python ASCIIunicode ASCII ASCIIsunicode

9.14. ASCII

>>>s=u'LaPe\xf1a'

>>>prints

UnicodeError:ASCIIencodingerror:ordinalnotinrange(128)

>>>prints.encode('latin-1')

LaPeña

unicode ASCII“ ñ”(nnunicode 0xf1(241\xf1

printunicode ASCIIunicode ASCII PythonUnicodeError

unicode sunicode print encodeunicodeunicode0127

unicode Pythonunicode ASCII

9.15.sitecustomize.py

#sitecustomize.py

#thisfilecanbeanywhereinyourPythonpath,

#butitusuallygoesin${pythondir}/lib/site-packages/

importsys

sys.setdefaultencoding('iso-8859-1')

sitecustomize.py Python importPythonlibsite-packages

setdefaultencoding Pythonunicode

>>>importsys

>>>sys.getdefaultencoding()

'iso-8859-1'

>>>s=u'LaPe\xf1a'

>>>prints

LaPeña

sitecustomize.py Python'ascii'sitecustomize.pyPython Python Pythonsys.setdefaultencoding site.py“ setdefaultencoding”

Python

9.17. .py

Python ASCII .py .pyUTF-8

#!/usr/bin/envpython

#-*-coding:UTF-8-*-

XML XMLISO-8859-1KOI8-RXML

9.18.russiansample.xml

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="koi8-r"?>

<title>Предисловие</title>

</preface>

XML koi8-r

“ Preface” koi8-r iso-8859-1

9.19. russiansample.xml

>>>xmldoc=minidom.parse('russiansample.xml')

>>>title=xmldoc.getElementsByTagName('title')[0].firstChild.data

>>>title

u'\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435'

>>>printtitle

UnicodeError:ASCIIencodingerror:ordinalnotinrange(128)

>>>convertedtitle=title.encode('koi8-r')

>>>convertedtitle

'\xf0\xd2\xc5\xc4\xc9\xd3\xcc\xcf\xd7\xc9\xc5'

>>>printconvertedtitle

Предисловие

russiansample.xml sitecustomize.py 'ascii'

setdefaultencoding

title title Python XMLtitleunicodetitleunicode ASCII Python ASCII

koi8-runicode f0,d2,c5unicode koi8-r-koi8-r PythonIDEiso-8859-1 koi8-r

unicode XML Python XML

unicode Pythonunicode XML7 ASCIIunicode Python XML ASCIIunicode ASCII Python

Unicode.orgunicode

Unicode Pythonunicodeunicode ASCIIPEP263 .py

Footnotes

[5] unicode2unicode Python

<<XML 1234567 >>

9.5. XML XML getElementsByTagName

binary.xml

9.20.binary.xml

<!DOCTYPEgrammarPUBLIC"-//diveintopython.org//DTDKantGeneratorProv1.0//EN""kgp.dtd">

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

<refid="byte">

</ref>

</grammar>

ref'bit''byte''0''1'8

9.21.getElementsByTagName

>>>xmldoc=minidom.parse('binary.xml')

>>>reflist=xmldoc.getElementsByTagName('ref')

>>>reflist

[<DOMElement:refat136138108>,<DOMElement:refat136144292>]

>>>printreflist[0].toxml()

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

>>>printreflist[1].toxml()

<refid="byte">

</ref>

getElementsByTagName Element

>>>firstref=reflist[0]

>>>printfirstref.toxml()

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

>>>plist=firstref.getElementsByTagName("p")

>>>plist

[<DOMElement:pat136140116>,<DOMElement:pat136142172>]

>>>printplist[0].toxml()

0

>>>printplist[1].toxml()

1

reflist'bit'ref Element getElementsByTagName'bit'ref

getElementsByTagName“”

>>>plist=xmldoc.getElementsByTagName("p")

>>>plist

[<DOMElement:pat136140116>,<DOMElement:pat136142172>,<DOMElement:pat136146124>]

>>>plist[0].toxml()

'0'

>>>plist[1].toxml()

'1'

>>>plist[2].toxml()

'<xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/>\

<xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/><xrefid="bit"/>'

firstref p xmldoc p xmldoc XML ref

grammar p p ref'bit'ref p ref'byte'ref

<<Unicode 1234567 >>

9.6.XML XML

binary.xml

XML Python XML Python XML Python XML XMLPythonPython

>>>xmldoc=minidom.parse('binary.xml')

>>>reflist=xmldoc.getElementsByTagName('ref')

>>>bitref=reflist[0]

>>>printbitref.toxml()

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

>>>bitref.attributes

<xml.dom.minidom.NamedNodeMapinstanceat0x81e0c9c>

>>>bitref.attributes.keys()

[u'id']

>>>bitref.attributes.values()

[<xml.dom.minidom.Attrinstanceat0x81d5044>]

>>>bitref.attributes["id"]

<xml.dom.minidom.Attrinstanceat0x81d5044>

Elementattributes NamedNodeMapNamedNodeMap NamedNodeMap attributes.keys() 'id'

XML unicode NamedNodeMap attributes.values() Attr NamedNodeMap NamedNodeMap __getitem__

>>>a=bitref.attributes["id"]

<xml.dom.minidom.Attrinstanceat0x81d5044>

>>>a.name

>>>a.value

u'bit'

Attr XML XML bitref.attributesNamedNodeMapa.name

XMLa.value

XML XML XML Python Attr

<< 1234567 Segue>>

: >DiveIntoPython>XML>Segue <<>>

9.7.SegueOKthat'sitforthehard-coreXMLstuff. getattr

minidom XML

unicode

<< 1234567 ScriptsStreams>>

: >DiveIntoPython>ScriptsStreams > <<>>

10.2.UNIX

stdout stderr UNIX print stdoutPython stderr PythonIDE

stdout stderr“ ”

10.8.stdout stderr

>>>foriinrange(3):

...print'Divein'

Divein

>>>importsys

>>>foriinrange(3):

...sys.stdout.write('Divein')

DiveinDiveinDivein

>>>foriinrange(3):

...sys.stderr.write('Divein')

DiveinDiveinDivein

6.9“” Python rangestdout write print sys.stdout.write

stdout stderr PythonIDE IDE Python stdoutstderr

stdout stderr 10.1“” read write

[you@localhostkgp]$pythonstdout.py

Divein

[you@localhostkgp]$catout.log

Thismessagewillbeloggedinsteadofdisplayed

(Windows typecat)

#stdout.py

importsys

print'Divein'

saveout=sys.stdout

fsock=open('out.log','w')

sys.stdout=fsock

print'Thismessagewillbeloggedinsteadofdisplayed'

sys.stdout=saveout

fsock.close()

IDE“” stdout

“ printed” IDE

stdout

stderr sys.stderr sys.stdout

10.10.

[you@localhostkgp]$pythonstderr.py

[you@localhostkgp]$caterror.log

Traceback(mostrecentlinelast):

File"stderr.py",line5,in?

raiseException,'thiserrorwillbelogged'

Exception:thiserrorwillbelogged

#stderr.py

importsys

fsock=open('error.log','w')

sys.stderr=fsock

raiseException,'thiserrorwillbelogged'

stderr error.log

stderr Python stderr Python stdout

10.11. stderr

>>>print'enteringfunction'

enteringfunction

>>>importsys

>>>print>>sys.stderr,'enteringfunction'

enteringfunction

print printstderrprint

MacOSWindows MS-DOS print

10.12.

