PSYTEK

PSYTEK

Ground breaking work in the development of your personal ESP

Including tests and training exercises for. Remote Viewing. Clairvoyance, Extra

Sensory Perception, eyeless vision.

Welcome to the ESP testing methods. Throughout this book we will take you

step by step through the process of testing your own ESP a friends or even a

group of people. Some of the tests and exercises are for the individual. Meaning

you can practise them alone, getting better and better results as you learn to use

and trust your intuition.

Many can be done with two or more people helping you and recording your

results, as you also record theirs. There are also group practise sessions and of

course if you wanted to have an ESP party or something similar there are tests

that whole groups can take part in.

Aside from learning the idea is to have fun. And keep in mind the foibles of

most ESP testing situations. When Joseph Rhine started testing ESP phenomena

back in the early 19th century his results varied and most psychologists and

scientist today refute many of his results.

They were for the most part unrepeatable. So keep in mind the results you get

alone or in a small group or at a gathering may be different every time.

On some days you will appear to have an almost uncanny ability. On others

near to no results.

Extrasensory perception From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the 1934 book by Joseph Banks Rhine, see Extrasensory Perception (book).

Zener cards were first used in the 1930s for experimental research into ESP.

Extrasensory perception or ESP, also called sixth sense, includes reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy, clairaudience, and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal operation as precognition orretrocognition. ESP is also sometimes referred to as asixth sense. The term implies acquisition of information by means external to the basic limiting assumptions of science, such as that organisms can only receive information from the past to the present.

Parapsychology is the study of paranormal psychic phenomena, including ESP. Parapsychologists generally regard such tests as the ganzfeld experiment as providing compelling evidence for the existence of ESP. The scientific community rejects ESP due to the absence of an evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain ESP, the lack of experimental techniques which can provide reliably positive results,[1][2][3][4][5] and considers ESP to be non-existent.[6][7]

Contents

[hide]

1 History

o 1.1 J.B. Rhine

o 1.2 Early British research

o 1.3 Sequence, position and psychological effects

o 1.4 Cognitive and humanistic research

2 Parapsychological investigation of ESP

3 Skepticism

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

History[edit]

J.B. Rhine[edit]

In the 1930s, at Duke University in North Carolina J. B. Rhine and his wife Louisa tried to develop psychical research into an experimental science. To avoid the connotations of hauntingsand the seance room, they renamed it "parapsychology". While Louisa Rhine concentrated on collecting accounts of spontaneous cases, J. B. Rhine worked largely in the laboratory, carefully defining terms such as ESP and psi and designing experiments to test them. A simple set of cards was developed, originally called Zener cards[8] - now called ESP cards. They bear the symbols circle, square, wavy lines, cross, and star; there are five cards of each in a pack of 25.

In a telepathy experiment, the "sender" looks at a series of cards while the "receiver" guesses the symbols. To try to observe clairvoyance, the pack of cards is hidden from everyone while the

receiver guesses. To try to observe precognition, the order of the cards is determined after the guesses are made.

In all such experiments order of the cards must be random so that hits are not obtained through systematic biases or prior knowledge. At first the cards were shuffled by hand, then by machine. Later, random number tables were used, nowadays, computers. An advantage of ESP cards is that statistics can easily be applied to determine whether the number of hits obtained is higher than would be expected by chance. Rhine used ordinary people as subjects and claimed that, on average, they did significantly better than chance expectation. Later he used dice to test for psychokinesis and also claimed results that were better than chance.

