View
248
Download
3
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Pyrolysis and charcoal
Morten GrønliNTNU
Department of Energy and Process EngineeringEngineering
NTNU & SINTEFNTNU : Norwegian University of Science and TechnologySINTEF: The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at NTNU
Number of employees:
NTNU 4 700NTNU 4.700Scientific 60 %(incl. Post. doc and PhD Students)
SINTEF 1.900Scientific 72 %
Students: 20.000
SINTEF employees contribute in
teaching/supervising at NTNU
NTNU personnel contribute in
SINTEF projects
Joint use of laboratories and
instruments
Department of Energy and Process Engineering Ca 150 employees within 4 specialist groups
Thermal energy Industrial process technology Energy and indoor environment Fluids engeneering
80-90 Ph.D. students (10-15 annually) 70-100 M.Sc. students
Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME)1. BIGCCS
CENBIO2. CENBIO3. ZEB4. NOWITECH
CEDREN5. CEDREN
Coordinator of ECCSEL (European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory), a distributed pan-European Research Infrastructure within CCS (assigned by ESFRI)
3
4
Solar energy Energy efficiency in
Wind power
buildings and industry
Water power
Bioenergy
Power production
H2
Bioenergy
Refinerywith CO2 capture
CO2Oil Gas
Heat pump
Oil and gas transportOil and gas transportMultiphase flow & LNG
Ocean energy
Heat and Power Heat and Power from Thermochemical Conversion of Biomassfrom Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass
PyrolysisPyrolysis GasificationGasification CombustionCombustion
CharcoalCharcoal BioBio--oiloil Combustible Combustible HeatHeat
GasGas turbineturbineMotorMotorBarbequeBarbeque Metalurgical industryMetalurgical industry EngineEngine BoilerBoiler WoodstoveWoodstove
CharcoalCharcoal BioBio--oiloil gasgas HeatHeat
GasGas--turbineturbineBarbequeBarbeque Metalurgical industryMetalurgical industry EngineEngine BoilerBoiler WoodstoveWoodstove
GeneratorGenerator District heatingDistrict heatingSteamSteam--turbineturbine
GeneratorGenerator District heatingDistrict heating
ElectricityElectricity
Magnificent charcoal drawings in theMagnificent charcoal drawings in the Grotte Chauvet are > 30.000 years old !
(http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/index.html)
7
Parameters
FEEDSTOCK: Elemental analyses (C/H/N/S/O) Proximate analyses (VM/fix-C/ash) Chemical composition (cellulose/hemicell./lignin)
PROCESS PARAMETERS: Temperature Heating rateHeating rate ”Cooking time” Pressure Pressure
8
Primærreaksjoner Sekundærreaksjoner
BIOMASSE TJÆRE
TREKULL GASSCracking
BIOMASSE
GASS
TJÆRE
TREKULLRepolymerisering
Olje/tjære Trekull Gassj j
HURTIG PYROLYSE 75% 12% 13% “moderat” temperatur kort oppholdstid
KARBONISERING 30% 35% 35% “lav” temperatur lang oppholdstid
GASSIFISERING 5% 10% 85% GASSIFISERING 5% 10% 85% “høy” temperatur lang oppholdstid
Slow pyrolysisFast pyrolysis Slow pyrolysisCarbonization
TAR + CHARCOAL
Charcoal 12 wt% Charcoal 30 wt%Bio oil 75 wt%Gases 13 wt%
Tar 35 wt%Gases 35 wt%
10
Bio-olje - Anvendelse
Bio-oil
Extract
Boiler
UpgradeBoiler
Heat Chemicals
Electricity Transport fuel
Bio-olje - egenskaperj g p
Bio-olje Fyringsolje nr 2
Vanninnhold pH Spesifikk tetthet
[vekt%] [kg/l]
5-30 2.5 1 2
~ 0 -
0 8 Spesifikk tetthet Elementsammensetning: C H
[kg/l] [vekt%] [ k %]
1.2
56.4 6 2
0.8
86-87 13 14 H
O N Aske
[vekt%] [vekt%] [vekt%] [vekt%]
6.2 37.3 0.1 0.1
13-14 - - -
Brennverdi (25% vann) Viskositet (40ºC, 25% vann) Koksrest
[MJ/kg] [cSt] [vekt%]
16-19
25-100 1
~ 40
1.5-3.0 Koksrest [vekt%] 1
Charcoal properties Wenzl, 1970adopted fromC a coa p ope t es adopted fromBergström, 1947
- effect of temperature on the properties of charcoal.