[you@localhostkgp]$pythonkgp.py-gbinary.xml

01100111

[you@localhostkgp]$catbinary.xml

<!DOCTYPEgrammarPUBLIC"-//diveintopython.org//DTDKantGeneratorProv1.0//EN""kgp.dtd">

<refid="bit">

0

1

</ref>

<refid="byte">

</ref>

</grammar>

[you@localhostkgp]$catbinary.xml|pythonkgp.py-g-

10110001

9.1“” 0 1

binary.xmlWindows typecat)binary.xml“ |”“ ” Python( binary.xml)“ -” catbinary.xml

“ ”“ -”?

10.13. kgp.py

defopenAnything(source):

ifsource=="-":

importsys

returnsys.stdin

#trytoopenwithurllib(ifsourceishttp,ftp,orfileURL)

importurllib

[...snip...]

toolbox.pyopenAnything 10.1“” 3“ -”;sys.stdinthat'sit! stdinread kgp.py

openAnything)

<<ScriptsStreams 12345678 >>

10.3.kgp.py XML

ref ref p p xref xref id refref

ref xref“” ref ref“”xref xref

xref ref xref id id ref ref id

10.14.loadGrammar

defloadGrammar(self,grammar):

self.grammar=self._load(grammar)

self.refs={}

forrefinself.grammar.getElementsByTagName("ref"):

self.refs[ref.attributes["id"].value]=ref

self.refs9.5“” getElementsByTagName ref9.6“” self.refs ref idself.refs ref 9.3“XML” XML

xref id ref self.refs

10.15. ref

defdo_xref(self,node):

id=node.attributes["id"].value

self.parse(self.randomChildElement(self.refs[id]))

randomChildElement

<< 12345678 >>

10.4. XML ref p p ref pp p

getElementsByTagName getElementsByTagName p p getElementsByTagName p

10.16.

defrandomChildElement(self,node):

choices=[eforeinnode.childNodes

ife.nodeType==e.ELEMENT_NODE]

chosen=random.choice(choices)

returnchosen

9.9“” childNodesHowever,9.11“” childNodesnodeType ,, xml.dom__init__.py 9.2“”

nodeType

Python random random.choice ref p

choices p chosen,

<< 12345678 Creatingseparatehandlersbynodetype>>

: >DiveIntoPython>ScriptsStreams >Creatingseparatehandlersbynodetype <<>>

10.5.Creatingseparatehandlersbynodetype XML XML Python Document DocumentElement

foractual XMLtags Element Textforbitsoftext Commentforembeddedcomments Python

10.17. XML

>>>xmldoc=minidom.parse('kant.xml')

>>>xmldoc

<xml.dom.minidom.Documentinstanceat0x01359DE8>

>>>xmldoc.__class__

<classxml.dom.minidom.Documentat0x01105D40>

>>>xmldoc.__class__.__name__

'Document'

kant.xml

9.2“” XMLDocument xml.domminidom.py 5.4“” __class__ Python

__name__ Python 5.3“”

XML XML Python getattr4.4“getattr”

10.18.parse, XML

defparse(self,node):

parseMethod=getattr(self,"parse_%s"%node.__class__.__name__)

parseMethod(node)

Firstoff, node Document 'parse_Document'

getattr

10.19.parse

defparse_Document(self,node):

self.parse(node.documentElement)

defparse_Text(self,node):

text=node.data

ifself.capitalizeNextWord:

self.pieces.append(text[0].upper())

self.pieces.append(text[1:])

self.capitalizeNextWord=0

defparse_Comment(self,node):

defparse_Element(self,node):

handlerMethod=getattr(self,"do_%s"%node.tagName)

handlerMethod(node)

parse_Document XMLDocument XMLDocumentturnaroundparse_Textparse_Commentpass parse parse_Comment

parse_Element 'do_xref' <xref>

parseparse_Element 16 FunctionalProgramming

<< 12345678 >>

10.6.Python XML

Python

10.20.sys.argv

#argecho.py

importsys

forarginsys.argv:

printarg

sys.argv

10.21.sys.argv

[you@localhostpy]$pythonargecho.py

argecho.py

[you@localhostpy]$pythonargecho.pyabcdef

argecho.py

[you@localhostpy]$pythonargecho.py--help

argecho.py

--help

[you@localhostpy]$pythonargecho.py-mkant.xml

argecho.py

kant.xml

sys.argv 16 FunctionalProgrammingsys.argv

--helpsys.argv

-mkant.xml sys.argv

butthenagain,itdoesn'tlooklikeit'sgoingtobeallthateasytoactuallyuseit. sys.argv[1]

10.22.getopt

defmain(argv):

grammar="kant.xml"

opts,args=getopt.getopt(argv,"hg:d",["help","grammar="

exceptgetopt.GetoptError:

usage()

sys.exit(2)

main(sys.argv[1:])

Firstoff main sys.argv[1:] sys.argv[0]

getoptgetopt sys.argv[1:]

getopt getopt UNIX usage

getopt main

"hg:d"

printusagesummary-g...

usespecifiedgrammarfileorURL-d

showdebugginginformationwhileparsing

-gweb getoptg getopt

Tofurthercomplicatethings -h --help getopt

["help","grammar="]

--help

printusagesummary--grammar...

usespecifiedgrammarfileorURL

1. getopt2. --grammar -g "grammar="

3. -d -d

10.23. kgp.py

defmain(argv):

grammar="kant.xml"

usage()

sys.exit(2)

foropt,arginopts:

ifoptin("-h","--help"):

usage()

sys.exit()

elifopt=='-d':

global_debug

_debug=1

elifoptin("-g","--grammar"):

grammar=arg

source="".join(args)

k=KantGenerator(grammar,source)

printk.output()

grammar -g--grammar

getoptoptsflag argument arg Nonegetopt -h opt"-h"--help opt"--help"

-dWhat,youthoughtalltheseexamplesworkedonthefirsttry?

-g--grammar arggrammar main

That’sit getoptargs args source

<<Creatingseparatehandlersbynodetype 12345678 >>

getopt

defmain(argv):

foropt,arginopts:

KantGenerator

KantGenerator XML openAnything minidom XMLPython

def_load(self,source):

sock=toolbox.openAnything(source)

xmldoc=minidom.parse(sock).documentElement

sock.close()

XML XML

“”

defgetDefaultSource(self):

xrefs={}

forxrefinself.grammar.getElementsByTagName("xref"):

xrefs[xref.attributes["id"].value]=1

xrefs=xrefs.keys()

standaloneXrefs=[eforeinself.refs.keys()ifenotinxrefs]

return'<xrefid="%s"/>'%random.choice(standaloneXrefs)

handlerMethod(node)

defdo_p(self,node):

ifdoit:

forchildinnode.childNodes:self.parse(child)

choice

defdo_choice(self,node):

self.parse(self.randomChildElement(node))

ref xref

text=node.data

defmain(argv):

printk.output()

<< 12345678 >>

10.8.Python XML minidom XML PythonPython“”

getattr getopt

<< 12345678 HTTPWeb>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTTPWeb>HTTP <<>>

11.2.HTTPHTTP,Atomfeed;,,

11.2.feed

>>>importurllib

>>>data=urllib.urlopen('http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml').read()

>>>printdata

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

<feedversion="0.3"

xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#"

xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"

xml:lang="en">

<titlemode="escaped">diveintomark</title>

<linkrel="alternate"type="text/html"href="http://diveintomark.org/"/>

<--restoffeedomittedforbrevity-->

PythonHTTP;, urllib urlopen, read()

? ,feed,feedwebweb,feed,

<<HTTPWeb 12345678910 HTTP>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTTPWeb>HTTP <<>>

