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8/3/2019 PYSCH 2tt 3 Lecture 1 (Chapter 3)
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Psychology 2TT3Animal Behaviour
1
Instructor:Dr. Brett Beston (bestonbr@mcmaster.ca)
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Outline for Part 1 Introduction
Course plan Why do we study animal behaviour?
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Psychology Questions
We dont always know how people will behave orwhat they think. We need to do research.
For example, answer True or False to thesequestions:
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Animal Behaviour
ObjectivesBy the end of this course the students will be able to:
Understand the importance of animal behaviour
research
Discuss the two mechanisms that changebehaviour over time
Describe the mechanisms that control andgenerate behaviour in most animals
Apply scientific thinking for analyzing novelproblems in animal behaviour
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Animal Behaviour
Objectives (cont.)
Detail the major components of behaviour, which are
shared by most animal species. Explain human behaviour based on concepts and
examples studied in the course.
Interpret graphs and know how to draw graphs from
data.
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Dugatkin
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Psychologys Contribution to
Principles of Animal Behaviour
Shepard Siegel
B. Geoff Galef
Reuven Dukas
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Animal Behaviour GroupSigal Balshine (Psychology)
Ana Campos (Biology)Mertice Clark (Psychology)
Martin Daly (Psychology)
Denys DeCatanzaro (Psychology)
Reuven Dukas (Psychology)
David Earn (Mathematics)
Paul Faure (Psychology)
Paul Higgs (Physics)
Bennett Galef (Psychology)
Grant McClelland (Biology)
Jim Quinn (Biology)
David Rollo (Biology)
Shepard Siegel (Psychology)
Jonathon Stone (Biology)
Margo Wilson (Psychology)
http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/
psychology/animal/index.html
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Logic of course plan
We will focus on major concepts that youneed to understand
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EvaluationEvaluation breakdo n
Term tests Test 1 (Feb 8th) 25%
Test 2 (Mar 7th 30%
Final examination 45%
lectures 1 to 4
lectures 5 to 9
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The 2TT3 website has only
partial lecture notes
You are responsible forall the material
covered in the lectures
You should take your own notes in lectures
Attending lectures is necessary forsucceeding in the course
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Helicon Therapeutics Our Mission:
To discover drugs for treating
disorders of memorywww.helicontherapeutics.com
Interview with Tim Tully
Flies receive tingle in feet and notice a chemical scent.Purpose is to see how well flies recognize tingle withchemical. "Classical Conditioning"
Involves elevator and two tubes, flies avoid the shocking whenfly learns through practice repeatidly10 training sessions in odor shock training,it will not lastthere has to be a spacing sessionif you wait over 24 hrs, then there will be no learning.Fruit Fly eggs get extra kreb gene? and red eye colour gene....helps convert short term to long term memorythe fruit flies born they for long term memory even after 1 training session, equivalent to photographic memorySwitch is set for kreb gene between fully off or on...Fruit flies can not cram
Human and Fruit flies share the same mechanism in which memory and plasticity in the brain
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Uses of animal-behaviour
research
Entertainment (pets, zoos, safaris, natureprogrammes on TV)
Model systems for human applications
Protection of rare, endangered animals
Control of pests and damage-reduction
Birds and AirplanesF-15 Eagle collided with storks, sucked into engine, each stork hit plane with 15 tons of force
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Collisions between wildlife and aircraft haveresulted in the loss of over 400 aircraft since1950, and over 100 human lives since 1995.
Collisions between aircraft and birds cost theaviation industry over $1.2 billion per year.
In Canada, over 800 bird strike incidents are
reported each year.Ex. Hudson
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Wildlife vs. aircraftPassengers saved after plane ditches in New York's
Hudson River (January 19, 2009) They found that 2 canada gees struck theengine and disabledit.
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Bird-airplane collision
Most airports employ control teams that doresearch on and run programs for reducingbird collision.
Falcons arepredator birdsthey helpget rid ofmigrating birds
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Research in Israel has reduced bird-aircraftcollisions and damage by ~85%, saved human
and bird life and over US$ 40 million per year.
www.birds.org.il
Twice a year, 500 million birds crossing through the landAs a result, every ind. that joins the israel armed forces haveto study a college course on bird migratory pattern course
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Chapter 3
ProximateFactors
Lee Alan Dugatkin
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Scientific approaches in animal
behaviour research
From a scientific approach, explain why
songbirds sing?Many approaches: relationships, neurologically, etcmay be to warn of predator, hunger, intruder,
black headed something...sings song if intruder if female is alone and malesflies back
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Function (why) vs. mechanism (how)
=Ultimate vs. proximate mechanisms
= Adaptive significance vs.