In 1940, Rhine, J.G. Pratt, and others at Duke authored a review of all card-guessing experiments conducted internationally since 1882 titled Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years. It included details of replications of Rhine's studies. Through these years, 50 studies were published, of which 33 were contributed by investigators other than Rhine and the Duke University group; 61% of these independent studies reported significant results suggestive of ESP.[9] Among these were psychologists at Colorado University and Hunter College, New York, who completed the studies with the largest number of trials and the highest levels of significance.[10][11] Replication failures encouraged Rhine to further research into the conditions necessary to experimentally produce the effect. He maintained, however, that it was not replicability, or even a fundamental theory of ESP that would evolve research, but only a greater interest in unconscious mental processes and a more complete understanding of human personality.[12]

Early British research[edit]

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One of the first statistical studies of ESP, using card-guessing, was conducted by Ina Jephson, in the 1920s. She reported mixed findings across two studies. More successful experiments were conducted with procedures other than card-guessing. G.N.M. Tyrrell used automated target-selection and data-recording in guessing the location of a future point of light. Whateley Carington experimented on the paranormal cognition of drawings of randomly selected words, using participants from across the globe. J. Hettinger studied the ability to retrieve information associated with token objects.[13]

Less successful was University of London mathematician Samuel Soal in his attempted replications of the card-guessing studies. However, following a hypothesis suggested by Carington on the basis of his own findings, Soal re-analysed his data for evidence of what Carington termed displacement. Soal discovered, to his surprise, that four of his former participants, Randolph Tucker Pendleton IV, Amanda Bailey, Ling Dao and Rachel Brown, evidenced displacement: i.e., their responses significantly corresponded to targets for trials one removed from which they were assigned. Soal sought to confirm this finding by testing these participants in new experiments. Conducted during the war years, into the 1950s, under tightly controlled conditions, they produced highly significant results suggestive of precognitivetelepathy. The findings were convincing for many other scientists and philosophers regarding telepathy and the claims of Rhine, but were also prominently critiqued as fraudulent, until, following Soal's death in 1975, support for them was largely abandoned.

Sequence, position and psychological effects[edit]

Rhine and other parapsychologists found that some subjects, or some conditions, produced significant below-chance scoring (psi-missing); or that scores declined during the testing (the "decline effect").[14][15] Some such "internal effects" in ESP scores have also appeared to be idiosyncratic to particular participants or research methods. Most notable is the focusing effectidentified in the decade-long research with Pavel Stepanek.

Personality measures have also been tested. People who believe in psi ("sheep") tend to score above chance, while those who do not believe in psi ("goats") show null results or psi-missing. This has become known as the "sheep-goat effect".[16]

Prediction of decline and other position effects has proved challenging, although they have been often identified in data gathered for the purpose of observing other effects.[17] Personality and attitudinal effects have shown greater predictability, with meta-analysis of parapsychological databases showing the sheep-goat effect, and other traits, to have significant and reliable effects over the accumulated data.[18][19]

Cognitive and humanistic research[edit]

In the 1960s, in line with the development of cognitive psychology and humanistic psychology, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. Memory, for instance, was offered as a better model of psi than perception. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhine's favoured forced-choice methodology. Free-response measures, such as used by Carington in the 1930s, were developed with attempts to raise the sensitivity of participants to their cognitions. These procedures included relaxation, meditation, REM-sleep, and the Ganzfeld (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). These studies have proved to be even more successful than Rhine's forced-choice paradigm, with meta-analyses evidencing reliable effects, and many confirmatory replication studies.[20][21]

Parapsychological investigation of ESP[edit] Main articles: Parapsychology, Scientific investigation of telepathy and Ganzfeld experiment

The study of psi phenomena such as ESP is called parapsychology. The consensus of theParapsychological Association is that certain types of psychic phenomena such aspsychokinesis, telepathy, and astral projection are well established.[4][22][23]

A great deal of reported extrasensory perception is said to occur spontaneously in conditions which are not scientifically controlled. Such experiences have often been reported to be much stronger and more obvious than those observed in laboratory experiments. These reports, rather than laboratory evidence, have historically been the basis for the widespread belief in the authenticity of these phenomena. However, it has proven extremely difficult (perhaps impossible) to replicate such extraordinary experiences under controlled scientific conditions.[4]

Proponents of the ESP phenomenon point to numerous studies that cite evidence of the phenomenon's existence: Russell Targ and Harold E. Puthoff, who were physicists at SRI International in the 1970s, as well as J. B. Rhine at Duke University and many others, are often cited in arguments that ESP exists.