11.3.HTTP11.3.1.(User-Agent)11.3.2.(Redirects)11.3.3.Last-Modified/If-Modified-Since11.3.4.ETag/If-None-Match11.3.5.(Compression)

11.3.1.( User-Agent)

User-AgentHTTPweb,feedweb

Python User-Agent:Python-urllib/1.15 , User-Agent

11.3.2.(Redirects)

Web,web http://example.com/xml/atom.xml ,http://www.example.com/index.xml http://server-farm-

1.example.com/index.xml

HTTP, errors)

HTTP 302 ;“ , ”( Location:) 301 ;“ , ”( Location:) 302,HTTP,,,

HTTP, urllib.urlopen“ ”,,“ ”,

11.3.3.Last-Modified/If-Modified-Since

CNN.com,Google.com(logo,)HTTP

(,),: If-Modified-Since,304,“ ” ? 304,

PythonURL,,

11.3.4.ETag/If-None-Match

ETag: hash(None-Match:ETaghash,, 304 , ,ETaghash,hash,

PythonURLETag,

11.3.5.(Compression)

HTTPgzipHTTPweb,XMLXML,,HTTP,,, Content-encoding:gzip

PythonURLgzip, Python

feed HTTP

<<HTTP 12345678910 HTTPweb>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTTPWeb>HTTPweb <<>>

11.4.HTTPweb, PythonHTTP ,

11.3.HTTP

>>>importhttplib

>>>httplib.HTTPConnection.debuglevel=1

>>>importurllib

>>>feeddata=urllib.urlopen('http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml'

connect:(diveintomark.org,80)

send:'

GET/xml/atom.xmlHTTP/1.0

Host:diveintomark.org

User-agent:Python-urllib/1.15

reply:'HTTP/1.1200OK\r\n'

header:Date:Wed,14Apr200422:27:30GMT

header:Server:Apache/2.0.49(DebianGNU/Linux)

header:Content-Type:application/atom+xml

header:Last-Modified:Wed,14Apr200422:14:38GMT

header:ETag:"e8284-68e0-4de30f80"

header:Accept-Ranges:bytes

header:Content-Length:26848

header:Connection:close

urllib Python, httplib importhttplib(urllib),urllib HTTPConnectionHTTP ,HTTP Atomfeed, urllib HTTPverb,(), POST, Host, ,HTTP

User-Agent urllib User-Agent,( feeddata) 200,“ , ” ,,Atomfeed,,Atomfeed( application/atom+xml,Atomfeeds)Atomfeed,(,13) feed,Atomfeed "e8284-68e0-4de30f80"ETaghash hash;feed,

<<HTTP 12345678910 User-Agent>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTTPWeb>User-Agent <<>>

11.5. User-Agent

HTTPweb User-Agent, urllib urllib2

11.4.urllib2

>>>importhttplib

>>>importurllib2

>>>request=urllib2.Request('http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml'

>>>opener=urllib2.build_opener()

>>>feeddata=opener.open(request).read()

send:'

PythonIDE,, HTTP urllib2HTTP, Request,URL

URL(opener) , RequestURL ,

11.5. Request

>>>request

<urllib2.Requestinstanceat0x00250AA8>

>>>request.get_full_url()

http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml

>>>request.add_header('User-Agent',

...'OpenAnything/1.0+http://diveintopython.org/')

>>>feeddata=opener.open(request).read()

send:'

User-agent:OpenAnything/1.0+http://diveintopython.org/

;URL RequestRequest add_header,HTTP ,:,, ,,URL

opener,feed, User-Agent User-Agent, Python User-Agent User-Agent

User-agent ? urllib2HTTP

<<HTTPweb 12345678910 Last-ModifiedETag>>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTTPWeb>Last-ModifiedETag <<>>

11.6. Last-Modified ETag

webHTTP, Last-Modified ETag

, httplib.HTTPConnection.debuglevel=0,

11.6. Last-Modified

>>>importurllib2

>>>firstdatastream=opener.open(request)

>>>firstdatastream.headers.dict

{'date':'Thu,15Apr200420:42:41GMT',

'server':'Apache/2.0.49(DebianGNU/Linux)',

'content-type':'application/atom+xml',

'last-modified':'Thu,15Apr200419:45:21GMT',

'etag':'"e842a-3e53-55d97640"',

'content-length':'15955',

'accept-ranges':'bytes',

'connection':'close'}

>>>request.add_header('If-Modified-Since',

...firstdatastream.headers.get('Last-Modified'))

>>>seconddatastream=opener.open(request)

Traceback(mostrecentcalllast):

File"<stdin>",line1,in?

File"c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py",line326,inopen

'_open',req)

File"c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py",line306,in_call_chain

result=func(*args)

File"c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py",line901,inhttp_open

returnself.do_open(httplib.HTTP,req)

File"c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py",line895,indo_open

returnself.parent.error('http',req,fp,code,msg,hdrs)

File"c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py",line352,inerror

returnself._call_chain(*args)

File"c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py",line306,in_call_chain

result=func(*args)

File"c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py",line412,inhttp_error_default

raiseHTTPError(req.get_full_url(),code,msg,hdrs,fp)

urllib2.HTTPError:HTTPError304:NotModified

HTTP? HTTP, If-Modified-Since , 304, urllib2, HTTPError, 304

urllib2 HTTPError, 404(pagenotfound) , 200(OK),301(permanentredirect), 302(temporaryredirect) HTTPError ,,,URL

11.7.URL

URL openanything.py

classDefaultErrorHandler(urllib2.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler):

defhttp_error_default(self,req,fp,code,msg,headers):

result=urllib2.HTTPError(

req.get_full_url(),code,msg,headers,fp)

result.status=code

returnresult

urllib2URL 9 XML 304, urllib2 http_error_default, urllib2

, HTTPError,:,HTTP

11.8.URL

>>>request.headers

{'If-modified-since':'Thu,15Apr200419:45:21GMT'}

>>>importopenanything

>>>opener=urllib2.build_opener(

...openanything.DefaultErrorHandler())

>>>seconddatastream.status

>>>seconddatastream.read()

, Request, If-Modified-Since[todo]:URL, urllib2 urllib2HTTPHTTPURL,,( seconddatastream.headers.dict),HTTP ,, 304, 304, :,

ETag, Last-Modified If-Modified-Since, ETag If-

None-Match IDE

11.9.SupportingETag/If-None-Match

>>>importurllib2,openanything

...openanything.DefaultErrorHandler())

>>>firstdatastream=opener.open(request)

>>>firstdatastream.headers.get('ETag')

'"e842a-3e53-55d97640"'

>>>firstdata=firstdatastream.read()

>>>printfirstdata

<feedversion="0.3"

xml:lang="en">

>>>request.add_header('If-None-Match',

...firstdatastream.headers.get('ETag'))

>>>seconddatastream.status

>>>seconddatastream.read()

firstdatastream.headers, ETag( ETag?None.)OK, If-None-Match ETag

(), 304 ETag, 304 Last-Modified ETaghash, 304

,HTTP Last-Modified ETag,web,

<<User-Agent 12345678910 >>

: >DiveIntoPython>HTTPWeb> <<>>

11.7.URL

11.10.web

>>>importurllib2,httplib

>>>request=urllib2.Request(

...'http://diveintomark.org/redir/example301.xml')

>>>f=opener.open(request)

send:'