13
Ferrosilicon production
SiO2 (s) + 2C (s) = Si (s) + 2CO (g)
Charcoal as a reduction material Charcoal as a reduction material Fix-C content StrengthStrength SiO-reactivity
Definitions
Charcoal yield: Charcoal yield:Xcharcoal yield = mcharcoal/mbio
VM VM:XVM = mVM/mcharcoal mVMmVM
Ash:Xash = mash/mcharcoal mfix Cmfix-C
Fix-C:Xfix-C = 100-XVM-Xash
mfix-C
m k
fix-C
m
Fix-C-yield:
maske
Biomasse Trekull
mash
Biomass CharcoalyXfix-C-yield = Xcharcoal yield · Xfix-C
mbio mtrekullmbiomcharcoal
15
Slow carbonization at NTNUSlow carbonization at NTNU
VENT PIPE
PURGE-GAS
VENT PIPE
MUFFELOVEN
N2
IMP
DATA ACQUISITION
N2
RETORTTHERMOCOUPLES
R t tRetort- volum: ca 4 liter- capacity: ca 1 kg woodcapacity: ca 1 kg wood
”Flash carbonization” at HNEI - Hawaii
A: air accumulator
Flash carbonization at HNEI Hawaii
PGSRDflare
ATW: annular thermocouple wellC: compressorDDV: downdraft valveDS: disk separator
PRV
IV UDV
ATW
PT
GSP
GSP: gas sampling portH: electric heaterHIC: heat-insulating canisterIV: isolation valveMMV i t lIV UDV
HIC
IV
MMV: micrometer valvePG: pressure gaugePRV: pressure relief valvePT: pressure transducerR: regulator
DS
TCTC
TCTCWT
R: regulatorSRD: safety rupture diskTC: thermocoupleUDV: updraft valveWT: water trap
R
A
DS
TCTC
TCTC
PT
WT: water trap
MMV
H
CTCH
17
DDVH
WT
H
Feedstock
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION PROX ANALYSES "THEORETICAL"ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION(wt%)
PROX. ANALYSES (wt%)
THEORETICAL (wt%)
C H N O S Ash VM Fix C Ash Fix CC H N O S Ash VM Fix-C Ash Fix-C
Spruce 48.9 6.0 0.12 44.7 < 0.05 0.26 85.4 14.4 0.26 33.4
Pine 49.4 6.1 0.11 44.1 < 0.05 0.31 85.0 14.7 0.31 33.8
Birch 48.1 6.0 0.17 45.6 < 0.05 0.20 87.4 12.4 0.20 32.4
Alder 48.3 6.0 0.30 45.1 < 0.05 0.33 86.0 13.7 0.33 33.1
Maximum fix-C-yield Minimum fix-C-yieldy
Maximum fix-C-yield at thermodynamicilib i (450 C 1 0 MP )
18
equilibrium (450o C, 1.0 MPa)
Yields versus final temperature100
80
90Carbon
60
70
t%]
fix-C content
40
50
Yiel
ds [w
charcoal yieldOxygen
20
30
Y charcoal yield
fi C i ld
yg
10
20 fix-C yield
Hydrogen
200 300 400 500 600 700 800Temperature [°C]
0
19
20
21
22
5090%80% 100%
45(%
) 1
40
-C Y
ield
( 23
45
35
al F
ixed
-
6 7
8910
11
12 13
141516
30
heor
etic 1718
19
25
T
2020 25 30 35 40 45 50
Experimental Fixed-C Yield (%) Parity plot of fixed-carbon yield (theoretical vs. experimental). 1) Pecan Shell 2) Kukui Nut Shell 3) Macadamia Nut Shell 4) Eucalyptus Wood 5) Coconut Shell 6) Sunflower Seed Hull 7) Walnut Shell 8) Oak Wood [Results from PDU] 9) Almond Shell 10) Ald W d 11) Pi W d [R lt f PDU] 12) C C b 13) S W d 14) B b 15) L W d 16) Bi h
23
Alder Wood 11) Pine Wood [Results from PDU] 12) Corn Cob 13) Spruce Wood 14) Bamboo 15) Leucaena Wood 16) Birch Wood 17) Rice Hull 18) Oat Hull 19) Garlic Waste
24
22 22 pages 232 references
25
Grønli, Morten; Antal, Jr, Michael Jerry; Schenkel, Yves; Crehay, R. The Science and Technology of Charcoal Production. I: Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Handbook Volume 3. Tall Gables, The Sydings Speen, Newbury, Berks RG14 1RZ, UK: CPL Press 2005. ISBN 1872691927. s. 147-178
26
Survey of Carbonization Processesy
27
Heating systemsg y
Internal heating Heating with resirculated gasg
GASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
g g
CAIR
CHARCOALAIR
GASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
Most common system, where part of the raw material is burntunder controlled air flow External heating
GASTARFEED
External heatingPyroligneous vapours are burnt in an external combustion chamber and directed into the
CHARCOAL reactor where it is in direct contact with the raw material
The retort is heated from the outside and no oxygen enters
28
the reactor
Earthmound KilnGASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
AIR
Sweden year 1900 Africa year 2000
Cycle time:•Construction: ? days
Cycle time:•Construction: ? days
•Carbonization: 25 days •Cooling: 10 days
Construction: ? days•Carbonization: 3 days •Cooling: 4 days
29
Missouri kilnGASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
AIR
Cycle time:Loading/discharging: 4 days• Loading/discharging: 4 days
