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Public Goods and Externalities. Public goods and externalities: two more “market failures”. another market failure (discussed in the previous lecture) is due to “monopoly power” - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Public goods and externalities: two more “market failures”
• another market failure (discussed in the previous lecture) is due to “monopoly power”
• these three market failures plus income distribution are the main rationales for government intervention in a market economy
Public Goods
• Two Key properties
• non-rivalry in consumption– if I consume more, others do not need to
consume less
• non-excludability– you cannot prevent people from consuming the
good– free rider problem
National Defense
F172
Fire Protection
Police
Lighthouse?
How much of a public good should be produced?
• Mimic the market: – produce up to the point where marginal benefit
equals marginal cost
• examples: – number of police on the street– size of national defense force
Cost-Benefit Analysis
• when the choice is to produce or not produce
• Because benefits come in the future they must be discounted
Numerical Example: Should PAPD buy a new computer?
Time Costs Benefits
This year $1,000 0
Next year 0 $500
Two yearsfrom now
0 $600
Present Discounted Value of Benefits
• PDV = 500/(1+i) + 600/(1+i)2
• if i = .05 then
• PDV = 500/(1.05) + 600/(1.05)2 = 476 + 544 = 1020– thus the PAPD should make the investment in
the computer
Higher discount rates mean that fewer projects will meet cost-benefit test. Thus
discounting enters political debate.
i PDV
.04 1035
.05 1020
.06 1005
.07 991
Externalities
• Definition: When the costs of producing or the benefits of consuming spill over to other people.
• Negative externalities
• Positive externalities
A Negative Externality: Pollution
Positive Externalities
• Education
• Innovative ideas
• Research
The Economic Impact of Negative Externalities
15_01
DOLLARS
Marginal private cost as viewed by private firms (market supply curve)
Marginal social cost
Marginal benefit (market demand curve)
QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY
Marginal private cost is less than marginal social cost by this amount.Deadweight
loss
Efficient quantity
A B
The market generates this quantity.
The Economic Impact of Positive Externalities
15_02
The market generates this quantity.
Deadweight loss
Marginal cost (market supply curve)
Marginal social benefit
Marginal private benefit as viewed by consumers of goods (market demand curve)
Marginal social benefit is greater than marginal private benefit by this amount.
Efficient quantity
DOLLARS
QUANTITY OF EDUCATION
C D
What are the possible remedies for externalities?
• Private Remedies Let the individuals work it out themselves– Need to define property rights– But transaction costs and free rider problem
might prevent the private remedy
Command and control
• A common form of “social regulation” used by EPA– scrubbers– CAFÉ standards
• Usually not very flexible or efficient
Using Taxes or subsidies
• make them feel the pain or the gain
• more flexible than command and control
• but can’t be sure about the total amount
The Tax Remedy for a Negative Externality
15_03
Marginal social cost equals marginal private cost viewed by private firms with tax
TaxMarginal private cost viewed by private firms without tax
Marginal benefit (market demand curve)
Quantity produced decreases to lower, more efficient level.
Efficient quantity Inefficient quantity
DOLLARS
QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY
A B
The Subsidy Remedy for a Positive Externality
15_04
Marginal social benefit
equals marginal private
benefit plus subsidy
Marginal private benefit
without subsidy
Subsidy
Inefficient quantity
Efficient quantity
Quantity produced increases to higher, more efficient level.
DOLLARS
QUANTITY OF EDUCATION
Marginal cost
(market supply curve)
C D
Why don’t you draw it by hand?
Tradable Permits
• Examples– SO2 (acid rain)
– CO 2 (global warming)
• Permit allows each firm to emit a certain amount of pollutants
• Total number of permits issued equals emission limit for the region each year
• Firms that are better at reducing emissions sell permits to firms that are worse at it.
End of Lecture
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