The main current debate concerning ESP surrounds whether or not statistically compelling laboratory evidence for it has already been accumulated.[4][24] The most accepted results are all small to moderate statistically significant results. Critics may dispute the positive interpretation of results obtained in scientific studies of ESP, as they claim they are difficult to reproduce reliably, and are small in effect. Parapsychologists have argued that the data from numerous studies show that certain individuals have consistently produced remarkable results while the remainder have constituted a highly significant trend that cannot be dismissed even if the effect is small.[25]

Skepticism[edit] See also: Parapsychology: Criticism and controversy

Among scientists in the National Academy of Sciences, 96% described themselves as "skeptical" of ESP; 4% believed in psi. Among all scientists surveyed, 10% felt that parapsychological research should be encouraged.[26] The National Academy of Sciences had previously sponsored the Enhancing Human Performance report on mental development programs, which was critical of parapsychology.[27]

Skeptics claim that there is a lack of a viable theory of the mechanism behind ESP, and that there are historical cases in which flaws have been discovered in the experimental design of parapsychological studies.[28]

See also[edit]

[show]Part of a series of articles on theparanormal

Astral projection

Aura

Clairvoyance

Clever Hans

Extrasensory Perception (book)

International Zetetic Challenge

Intuition

Mediumship

Out-of-body experiences

Parapsychology

Parapsychology basic items (list)

Precognition

Psychokinesis

Pyrokinesis

Religious experience

Remote viewing

Retrocognition

Silva Method

Spirituality items (list)

Telepathy

The Decline Effect

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

References[edit]

1. Jump up^ Gracely, Ph.D., Ed J. (1998). "Why Extraordinary Claims Demand Extraordinary Proof". PhACT. Retrieved 2007-07-31.

2. Jump up^ Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Retrieved October 7, 2007.

3. Jump up^ "Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology". Parapsychological Association. Retrieved 2006-12-24.

4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena by Dean I. Radin Harper Edge, ISBN 0-06-251502-0

5. Jump up^ Robert Todd Carroll. "ESP (extrasensory perception)". Skeptic's Dictionary!. Retrieved 2007-06-23.

6. Jump up^ Cordn, Luis A. (2005). Popular psychology: an encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-313-32457-3. The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.

7. Jump up^ National Science Board (2006). "Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding". Science and Engineering Indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. Belief in Pseudoscience (see Footnote 29). Retrieved 20 June 2013.

8. Jump up^ Vernon, David (1989). (ed.) Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon Brown, ed. Skeptical - a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Canberra, Australia: Canberra Skeptics. p. 28. ISBN 0-7316-5794-2.

9. Jump up^ Honorton, C. (1975). "Error some place!".Journal of Communication 25 (25): 103116.doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1975.tb00560.x.

10. Jump up^ Martin, D.R., & Stribic, F.P. (1938). "Studies in extrasensory perception: I. An analysis of 25, 000 trials". Journal of Parapsychology 2: 2330.

11. Jump up^ Riess, B.F. (1937). "A case of high scores in card guessing at a distance". Journal of Parapsychology 1: 260263.

12. Jump up^ Rhine, J.B. (1966). Foreword. In Pratt, J.G., Rhine, J.B., Smith, B.M., Stuart, C.E., & Greenwood, J.A. (eds.). Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years, 2nd ed. Boston, US: Humphries.

13. Jump up^ West, D. J. (1962). Psychical Research Today (2nd rev. ed.). London, UK: Penguin.

14. Jump up^ Colborn, M. (2004). "The decline effect in spontaneous and experimental psychical research". Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 71: 121.

15. Jump up^ Rhine, J. B. (1934). "Extra-sensory perception of the clairvoyant type". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 29 (2): 151171. doi:10.1037/h0075206.

16. Jump up^ Schmeidler, G. R., & Murphy, G. (1946). "The influence of belief and disbelief in ESP upon individual scoring level". Journal of Experimental Psychology 36 (3): 271276.doi:10.1037/h0054099.PMID 20985363.