GET/redir/example301.xmlHTTP/1.0

reply:'HTTP/1.1301MovedPermanently\r\n'

header:Date:Thu,15Apr200422:06:25GMT

header:Location:http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml

header:Content-Type:text/html;charset=iso-8859-1

send:'

header:Last-Modified:Thu,15Apr200419:45:21GMT

header:ETag:"e842a-3e53-55d97640"

>>>f.url

'http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml'

>>>f.headers.dict

{'content-length':'15955',

'accept-ranges':'bytes',

'server':'Apache/2.0.49(DebianGNU/Linux)',

'last-modified':'Thu,15Apr200419:45:21GMT',

'connection':'close',

'etag':'"e842a-3e53-55d97640"',

'date':'Thu,15Apr200422:06:25GMT',

'content-type':'application/atom+xml'}

>>>f.status

AttributeError:addinfourlinstancehasnoattribute'status'

Atomfeedhttp://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml,, 301, Location:

urllib2Location: opener()

, urllib2 301 302,

11.11.

openanything.py

classSmartRedirectHandler(urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler):

defhttp_error_301(self,req,fp,code,msg,headers):

result=urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_301(

self,req,fp,code,msg,headers)

result.status=code

returnresult

result.status=code

returnresult

urllib2 HTTPRedirectHandler ,,HTTPRedirectHandler, 301, urllib2 http_error_301 http_error_301

, Location::,( 301),( 302): http_error_302,,

? URL,,

11.12.

>>>request=urllib2.Request('http://diveintomark.org/redir/example301.xml'

>>>importopenanything,httplib

...openanything.SmartRedirectHandler())

send:'GET/redir/example301.xmlHTTP/1.0

reply:'HTTP/1.1301MovedPermanently\r\n'

send:'

>>>f.status

>>>f.url

'http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml'

,URL, 301, http_error_301,(http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml):,URL,,(http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml ,

11.13.

>>>request=urllib2.Request(

...'http://diveintomark.org/redir/example302.xml')

send:'

GET/redir/example302.xmlHTTP/1.0

reply:'HTTP/1.1302Found\r\n'

send:'

>>>f.status

>>>f.url

http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml

URL http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml 302, Location:urllib2 http_error_302, urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler

, http_error_302( 302), http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml f.status,(http://diveintomark.org/redir/example302.xml) , ,

<<Last-ModifiedETag 12345678910 >>

11.8.HTTP web,60%

11.14.

>>>importurllib2,httplib

>>>request.add_header('Accept-encoding','gzip')

send:'

Accept-encoding:gzip

header:Vary:Accept-Encoding

header:Content-Encoding:gzip

: Request, Accept-encodinggzip, gzipweb99%

: Content-Encoding:gzipgzipContent-Length, ,15955,gzip60%!

11.15.

>>>compresseddata=f.read()

>>>len(compresseddata)

>>>importStringIO

>>>compressedstream=StringIO.StringIO(compresseddata)

>>>importgzip

>>>gzipper=gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=compressedstream)

>>>data=gzipper.read()

>>>printdata

<feedversion="0.3"

xml:lang="en">

>>>len(data)

, fURL read(),gzip,OK, Python gzip,()gzip

, ( compresseddata

StringIO , GzipFile,“ file” compressedstream

: GzipFile“ ” ? , gzipper

“file”; gzipper StringIO“ ”, compresseddata

? HTTP, urllib2.build_opener

,(15955bytes)

“! ” “! ” opener.open, StringIO

? OK,,,

11.16.

>>>f.headers.get('Content-Encoding')

'gzip'

>>>data=gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=f).read()

File"c:\python23\lib\gzip.py",line217,inread

self._read(readsize)

File"c:\python23\lib\gzip.py",line252,in_read

pos=self.fileobj.tell()#Savecurrentposition

AttributeError:addinfourlinstancehasnoattribute'tell'

, Accept-encoding:gzip Request() Content-Encoding

opener.open,,gzip, GzipFile? GzipFile

“ ”,HTTP“ ” ,“file”;, StringIO:, StringIO,

<< 12345678910 >>

11.9.HTTPweb

11.17.openanything

openanything.py

defopenAnything(source,etag=None,lastmodified=None,agent=USER_AGENT):

#non-HTTPcodeomittedforbrevity

ifurlparse.urlparse(source)[0]=='http':

#openURLwithurllib2

request=urllib2.Request(source)

request.add_header('User-Agent',agent)

ifetag:

request.add_header('If-None-Match',etag)

iflastmodified:

request.add_header('If-Modified-Since',lastmodified)

request.add_header('Accept-encoding','gzip')

opener=urllib2.build_opener(SmartRedirectHandler(),DefaultErrorHandler())

returnopener.open(request)

urlparseURL urlparse,URL(scheme,domain,path,params,)tuple ,scheme,HTTPURL(urllib2) User-AgentHTTP User-Agent,,openanything.py urllib2 ETag, If-None-Match, If-Modified-Since

URLURL: SmartRedirectHandler 301 302,

DefaultErrorHandler 304,404

11.18.fetch

openanything.py

deffetch(source,etag=None,last_modified=None,agent=USER_AGENT):

'''FetchdataandmetadatafromaURL,file,stream,orstring'''

result={}

f=openAnything(source,etag,last_modified,agent)

result['data']=f.read()

ifhasattr(f,'headers'):

#saveETag,iftheserversentone

result['etag']=f.headers.get('ETag')

#saveLast-Modifiedheader,iftheserversentone

result['lastmodified']=f.headers.get('Last-Modified')

iff.headers.get('content-encoding','')=='gzip':

#datacamebackgzip-compressed,decompressit

result['data']=gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=StringIO(result[

ifhasattr(f,'url'):

result['url']=f.url

result['status']=200

ifhasattr(f,'status'):

result['status']=f.status

f.close()

returnresult

,URL, ETaghash,Last-Modified User-AgentopenAnything ;,

ETaghash,, openAnything, If-None-Match Last-Modified,URL, 200

11.19. openanything.py

>>>importopenanything

>>>useragent='MyHTTPWebServicesApp/1.0'

>>>url='http://diveintopython.org/redir/example301.xml'

>>>params=openanything.fetch(url,agent=useragent)

>>>params

{'url':'http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml',

'lastmodified':'Thu,15Apr200419:45:21GMT',

'etag':'"e842a-3e53-55d97640"',

'status':301,

'data':'<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

<feedversion="0.3"

<--restofdataomittedforbrevity-->'}

>>>ifparams['status']==301:

...url=params['url']

>>>newparams=openanything.fetch(

...url,params['etag'],params['lastmodified'],useragent)

>>>newparams

{'url':'http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml',

'lastmodified':None,

'etag':'"e842a-3e53-55d97640"',

'status':304,

'data':''}

, ETaghash Last-Modified, (They're)

dictionary,,HTTP openanythinggzip; 301,,URL,:URL(), ETag, Last-Modified,User-Agent

dictionary,, 304

<< 12345678910 >>

11.10.openanything.py

5HTTPweb:

User-Agent Last-Modified ETaghash gzip

<< 12345678910 SOAPWeb>>

: >DiveIntoPython>SOAPWeb>SOAP <<>>

12.2.SOAP12.2.1.PyXML12.2.2.fpconst12.2.3.SOAPpy

, Python

SOAPweb,: PyXML,fpconst SOAPpy

12.2.1. PyXML

PyXML XML 9 XML

1. http://pyxml.sourceforge.net/Downloads

2. Windows PyXML Python

3. Windows PyXML0.8.3 Python2.3 PyXML-

0.8.3.win32-py2.3.exe.