• Carbonization: 6 days• Cooling: 20 days
• North and South America + Africa• Batch process• Made of concrete or brick
V l it f 165 3 ( )• Volume capacity of 165 m3 (or more)
30
Brazilian beehive kilnGASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
AIR
• South America (Brazil)Batch process• Batch process
• Made of brick • Volume capacity of 45 m3
Cycle time:y•Loading/discharging: 8 hours•Carbonization: 80 hours•Cooling: 70 hours
31
CMLGASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
AIR
•French technology•Batch process•12 retorts connected to one combustion chamber/chimny•12 retorts connected to one combustion chamber/chimny•Volume capacity of each retort 16.5 m3
Cycle time:•Loading/discharging: 1 hour•Carbonization: 8 hours•Cooling: 15 hours
32
Van Marion Retort (VMR) GASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
( )
•Dutch technology•Batch process•Batch process•1 VMR oven = 2 retorts•Volume capacity of each retort 4.5 m3
•Cycle time 9-11 hour (dependent on moisture content)
33
Cycle time 9 11 hour (dependent on moisture content)
CG2000 CarboniserGASTARCHARCOAL
FEED
•Dutch technology•Batch process•Batch process•1 VMR oven = 2 retorts•Volume capacity of each retort 4.5 m3
•Cycle time 9-11 hour (dependent on moisture content)
34
Cycle time 9 11 hour (dependent on moisture content)
Degussa (Reichert) process GASTARCHARCOAL
C
FEED
AIR
CHARCOAL
A = Retorte ( ca 100 m3) B C D E F
= Tar stripper= Water cooler = Scrubber for residual gas = Combustion chamber and heat exchanger = Off-gas Fan
G H I K L
g= Fan for combustion air = Fan for forced-gas circulation = Dust collector = Saw for wood preparation = Conveyor for retort chargingL
MN
= Conveyor for retort charging = Charcoal cooler = Conveyor belt for charcoal
• Process owned by Chemviron Carbon (Germany) • Batch process • Volume capacity retort: 100 m3• Volume capacity retort: 100 m• Chemviron Carbon produces anually (7 retorts) :
• 25 000 tons of charcoal• 500 tons of acetic acid500 tons of acetic acid
35
LambiotteGASTARCHARCOAL
C
FEED
AIR
Lambiotte
C ti• Continuous process
• Two concepts:SIFIC (F h) i d ith b d t• SIFIC (French) equipped with by-product recovery
• CISR (Belgian) without by-product recovery
• Lambiotte 6000 (H=18 4 D= 4 3m) has a capacity of• Lambiotte 6000 (H=18.4, D= 4.3m) has a capacity of 6000 tons/year and is sold by S.A. Lambiotte & Cie N.V. (Belgium)
• Several Lambiotte plants are operating in Europe and Russia
36
LambiotteGASTARCHARCOAL
C
FEED
AIR
Lambiotte
Usine Lambiotte (Premery, France) produces anually 25 000 tons of charcoal in two retorts and extract finechemicals (acetic acid) from the pyroligneous vapour.
37
LurgiGASTARCHARCOAL
C
FEED
AIR
u gWater Pilot
fuelAir
Gas-cooler
RetortChimney
Combustionchamber
Gas-cooler
HoistWoodCharcoal
•Same principle as Lambiotte•Lurgi has built one charcoal plant in Bunbury, Western-Australia•Production capacity: 27 000 tons/year in two retorts
38
•Production capacity: 27.000 tons/year in two retorts
O E T Calusco (former Carbolisi)GASTARCHARCOAL
C
FEED
AIR
O.E.T. Calusco (former Carbolisi)
• Continuous process with a horizontal design • Wagons are transported throug a tunnelg p g• Cycle time: 23-24 hours• Sold by Impianti Trattamento Biomasse (Italy)• Plants in Milazzo and Mortera (Italy) each( y)
with a production capacity of 6.000 tons/year
39
”Flash carbonization” at HNEI - HawaiiFlash carbonization at HNEI Hawaii(www.hnei.hawaii.edu)
Demonstration reactor on campus Investment: US$ 100 000 Investment: US$ 100.000 5 tons charcoal/day (8 h) University’s green wastes as feedstock University s green wastes as feedstock barbeque and orchid potting soil
40
PGSRD
PRV
flare
PT
IV UDV
ATWGSP
HIC
TCTCIV
A: air accumulatorATW: annular thermocouple wellC: compressor R
DSTCTC
TCTC PT
W T
pDDV: downdraft valveDS: disk separatorGSP: gas sampling portH: electric heaterHIC heat ins lating canister
MMV
R
ATCTC
HIC: heat-insulating canisterIV: isolation valveMMV: micrometer valvePG: pressure gaugePRV: pressure relief valve
DDVH
CTC
W T
H
pPT: pressure transducerR: regulatorSRD: safety rupture diskTC: thermocoupleUDV: updraft valve
41
UDV: updraft valveWT: water trap
Recommended