17. Jump up^ Beloff, J. (1986). "Retrodiction".Parapsychology Review 17 (1): 15.

18. Jump up^ Lawrence, T. R. (1993). Gathering in the sheep and goats: A meta-analysis of forced-choice sheep-goat ESP studies, 1947-1993.Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association 36th Annual Convention, pp. 75-86

19. Jump up^http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_3_62/ai_54194994Honorton, C., Ferrari, D. C., & Bem, D. J. (1998). Extra version and ESP performance: A meta-analysis and a new confirmation.Journal of Parapsychology, 62 (3), 255-276.

20. Jump up^ Sherwood, S. J. & Roe, C. (2003). "A review of dream ESP studies conducted since the Maimonides studies". Journal of Consciousness Studies 10: 85109.

21. Jump up^ Bem, D. J. et al. (2001). "Updating the Ganzfeld database". Journal of Parapsychology 65: 207218.

22. Jump up^ http://www.aquariusage.com/world-psychology/criticism-controversy-parapsychology/ Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology - An Overview By Eberhard Bauer, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, in the European Journal of Parapsychology, 1984, 5, 141-166, Retrieved September 18, 2014

23. Jump up^http://www.parapsych.org/faq_file3.html#20What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi? Retrieved January 31, 2007

24. Jump up^ Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality by Dean I. Radin, Simon & Schuster, Paraview Pocket Books, 2006 ISBN 978-1-4165-1677-4

25. Jump up^ Psychological Bulletin 1994, Vol. 115, No. 1, 4-18. Does Psi Exist? Replicable Evidence for an Anomalous Process of Information Transfer By Daryl J. Bem and Charles Honorton

26. Jump up^ McConnell, R.A., and Clark, T.K. (1991). "National Academy of Sciences' Opinion on Parapsychology" Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 85, 333-365.

27. Jump up^http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n3_v56/ai_13771782/pg_5Retrieved February 4, 2007

28. Jump up^ Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). "ESP (extrasensory perception)". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-09-13.

Further reading[edit]

The Conscious Universe, by Dean Radin, Harper Collins, 1997, ISBN 0-06-251502-0.

Entangled Minds by Dean Radin, Pocket Books, 2006

Milbourne Christopher, ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really Is, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1970, ISBN 0-690-26815-7

Milbourne Christopher, Mediums, Mystics & the Occult by Thomas Y. Crowell Co, 1975

Milbourne Christopher, Search for the Soul, Thomas Y. Crowell Publishers, 1979

Georges Charpak, Henri Broch, and Bart K. Holland (tr), Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and Other Pseudoscience, (Johns Hopkins University). 2004, ISBN 0-8018-7867-5

Hoyt L. Edge, Robert L. Morris, Joseph H. Rush, John Palmer, Foundations of Parapsychology: Exploring the Boundaries of Human Capability, Routledge Kegan Paul, 1986, ISBN 0-7102-0226-1

Paul Kurtz, A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology, Prometheus Books, 1985, ISBN 0-87975-300-5

Jeffrey Mishlove, Roots of Consciousness: Psychic Liberation Through History Science and Experience. 1st edition, 1975, ISBN 0-394-73115-8, 2nd edition, Marlowe & Co., July 1997,ISBN 1-56924-747-1 There are two very different editions. online

Schmeidler, G. R. (1945). Separating the sheep from the goats. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 39, 4749.

John White, ed. Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science, published by Edgar D. Mitchell and G. P. Putman, 1974, ISBN 0-399-11342-8

Richard Wiseman, Deception and self-deception: Investigating Psychics. Amherst, USA: Prometheus Press. 1997

Benjamin B. Wolman, ed, Handbook of Parapsychology, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977,ISBN 0-442-29576-6

Wilde, Stuart, Sixth Sense: Including the Secrets of the Etheric Subtle Body, Hay House, 2000. ISBN 978-1-56170-501-6, ISBN 978-1-56170-410-1

Sixth sense - a spiritual perspective by SSRFhttp://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/articles/id/spiritualresearch/spiritualscience/sixthsense

External links[edit]

Wikiversity has learning

materials about What is

the sixth sense?