PyXML PythonIDE XML

12.3. PyXML

>>>importxml

>>>xml.__version__

'0.8.3'

12.2.2. fpconst

fpconstIEEE754double-precisionNot-a-Number(NaN),PositiveInfinity(Inf)NegativeInfinity(-Inf) SOAP

fpconst

1. http://www.analytics.washington.edu/statcomp/projects/rzope/fpconst/ fpconst

2. .tar.gz .zipWindows .zip .tar.gz

3. WindowsXP“”WindowsWinZip MacOSX

5. pythonsetup.pyinstall

fpconst PythonIDE

12.4. fpconst

>>>importfpconst

>>>fpconst.__version__

'0.6.0'

fpconst

12.2.3. SOAPpy

SOAP SOAPpy

SOAPpy

1. http://pywebsvcs.sourceforge.net/ SOAPpy

2. Windows .zip .tar.gz

3. fpconst

4. SOAPpy

5. pythonsetup.pyinstall

SOAPpy PythonIDE

12.5. SOAPpy

>>>importSOAPpy

>>>SOAPpy.__version__

'0.11.4'

SOAPpy

<<SOAPWeb 123456789 SOAP>>

12.3. SOAP SOAP SOAP

SOAP http://www.xmethods.net/

>>>fromSOAPpyimportSOAPProxy

>>>url='http://services.xmethods.net:80/soap/servlet/rpcrouter'

>>>namespace='urn:xmethods-Temperature'

>>>server=SOAPProxy(url,namespace)

>>>server.getTemp('27502')

SOAPProxyproxy SOAPproxy SOAPXMLHTTP SOAPXML Python

SOAP URL URLGoogle APIURL SOAPnamespace SOAP URL Python packages URL SOAPProxy SOAP Python SOAP

<<SOAP 123456789 SOAP>>

12.4.SOAPSOAP

SOAPProxy

12.7.SOAP

>>>n='urn:xmethods-Temperature'

>>>server=SOAPProxy(url,namespace=n)

>>>server.config.dumpSOAPOut=1

>>>server.config.dumpSOAPIn=1

>>>temperature=server.getTemp('27502')

***OutgoingSOAP******************************************************

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>

<SOAP-ENV:EnvelopeSOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"

xmlns:SOAP-ENC="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema-instance"

xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"

xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema">

<SOAP-ENV:Body>

<ns1:getTempxmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature"SOAP-ENC:root="1">

<v1xsi:type="xsd:string">27502</v1>

</ns1:getTemp>

</SOAP-ENV:Body>

</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>

************************************************************************

***IncomingSOAP******************************************************

<?xmlversion='1.0'encoding='UTF-8'?>

<SOAP-ENV:Envelopexmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"

<SOAP-ENV:Body>

<ns1:getTempResponsexmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature"

SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/">

<returnxsi:type="xsd:float">80.0</return>

</ns1:getTempResponse>

</SOAP-ENV:Body>

************************************************************************

>>>temperature

URL SOAPProxy

server.config.dumpSOAPIn server.config.dumpSOAPOut

SOAP SOAPXMLXML SOAPProxy

XML SOAP“ ”<Body>

<ns1:getTemp

xmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature"

SOAP-ENC:root="1">

</ns1:getTemp>

getTemp SOAPProxy getattrXMLXML SOAPProxy SOAP-ENC:rootXML SOAPProxystring xsi:type

XML <Body>

<ns1:getTempResponse

xmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature"

SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"

<getTempResponse> Response SOAPProxy

SOAPProxy SOAPProxyfloat SOAPProxy Python

<<SOAP 123456789 WSDL>>

: >DiveIntoPython>SOAPWeb>WSDL <<>>

12.5.WSDLSOAPProxy SOAP SOAPProxy

SOAP URL

URL Python

4 Python

WSDL SOAP WSDL“ WebServicesDescriptionLanguage ” SOAP

WSDLXML SOAPGoogleAPIWSDLGoogle WSDLGoogle

WSDL SOAP

URL SOAP WSDL

WSDL SOAP

<<SOAP 123456789 WSDLSOAP>>

: >DiveIntoPython>SOAPWeb>WSDLSOAP <<>>

12.6. WSDL SOAP WSDL WSDL

WSDL SOAP

>>>fromSOAPpyimportWSDL

>>>wsdlFile='http://www.xmethods.net/sd/2001/TemperatureService.wsdl'

>>>server=WSDL.Proxy(wsdlFile)

>>>server.methods.keys()

[u'getTemp']

SOAPpy WSDL WSDL WSDLproxy WSDL.Proxy WSDL WSDL URLproxy WSDL WSDLproxy WSDL WSDLWSDLproxy Python server.methods keys()

SOAP getTemp WSDL

>>>callInfo=server.methods['getTemp']

>>>callInfo.inparams

[<SOAPpy.wstools.WSDLTools.ParameterInfoinstanceat0x00CF3AD0>]

>>>callInfo.inparams[0].name

u'zipcode'

>>>callInfo.inparams[0].type

(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'string')

server.methods SOAPpy CallInfo CallInfo

callInfo.inparams ParameterInfo Python ParameterInfo name SOAP SOAP Python WSDL.ProxyXMLSchemaXMLSchema zipcode WSDL.Proxy Python

12.10.

>>>callInfo.outparams

[<SOAPpy.wstools.WSDLTools.ParameterInfoinstanceat0x00CF3AF8>]

>>>callInfo.outparams[0].name

u'return'

>>>callInfo.outparams[0].type

(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'float')

callInfo.inparams callInfo.outparams SOAPPythonParameterInfo name type return

WSDLproxy SOAP

12.11. WSDLproxy SOAP

>>>server.soapproxy.config.dumpSOAPOut=1

>>>server.soapproxy.config.dumpSOAPIn=1

>>>temperature=server.getTemp('90210')

***OutgoingSOAP******************************************************

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>

<SOAP-ENV:EnvelopeSOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"

xmlns:SOAP-ENC="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"

xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"

<SOAP-ENV:Body>

<ns1:getTempxmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature"SOAP-ENC:root="1">

</ns1:getTemp>

</SOAP-ENV:Body>

************************************************************************

***IncomingSOAP******************************************************

<?xmlversion='1.0'encoding='UTF-8'?>

<SOAP-ENV:Envelopexmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"

<SOAP-ENV:Body>

<ns1:getTempResponsexmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature"

SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/">

</SOAP-ENV:Body>

************************************************************************

>>>temperature

SOAP WSDL URL WSDL.Proxy WSDL SOAP SOAPProxyWSDL.Proxy SOAPProxy WSDL.Proxy SOAPProxy

server.soapproxy WSDL.Proxy SOAPProxy WSDLproxy SOAPProxyXML

<<WSDL 123456789 Google>>

: >DiveIntoPython>SOAPWeb>Google <<>>

12.7.Google

Google SOAPAPIGoogleGoogle

12.4.Google

1. http://www.google.com/apis/E-mailE-mailGoogleAPIlicensekeyGoogle

2. http://www.google.com/apis/GoogleAPIskitPython WSDL

3. GoogleSearch.wsdl

Google WSDLGoogle

12.12.Google

>>>server=WSDL.Proxy('/path/to/your/GoogleSearch.wsdl')

>>>server.methods.keys()

[u'doGoogleSearch',u'doGetCachedPage',u'doSpellingSuggestion']

>>>callInfo=server.methods['doGoogleSearch']

>>>forargincallInfo.inparams:

...printarg.name.ljust(15),arg.type

key(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'string')

q(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'string')

start(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'int')

maxResults(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'int')

filter(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'boolean')

restrict(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'string')

safeSearch(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'boolean')

lr(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'string')

ie(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'string')

oe(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema',u'string')