! machinery (genetics, physiology, neurobiology,endocrinology)
Scientific approaches
what is the goal what is necc. in the animal to produce this song
wat is it good for what are the immediate causes
what is it good for
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Example
Plumage color in male housefinches
Why is there such large
plumage variation (among males &between males & females)?
What is the adaptive
significance of red plumage?
How is the red colorationgenerated?
F
M
M
Males tend to be more colourful
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Proximate mechanisms
How is the red colorationgenerated?
The red colorationcomes from carotenoid
pigments ingested in
food
Choosing to eat morecarotenoid-rich food
results in more red
plumage
But why is there a
positive relationship
between father and son
plumage scores?Finches are red because of the diet they eat
if a father has lesscolour, than his sonhas less colour as welltherefore, there must be
some transferabletrait
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Ultimate mechanisms
What is the adaptive significance of redplumage?
Positive correlation between male matingsuccess and red-color intensity
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Ultimate mechanisms
What is the adaptive significance of redplumage?
Positive correlation between male matingsuccess and red-color intensity
1.0 0.6 0.27
12.1 20.2 27.80
SHAM:Artificially colour by dyeto feathers of malesBRIGHTENED:Artificially brighten thefeathers
LIGHTENED: no colour
measure female responsein return to colour of male
females are attracred tobrightened
shows us why males seekcaratanoid foods to ger a mate
what does the female gain from choosing male with colour
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Ultimate mechanisms
What is the adaptive significance of redplumage?
Recovery from Infection Feeding young
Males with less colouration visit less often than males with more colouration and feed the young
Males with more colouration are able to fight off or recover from infection, red score recovers the fastest and lessdisease, passsed onto offspring so offspring survival is optimal
Why do female choose males with colour?
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Why is there such large
plumage variation? Males but not females actively seek carotenoid-rich food
Males who can afford seeking color instead ofenergy are probably of better quality
Females estimate male quality based on thered colour
(Note that the answer involves both proximate
and ultimate mechanisms)
indicates health, quality, security, etc.females use colour of plumage as an indicator of quality of male
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Other Examples of Proximal
CausationHoromone changes describe behavioural
modifications
Hormones
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Other Examples of Proximal
CausationHoromone changes describe behavioural
modifications
ex. testorterone in males
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Other Examples of Proximal
CausationHoromone changes describe behavioural
modifications
Parental Care
males with lower
testosterone levels spend
more time with youngcastrated males clearly show that they are willing to spend timewith pups.
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Other Examples of Proximal
CausationHoromone changes describe behavioural
modifications
MemoryStress affects
our ability to
remember
detailsgluco corticords: stresshormones, interferespatial memory
water maze test in diff.conditionsi.e shocks to induce stress
corticoid peaks at 30 mins, greatest effect onbehaviour, careful levels peak at 30 mins.2 mins, should have no effect4 hours, should have no effect as well as corticallevels have decreased
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Other Examples of Proximal
CausationHoromone changes describe behavioural
modifications
TIme that rat spent in watermaze, orange is time inopposite quadrants, green istime in target
platform is around the edgeand recognized by rat
After 30 min of shock,they go across the mazewildlyLeast amount of time in targetquadrant, no diff in any otherquadrant
block effect of corticoidhormones?
metrapron??
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Other Examples of Proximal
CausationNeurological examples of Proximal Causation
Spatial learning inhoneybeesforaging environment learning to find food and travelback to nest and give off signals to others to find thesource of food.
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Neurological examples of
Proximal Causation The ability to remember and retrieve information from the
environment is critical for many aspects of animal behaviour
Spatial learning in insects is often associated with a cluster ofsmall neurons called Mushroom bodies
structure analogous to humanhypothalamus
important in memory formation, size is important in formation of memories
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Neurological examples of
Proximal Causation
Nursing bees Foraging bees
Foragers have larger (14.8%) mushroom bodies than
do nursing bees
The development of mushroom bodies can beaccelerated by forcing juvenile bees to begin foraging
honey bees take on diff. behaviour depending on ageyoung = nursing, around nestolder = foraging
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