Extrasensory perception at DMOZ

Extrasensory Perception at Video HQ

[hide]

V

T

E

Parapsychology

Outline

Topics

Apparitional experience

Astral projection

Auras

Bilocation

Clairvoyance

Deathbed phenomena

Dermo-optical perception

Dream telepathy

Extrasensory perception

Ganzfeld experiment

Ghosts

Kirlian photography

Materialization

Mediumship

Near-death experience

Out-of-body experience

Pam Reynolds case

Past life regression

Plant perception (paranormal)

Poltergeist

Precognition

Psychic

Psychic abilities

Psychic detective

Psychic reading

Psychic surgery

Psychokinesis

Psychometry

Pyrokinesis

Reincarnation

Remote viewing

Retrocognition

Second sight

Sensory leakage

Spoon bending

Telepathy

Xenoglossy

Zener cards

Organizations

American Society for Psychical Research

College of Psychic Studies

Institute of Noetic Sciences

International Association for Near-Death Studies

Koestler Parapsychology Unit

National Laboratory of Psychical Research

Parapsychological Association

Parapsychology Foundation

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory

Rhine Research Center

Society for Psychical Research

Parapsychologists

William F. Barrett

Mary Rose Barrington

Daryl Bem

Hans Bender

Stephen E. Braude

Whately Carington

Hereward Carrington

Tony Cornell

William Crookes

Deborah Delanoy

Eric Dingwall

Peter Fenwick

Camille Flammarion

Nandor Fodor

Bruce Greyson

Erlendur Haraldsson

John Hasted

Rosalind Heywood

Richard Hodgson

Hans Holzer

Charles Honorton

James Hyslop

Brian Inglis

Robert G. Jahn

William James

Raynor Johnson

Brian Josephson

Stanley Krippner

Thomas Lethbridge

Oliver Lodge

James McKenzie

Edgar Mitchell

Raymond Moody

Gardner Murphy

Frederic Myers

Karlis Osis

Sam Parnia

Michael Persinger

Guy Lyon Playfair

Frank Podmore

Joseph Gaither Pratt

Harry Price

Walter Franklin Prince

Andrija Puharich

Harold Puthoff

Dean Radin

J. B. Rhine

Charles Richet

D. Scott Rogo

William Roll

Helmut Schmidt

Gary Schwartz

Rupert Sheldrake

Henry Sidgwick

Samuel Soal

Ian Stevenson

Ingo Swann

Russell Targ

Charles Tart

Montague Ullman

Jessica Utts

Evan Harris Walker

Caroline Watt

Publications Extrasensory Perception

Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century

Journal of Near-Death Studies

Journal of Parapsychology

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Life After Life: The Investigation of a PhenomenonSurvival of Bodily Death

Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children's Memories of Previous Lives

Mental Radio

Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence For Past Lives

Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind

The Roots of Coincidence

Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation

Varieties of Anomalous Experience

Skeptics

James Alcock

Robert Baker

Barry Beyerstein

Susan Blackmore

John Booth

Derren Brown

Mario Bunge

William Carpenter

Robert Todd Carroll

Sean Carroll

Milbourne Christopher

Edward Clodd

Brian Dunning

Bergen Evans

Antony Flew

Kendrick Frazier

Chris French

Martin Gardner

Thomas Gilovich

Henry Gordon

G. Stanley Hall

Trevor Hall

C. E. M. Hansel

Daniel Webster Hering

Terence Hines

Bruce Hood

Harry Houdini

Nicholas Humphrey

Ray Hyman

Joseph Jastrow

Paul Kurtz

Daniel Loxton

Charles Mackay

David Marks

Joseph McCabe

Albert Moll

Joe Nickell

Steven Novella

Robert Park

Henry Maudsley

Massimo Pigliucci

Massimo Polidoro

George Price

Benjamin Radford

James Randi

Graham Reed

Joseph Rinn

Milton Rothman

Carl Sagan

Theodore Schick

Michael Shermer

John Sladek

Gordon Stein

Victor Stenger

Stuart Sutherland

John Taylor

Ivor Lloyd Tuckett

John Wheeler

Richard Wiseman

Joseph Banks Rhine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from J. B. Rhine)

For other people named Joseph Banks, see Joseph Banks (disambiguation).