Google WSDL.ProxyGoogle WSDL WSDLGoogle doGoogleSearch,doGetCachedPagedoSpellingSuggestionGoogleGoogledoGoogleSearch WSDLGoogle WSDL WSDL.Proxy WSDL

doGoogleSearch

key——GoogleGoogleAPIq——Googlestart——Google10“ ” start10maxResults——10filter—— TrueGooglerestrict—— country countryUK linux macbsdGoogle unclesamsafeSearch—— TrueGooglelr(“”)——ieandoe(“”“ ”)—— utf-8

12.13.Google

>>>server=WSDL.Proxy('/path/to/your/GoogleSearch.wsdl')

>>>key='YOUR_GOOGLE_API_KEY'

>>>results=server.doGoogleSearch(key,'mark',0,10,False,"",

...False,"","utf-8","utf-8")

>>>len(results.resultElements)

>>>results.resultElements[0].URL

'http://diveintomark.org/'

>>>results.resultElements[0].title

'diveintomark'

WSDL.Proxy server.doGoogleSearchGoogleGoogleAPI results.resultElements PythonresultElements URL title,snippetdir(results.resultElements[0]) Python WSDLproxy outparams

results10Google

12.14.Google

>>>results.searchTime

0.224919

>>>results.estimatedTotalResultsCount

29800000

>>>results.directoryCategories

[<SOAPpy.Types.structTypeitemat14367400>:

{'fullViewableName':

'Top/Arts/Literature/World_Literature/American/19th_Century/Twain,_Mark',

'specialEncoding':''}]

>>>results.directoryCategories[0].fullViewableName

'Top/Arts/Literature/World_Literature/American/19th_Century/Twain,_Mark'

0.224919 SOAPXMLGoogle30,000,00010 start server.doGoogleSearchGoogle GoogleDirectoryURLs

http://directory.google.com/directorycategory

<<WSDLSOAP 123456789 SOAP>>

12.8.SOAPSOAP

SOAPHTTP SOAPHTTPXMLXML 11 HTTPWeb importhttplibhttplib.HTTPConnection.debuglevel=1HTTP

HTTP SOAPpy SOAP

12.15.Proxy

>>>server=SOAPProxy(url)

<FaultSOAP-ENV:Server.BadTargetObjectURI:

Unabletodetermineobjectidfromcall:isthemethodelementnamespaced?>

File"c:\python23\Lib\site-packages\SOAPpy\Client.py",line453,in__call__

returnself.__r_call(*args,**kw)

File"c:\python23\Lib\site-packages\SOAPpy\Client.py",line475,in__r_call

self.__hd,self.__ma)

File"c:\python23\Lib\site-packages\SOAPpy\Client.py",line389,in__call

raisep

SOAPpy.Types.faultType:<FaultSOAP-ENV:Server.BadTargetObjectURI:

Unabletodetermineobjectidfromcall:isthemethodelementnamespaced?>

SOAPProxy URL URL

SOAP SOAPpySOAPpy.Types.faultType Python SOAP SOAP SOAP SOAPProxy

SOAP WSDL WSDL URL

12.16.

>>>temperature=server.getTemp(27502)

<FaultSOAP-ENV:Server:Exceptionwhilehandlingservicerequest:

services.temperature.TempService.getTemp(int)--nosignaturematch>

raisep

SOAPpy.Types.faultType:<FaultSOAP-ENV:Server:Exceptionwhilehandlingservicerequest:

services.temperature.TempService.getTemp(int)--nosignaturematch>

server.getTemp WSDL getTemp() SOAP zipcode WSDL.Proxy SOAP SOAP getTemp SOAPoverload SOAP WSDL.Proxy

Python

12.17.

>>>(city,temperature)=server.getTemp(27502)

TypeError:unpacknon-sequence

server.getTemp SOAP SOAPWSDL.Proxy Python Python SOAP

Google

12.18.

>>>server=WSDL.Proxy(r'/path/to/local/GoogleSearch.wsdl')

>>>results=server.doGoogleSearch('foo','mark',0,10,False,""

...False,"","utf-8","utf-8")

<FaultSOAP-ENV:Server:

Exceptionfromserviceobject:Invalidauthorizationkey:foo:

<SOAPpy.Types.structTypedetailat14164616>:

{'stackTrace':

'com.google.soap.search.GoogleSearchFault:Invalidauthorizationkey:foo

atcom.google.soap.search.QueryLimits.lookUpAndLoadFromINSIfNeedBe(

QueryLimits.java:220)

atcom.google.soap.search.QueryLimits.validateKey(QueryLimits.java:127)

atcom.google.soap.search.GoogleSearchService.doPublicMethodChecks(

GoogleSearchService.java:825)

atcom.google.soap.search.GoogleSearchService.doGoogleSearch(

atsun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor13.invoke(UnknownSource)

atsun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(UnknownSource)

atjava.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(UnknownSource)

atorg.apache.soap.server.RPCRouter.invoke(RPCRouter.java:146)

atorg.apache.soap.providers.RPCJavaProvider.invoke(

RPCJavaProvider.java:129)

atorg.apache.soap.server.http.RPCRouterServlet.doPost(

RPCRouterServlet.java:288)

atjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:760)

atcom.google.gse.HttpConnection.runServlet(HttpConnection.java:237)

atcom.google.gse.HttpConnection.run(HttpConnection.java:195)

atcom.google.gse.DispatchQueue$WorkerThread.run(DispatchQueue.java:201)

Causedby:com.google.soap.search.UserKeyInvalidException:Keywasofwrongsize.

atcom.google.soap.search.UserKey.<init>(UserKey.java:59)

...14more

raisep

SOAPpy.Types.faultType:<FaultSOAP-ENV:Server:Exceptionfromserviceobject:

Invalidauthorizationkey:foo:

<SOAPpy.Types.structTypedetailat14164616>:

{'stackTrace':

'com.google.soap.search.GoogleSearchFault:Invalidauthorizationkey:foo

atcom.google.soap.search.QueryLimits.validateKey(QueryLimits.java:127)

atcom.google.soap.search.GoogleSearchService.doPublicMethodChecks(

atcom.google.soap.search.GoogleSearchService.doGoogleSearch(

atsun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor13.invoke(UnknownSource)

atsun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(UnknownSource)

atjava.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(UnknownSource)

atorg.apache.soap.server.RPCRouter.invoke(RPCRouter.java:146)

atorg.apache.soap.providers.RPCJavaProvider.invoke(

RPCJavaProvider.java:129)

atorg.apache.soap.server.http.RPCRouterServlet.doPost(

RPCRouterServlet.java:288)

atcom.google.gse.HttpConnection.runServlet(HttpConnection.java:237)

atcom.google.gse.HttpConnection.run(HttpConnection.java:195)

atcom.google.gse.DispatchQueue$WorkerThread.run(DispatchQueue.java:201)

Causedby:com.google.soap.search.UserKeyInvalidException:Keywasofwrongsize.

atcom.google.soap.search.UserKey.<init>(UserKey.java:59)

...14more

fooGoogleGoogle SOAPJava SOAP SOAP

fooInvalidauthorizationkey:foo

NewdevelopmentsforSOAPpy SOAP

<<Google 123456789 >>

: >DiveIntoPython>SOAPWeb> <<>>

12.9.SOAP

SOAP WSDL SOAP SOAP

<<SOAP 123456789 >>

13.2.(testsuite)