Joseph Banks Rhine (September 29, 1895 February 20, 1980), usually known as J. B. Rhine, was an American botanist who founded scientific research in parapsychology as a branch of psychology, founding the parapsychology lab at Duke University, the Journal of Parapsychology, the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, and the Parapsychological Association. Rhine wrote the books Extrasensory Perception and Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind.

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life and education

2 Mediumship

3 ESP research

4 Legacy

5 Reception

6 Selected key works

o 6.1 Books

o 6.2 Theoretical and review papers, and editorials

o 6.3 Experimental reports

o 6.4 Non-parapsychology sources

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

Early life and education[edit]

Joseph Banks Rhine was the second child of five children born to Samuel Ellis Rhine and Elizabeth Vaughan Rhine in Waterloo, Pennsylvania. Samuel Rhine had been educated in a Harrisburg business college, had taught school and later been a farmer and merchant. The family moved to Marshallville, Ohio, when Joseph was in his early teens. Rhine grew up with a love of the outdoors.[1]

He was educated at Ohio Northern University and the College of Wooster, after which he enlisted in the Marine Corps, and was stationed in Santiago. Afterwards, he enrolled at theUniversity of Chicago, where he received his master's degree in botany in 1923 and a Ph.D. in botany in 1925.[2] While there, he and his wife were impressed by a May 1922 lecture given byArthur Conan Doyle exulting the scientific proof of communication with the dead.[3] Rhine later wrote, "This mere possibility was the most exhilarating thought I had had in years."[1][4][5]

He taught for a year at Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, in Yonkers, New York. Afterwards, he enrolled in the psychology department at Harvard University, to study for a year with Professor William McDougall. In 1927, he moved to Duke University in Durham, North Carolina to work under Professor McDougall. Rhine began the studies that helped develop parapsychology into a branch of science; he looked at parapsychology as a branch of "abnormal psychology."

Mediumship[edit]

Rhine lent an insight into the medium Mina Crandon's performances. Rhine was able to observe some of her trickery in the dark when she used luminous objects.[6] Rhine claimed to have observed Crandon in fraud in a sance in 1926. According to Rhine during the sance she was free from control and kicked a megaphone to give the impression it was levitating.[7]

Rhine's report that documented the fraud was refused by the American Society for Psychical Research, so he published in it in the Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology. In response, defenders of Crandon attacked Rhine. Arthur Conan Doyle published an article in a Boston Newspaper claiming "J. B. Rhine is an Ass."[7]

Rhine who had caught Crandon free from control and kicking a megaphone during a sance wondered why Malcolm Bird with three years of experience did not expose any of her tricks. Rhine suspected that Bird was a confederate of the medium.[7]

ESP research[edit]

Rhine tested many students as volunteer subjects in his research project. His first exceptional subject in this ESP research was Adam Linzmayer, an economics undergraduate at Duke. In 1931, Linzmayer scored very high in preliminary Zener card tests that Rhine ran him through; initially, he scored 100% correct on two short (nine-card series) tests that Rhine gave him. Even in his first long test (a 300-card series), Linzmayer scored 39.6% correct scores, when chance would have been only 20%. He consecutively scored 36% each time on three 25-card series (chance being 20%). However, over time, Linzmayer's scores began to drop down much closer to (but still above) chance averages. Boredom, distraction, and competing obligations, on Linzmayers part, were conjectured as possible factors bearing on the declining test results.[1]Linzmayer's epic run of naming 21 out of 25 took place in Rhine's car.[4]