Python unittest

Python2.1 unittestPython2.0pyunit.sourceforge.net

(“ ,(checkin)...... ”)("")

<< 123456 romantest.py>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>romantest.py <<>>

13.3. romantest.py

roman.py(testsuite)

13.1.romantest.py

"""Unittestforroman.py"""

importroman

importunittest

classKnownValues(unittest.TestCase):

knownValues=((1,'I'),

(2,'II'),

(3,'III'),

(4,'IV'),

(5,'V'),

(6,'VI'),

(7,'VII'),

(8,'VIII'),

(9,'IX'),

(10,'X'),

(50,'L'),

(100,'C'),

(500,'D'),

(1000,'M'),

(31,'XXXI'),

(148,'CXLVIII'),

(294,'CCXCIV'),

(312,'CCCXII'),

(421,'CDXXI'),

(528,'DXXVIII'),

(621,'DCXXI'),

(782,'DCCLXXXII'),

(870,'DCCCLXX'),

(941,'CMXLI'),

(1043,'MXLIII'),

(1110,'MCX'),

(1226,'MCCXXVI'),

(1301,'MCCCI'),

(1485,'MCDLXXXV'),

(1509,'MDIX'),

(1607,'MDCVII'),

(1754,'MDCCLIV'),

(1832,'MDCCCXXXII'),

(1993,'MCMXCIII'),

(2074,'MMLXXIV'),

(2152,'MMCLII'),

(2212,'MMCCXII'),

(2343,'MMCCCXLIII'),

(2499,'MMCDXCIX'),

(2574,'MMDLXXIV'),

(2646,'MMDCXLVI'),

(2723,'MMDCCXXIII'),

(2892,'MMDCCCXCII'),

(2975,'MMCMLXXV'),

(3051,'MMMLI'),

(3185,'MMMCLXXXV'),

(3250,'MMMCCL'),

(3313,'MMMCCCXIII'),

(3408,'MMMCDVIII'),

(3501,'MMMDI'),

(3610,'MMMDCX'),

(3743,'MMMDCCXLIII'),

(3844,'MMMDCCCXLIV'),

(3888,'MMMDCCCLXXXVIII'),

(3940,'MMMCMXL'),

(3999,'MMMCMXCIX'))

deftestToRomanKnownValues(self):

"""toRomanshouldgiveknownresultwithknowninput"""

forinteger,numeralinself.knownValues:

result=roman.toRoman(integer)

self.assertEqual(numeral,result)

deftestFromRomanKnownValues(self):

"""fromRomanshouldgiveknownresultwithknowninput"""

result=roman.fromRoman(numeral)

self.assertEqual(integer,result)

classToRomanBadInput(unittest.TestCase):

deftestTooLarge(self):

"""toRomanshouldfailwithlargeinput"""

self.assertRaises(roman.OutOfRangeError,roman.toRoman,4000)

deftestZero(self):

"""toRomanshouldfailwith0input"""

deftestNegative(self):

"""toRomanshouldfailwithnegativeinput"""

self.assertRaises(roman.OutOfRangeError,roman.toRoman,-1)

deftestNonInteger(self):

"""toRomanshouldfailwithnon-integerinput"""

self.assertRaises(roman.NotIntegerError,roman.toRoman,0.5)

classFromRomanBadInput(unittest.TestCase):

deftestTooManyRepeatedNumerals(self):

"""fromRomanshouldfailwithtoomanyrepeatednumerals"""

forsin('MMMM','DD','CCCC','LL','XXXX','VV','IIII'):

self.assertRaises(roman.InvalidRomanNumeralError,roman.fromRoman,s)

deftestRepeatedPairs(self):

"""fromRomanshouldfailwithrepeatedpairsofnumerals"""

forsin('CMCM','CDCD','XCXC','XLXL','IXIX','IVIV'):

deftestMalformedAntecedent(self):

"""fromRomanshouldfailwithmalformedantecedents"""

forsin('IIMXCC','VX','DCM','CMM','IXIV',

'MCMC','XCX','IVI','LM','LD','LC'):

classSanityCheck(unittest.TestCase):

deftestSanity(self):

"""fromRoman(toRoman(n))==nforalln"""

forintegerinrange(1,4000):

numeral=roman.toRoman(integer)

classCaseCheck(unittest.TestCase):

deftestToRomanCase(self):

"""toRomanshouldalwaysreturnuppercase"""

self.assertEqual(numeral,numeral.upper())

deftestFromRomanCase(self):

"""fromRomanshouldonlyacceptuppercaseinput"""

roman.fromRoman(numeral.upper())

self.assertRaises(roman.InvalidRomanNumeralError,

roman.fromRoman,numeral.lower())

unittest.main()

PyUnit unittestPyUnitFAQ PythonLibraryReference unittestExtremeProgramming.orgThePortlandPatternRepository

<< 123456 Testingforsuccess>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>Testingforsuccess <<>>

13.4.Testingforsuccesstestcase

1. toRoman 1 3999

13.2.testToRomanKnownValues

(2,'II'),

(3,'III'),

(4,'IV'),

(5,'V'),

(6,'VI'),

(7,'VII'),

(8,'VIII'),

(9,'IX'),

(10,'X'),

(50,'L'),

(100,'C'),

(500,'D'),

(1000,'M'),

(31,'XXXI'),

(148,'CXLVIII'),

(294,'CCXCIV'),

(312,'CCCXII'),

(421,'CDXXI'),

(528,'DXXVIII'),

(621,'DCXXI'),

(782,'DCCLXXXII'),

(870,'DCCCLXX'),

(941,'CMXLI'),

(1043,'MXLIII'),

(1110,'MCX'),

(1226,'MCCXXVI'),

(1301,'MCCCI'),

(1485,'MCDLXXXV'),

(1509,'MDIX'),

(1607,'MDCVII'),

(1754,'MDCCLIV'),

(1993,'MCMXCIII'),

(2074,'MMLXXIV'),

(2152,'MMCLII'),

(2212,'MMCCXII'),

(2499,'MMCDXCIX'),

(2574,'MMDLXXIV'),

(2646,'MMDCXLVI'),

(2975,'MMCMLXXV'),

(3051,'MMMLI'),

(3185,'MMMCLXXXV'),

(3250,'MMMCCL'),

(3408,'MMMCDVIII'),

(3501,'MMMDI'),

(3610,'MMMDCX'),

(3940,'MMMCMXL'),

(3999,'MMMCMXCIX'))

result=roman.toRoman(integer)

unittest TestCase TestCaseinteger/numeral

toRoman toRoman API API" toRoman toRoman toRoman

toRoman TestCase assertEqualtoRoman( value)( numeral) assertEqual

assertEqual toRoman assertEqualtestToRomanKnownValues toRoman

<<romantest.py 123456 Testingforfailure>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>Testingforfailure <<>>

13.5.Testingforfailure

toRoman

2. toRoman 1to39993. toRoman

Python unittest

13.3. toRoman

deftestZero(self):

self.assertRaises(roman.OutOfRangeError,roman.toRoman,-1)

self.assertRaises(roman.NotIntegerError,roman.toRoman,0.5)

unittest TestCase assertRaisesassertRaises toRoman try...exceptblock assertRaises roman.OutOfRangeError toRoman

toRoman4000 assertRaises toRomanroman.OutOfRangeError toRomanPython 0 testZero testNegative testZerotoRoman 0 roman.OutOfRangeError roman.OutOfRangeError#3 toRoman toRoman 0.5 roman.NotIntegerError toRoman roman.NotIntegerError

fromRoman toRoman

4. fromRoman5. fromRoman

#4 #1 #5#2#3 fromRoman

13.4. fromRoman

forsin('MMMM','DD','CCCC','LL','XXXX','VV','IIII'):

toRoman roman.InvalidRomanNumeralError

roman.py roman.OutOfRangeErrorroman.NotIntegerError roman.py

<<Testingforsuccess 123456 Testingforsanity>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>Testingforsanity <<>>

13.6.TestingforsanityABBA“ ”ABA

6. 1..3999n fromRoman(toRoman(n))==n

13.5. toRoman fromRoman

range 14000 1..3999 integer Python integernumeral result assertEqual assertEqual testSanity

7. toRoman8. fromRoman

fromRoman toRoman fromRoman“ ”#6"

roman.fromRoman(numeral.upper())

self.assertRaises(roman.InvalidRomanNumeralError,

roman.fromRoman,numeral.lower())

toRoman toRoman[6]

“ ”toRoman fromRoman toRoman testToRomanCase “” fromRoman Python PythonfromRoman ToRomanBadInput FromRomanBadInput

roman.fromRoman roman.InvalidRomanNumeralError

Footnotes

[6]“Icanresisteverythingexcepttemptation. ”--OscarWilde

<<Testingforfailure 123456 >>

: >DiveIntoPython> <<>>

1414.1.roman.py,114.2.roman.py,214.3.roman.py,314.4.roman.py,414.5.roman.py,5

14.1.roman.py,1

roman.py

14.1.roman1.py

py/roman/stage1/

"""ConverttoandfromRomannumerals"""

#Defineexceptions

classRomanError(Exception):pass

classOutOfRangeError(RomanError):pass

classNotIntegerError(RomanError):pass

classInvalidRomanNumeralError(RomanError):pass

deftoRoman(n):

"""convertintegertoRomannumeral"""

deffromRoman(s):

"""convertRomannumeraltointeger"""

Python ExceptionRomanError Exception ExceptionOutOfRangeError NotIntegerError toRomanToRomanBadInputInvalidRomanNumeralError fromRomanFromRomanBadInput

API Python pass

romantest.py

romantest1.py -v

14.2.Outputofromantest1.pyagainstroman1.py

fromRomanshouldonlyacceptuppercaseinput...ERROR

toRomanshouldalwaysreturnuppercase...ERROR

fromRomanshouldfailwithmalformedantecedents...FAIL

fromRomanshouldfailwithrepeatedpairsofnumerals...FAIL

fromRomanshouldfailwithtoomanyrepeatednumerals...FAIL

fromRomanshouldgiveknownresultwithknowninput...FAIL

toRomanshouldgiveknownresultwithknowninput...FAIL

fromRoman(toRoman(n))==nforalln...FAIL

toRomanshouldfailwithnon-integerinput...FAIL

toRomanshouldfailwithnegativeinput...FAIL

toRomanshouldfailwithlargeinput...FAIL

toRomanshouldfailwith0input...FAIL

======================================================================

ERROR:fromRomanshouldonlyacceptuppercaseinput

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line154,intestFromRomanCase

roman1.fromRoman(numeral.upper())

AttributeError:'None'objecthasnoattribute'upper'

======================================================================

ERROR:toRomanshouldalwaysreturnuppercase

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line148,intestToRomanCase

AttributeError:'None'objecthasnoattribute'upper'

======================================================================

FAIL:fromRomanshouldfailwithmalformedantecedents

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line133,intestMalformedAntecedent

self.assertRaises(roman1.InvalidRomanNumeralError,roman1.fromRoman,s)

File"c:\python21\lib\unittest.py",line266,infailUnlessRaises

raiseself.failureException,excName

AssertionError:InvalidRomanNumeralError

======================================================================

FAIL:fromRomanshouldfailwithrepeatedpairsofnumerals

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line127,intestRepeatedPairs

======================================================================

FAIL:fromRomanshouldfailwithtoomanyrepeatednumerals

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line122,intestTooManyRepeatedNumerals

======================================================================

FAIL:fromRomanshouldgiveknownresultwithknowninput

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line99,intestFromRomanKnownValues

File"c:\python21\lib\unittest.py",line273,infailUnlessEqual

raiseself.failureException,(msgor'%s!=%s'%(first,second))

AssertionError:1!=None

======================================================================

FAIL:toRomanshouldgiveknownresultwithknowninput

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line93,intestToRomanKnownValues

AssertionError:I!=None

======================================================================

FAIL:fromRoman(toRoman(n))==nforalln

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line141,intestSanity

======================================================================

FAIL:toRomanshouldfailwithnon-integerinput

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line116,intestNonInteger

self.assertRaises(roman1.NotIntegerError,roman1.toRoman,0.5)

AssertionError:NotIntegerError

======================================================================

FAIL:toRomanshouldfailwithnegativeinput

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line112,intestNegative

self.assertRaises(roman1.OutOfRangeError,roman1.toRoman,-1)

AssertionError:OutOfRangeError

======================================================================

FAIL:toRomanshouldfailwithlargeinput

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line104,intestTooLarge

self.assertRaises(roman1.OutOfRangeError,roman1.toRoman,4000)

======================================================================

FAIL:toRomanshouldfailwith0input

----------------------------------------------------------------------

File"C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage1\romantest1.py",line108,intestZero

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran12testsin0.040s

FAILED(failures=10,errors=2)

unittest.main() romantest.py doc

string unittest assertRaises failUnlessRaises

AssertionError toRoman OutOfRangeError unittest unittestfailureserrors assertXYZ

assertEqual assertRaisestestFromRomanCase“ fromRoman” numeral.upper()

AttributeError toRoman testZero“ toRoman0 ” fromRoman assertRaisesInvalidRomanNumeral

<<Testingforsanity 12345 roman.py,2>>

: >DiveIntoPython>>roman.py,2 <<>>

14.2.roman.py,2

14.3.roman2.py

py/roman/stage2/

#Defineexceptions

#Definedigitmapping

romanNumeralMap=(('M',1000),

('CM',900),

('D',500),

('CD',400),

('C',100),

('XC',90),

('L',50),

('XL',40),

('X',10),

('IX',9),

('V',5),

('IV',4),

('I',1))

deftoRoman(n):

result=""

fornumeral,integerinromanNumeralMap:

whilen>=integer:

result+=numeral

n-=integer

returnresult

deffromRoman(s):

romanNumeralMap

1. CM“ 900 ” toRoman

2. M I

3. numeral value

romanNumeralMap

14.4.toRoman

toRoman while print

whilen>=integer:

result+=numeral

n-=integer

print'subtracting',integer,'frominput,adding',numeral,

>>>importroman2

>>>roman2.toRoman(1424)

subtracting1000frominput,addingMtooutput

subtracting400frominput,addingCDtooutput

subtracting10frominput,addingXtooutput

subtracting4frominput,addingIVtooutput

'MCDXXIV'

toRoman

14.5. romantest2.py roman2.py

romantest2.py -v

fromRomanshouldonlyacceptuppercaseinput...FAIL

toRomanshouldalwaysreturnuppercase...ok

toRomanshouldgiveknownresultwithknowninput...ok

toRomanshouldfailwithnon-integerinput...FAIL

toRomanshouldfailwithnegativeinput...FAIL

toRomanshouldfailwithlargeinput...FAIL

toRomanshouldfailwith0input...FAIL

toRoman romanNumeralMap toRoman 3999 3888

“ ” assertRaises

======================================================================

FAIL:fromRomanshouldonlyacceptuppercaseinput

----------------------------------------------------------------------

roman2.fromRoman,numeral.lower())