The following year, Rhine tested another promising individual, Hubert Pearce, who managed to surpass Linzmayers overall 1931 performance. (Pearces average during the period he was tested in 1932 was 40%, whereas chance would have been 20%.[1]) Pearce was actually allowed to handle the cards most of the time. He shuffled and cut them.[4]

The most famous series of experiments from Rhine's laboratory is arguably the ESP tests involving Hubert Pearce and Joseph Gaither Pratt, a research assistant. Pearce was tested (using Zener cards) by Pratt, who shuffled and recorded the order of the cards in the parapsychology lab 100 yards from where Pearce was sitting in a campus library cubicle. The series comprised 37 25-trial runs, conducted between August 1933 and March 1934. From run to run, the number of matches between Pratt's cards and Pearce's guesses was highly variable, generally deviating significantly above-chance, but also falling dramatically below-chance. These scores were obtained irrespective of the distance between Pratt and Pearce, which was arranged as either 100 or 250 yards.[1]

In 1934, drawing upon several years of meticulous lab research and statistical analysis, Rhine published the first edition of a book titled Extra-Sensory Perception, which in various editions was widely read over the next decades.[1][8] In the later 1930s, Rhine investigated psychokinesis again reducing the subject to simple terms so that it could be tested, with controls, in a laboratory setting. Rhine relied on testing whether a subject could influence the outcome of tossed dice initially with hand-thrown dice, later with dice thrown from a cup, and finally with machine-thrown dice.[1]

In 1940 Rhine co-authored with Joseph Gaither Pratt and other associates at Duke Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years,[8] a review of all experimental studies of clairvoyance andtelepathy. It has been recognized as the first meta-analysis in the history of science.[9] During the war years, Rhine lost most of his male staff members to war work or the military. This caused something of an hiatus in the conduct of new research, but the opportunity was taken to publish the large back-log of experiments that, since the early 1930s, had been conducted onpsychokinesis. After the war, he had occasion to study some dramatic cases outside the lab.[1]

Rhines wife, Louisa Rhine, pursued work that complemented her husbands in the later 1940s, gathering information on spontaneous ESP reports (experiences people had, outside of a

laboratory setting). Yet Rhine believed that a good groundwork should be laid in the lab, so that the scientific community might take parapsychology seriously.

In the early 1960s, Rhine left Duke and founded the Institute for Parapsychology which later became the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man. In the 1970s, several high-scoring subjects Sean Harribance, M.B. Dykshoorn, and Bill Delmore were tested in the lab, shortly before Rhines retirement.

Legacy[edit]

Rhine, along with William McDougall, introduced the term "parapsychology" (translating a German term coined by Max Dessoir). It is sometimes said that Rhine almost single-handedly developed a methodology and concepts for parapsychology as a form of experimental psychology; however great his contributions, some earlier work along similar analytical and statistical lines had been undertaken sporadically in Europe, notably the experimental work ofOliver Lodge.[10]

Rhine founded the institutions necessary for parapsychology's continuing professionalization in the U.S. including the establishment of the Journal of Parapsychology and the formation of the Parapsychological Association,[11] and also the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man (FRNM), a precursor to what is today known as the Rhine Research Center. His parapsychology research organization was originally affiliated with Duke University, but is now separate.

Reception[edit]

Rhine's results have never been duplicated by scientific community.[12][13] A number of psychological departments attempted to repeat Rhine's experiments with failure. W. S. Cox (1936) from Princeton University with 132 subjects produced 25, 064 trials in a playing card ESP experiment. Cox concluded "There is no evidence of extrasensory perception either in the 'average man' or of the group investigated or in any particular individual of that group. The discrepancy between these results and those obtained by Rhine is due either to uncontrollable factors in experimental procedure or to the difference in the subjects."[14] Four other psychological departments failed to replicate Rhine's results.[15][16] The American psychologist James Charles Crumbaugh attempted to repeat Rhines findings over a long period without success. Crumbaugh wrote:

At the time [1938] of performing the experiments involved I fully expected that they would yield easily all the final answers. I did not imagine that after 28 years I would still be in as much doubt as when I had begun. I repeated a number of the then current Duke techniques, but the results of 3,024 runs [one run consists of twenty-five guesses] of the ESP cards as much work as Rhine reported in his first book-were all negative. In 1940 I utilized further methods with high school students, again with negative results.[17]

It was revealed that Rhine's experiments into extrasensory perception (ESP) contained methodological flaws.[18] The psychologists Leonard Zusne and Warren Jones have written "the keeping of records in Rhines experiments was inadequate. Sometimes, the subject would help with the checking of his or her calls against the order of cards. In some long-distance telepathy experiments, the order of the cards passed through the hands of the percipient before it got from Rhine to the agent."[19] The card-guessing method used in the Rhine experiments contained flaws that did not rule out the possibility of sensory leakage. The cards were poorly designed so the printed designs could actually be seen from the back of the cards.[20][21] According toTerence Hines:

The methods the Rhines used to prevent subjects from gaining hints and clues as to the design on the cards were far from adequate. In many experiments, the cards were displayed face up, but hidden behind a small wooden shield. Several ways of obtaining information about the design on the card remain even in the presence of the shield. For instance, the subject may be able sometimes to see the design on the face-up card reflected in the agents glasses. Even if the agent isnt wearing glasses it is possible to see the reflection in his cornea.[20]

In 1938, Harold Gulliksen wrote that Rhine did not describe his experimental methods clearly and used inappropriate mathematical procedures which overestimated the significance of his results.[22] Rhine published Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years in 1940 with a number of colleagues, to address the objections raised. In the book Rhine and his colleagues described three experiments the Pearce-Pratt experiment, the Pratt-Woodruff experiment and the Ownbey-Zirkle series which they believed demonstrated ESP. The psychologist C. E. M. Hansel wrote "it is now known that each experiment contained serious flaws that escaped notice in the examination made by the authors of Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years".[23]

Rhine's experiments into psychokinesis (PK) were not replicated by other scientists.[24] John Sladek wrote:

His research used dice, with subjects 'willing' them to fall a certain way. Not only can dice be drilled, shaved, falsely numbered and manipulated, but even straight dice often show bias in the long run. Casinos for this reason retire dice often, but at Duke, subjects continued to try for the same effect on the same dice over long experimental runs. Not surprisingly, PK appeared at Duke and nowhere else.[25]

The science writer Martin Gardner wrote that Rhine repeatedly tried to replicate his work, but produced only failures that he never reported.[26] Gardner criticized Rhine for not disclosing the names of assistants he caught cheating:

His paper "Security Versus Deception in Parapsychology" published in his journal (vol. 38, 1974), runs to 23 pages... Rhine selects twelve sample cases of dishonest experimenters that came to his attention from 1940 to 1950, four of whom were caught 'red-handed'. Not a single name is mentioned. What papers did they publish, one wonders?

This has suggested to Gardner that Rhine practiced a "secrecy policy". Gardner claimed to have inside information that files in Rhine's laboratory contain material suggesting fraud on the part ofHubert Pearce.[27] Pearce was never able to obtain above-chance results when persons other than the experimenter were present during an experiment making it more likely that he was cheating in some way. Rhine's other subjects were only able to obtain non-chance levels when they were able to shuffle the cards which has suggested they used tricks to arrange the order of the Zener cards before the experiments started.[28] Rhine's assistant James D. MacFarland was also accused of fraud. Louisa Rhine wrote "Jim [James D. MacFarland] had actually consistently falsified his records... To produce extra hits Jim had to resort to erasures and transpositions in his records of his call series."[29]

According to James Alcock, due to Rhine's errors, parapsychologists no longer utilize card-guessing studies.[30]

Rhine has been described as credulous as he believed the horse "Lady Wonder" was telepathic, but it was discovered the owner was using subtle signals to control the horses behavior.[31]

Selected key works[edit]

Books[edit]

Rhine, J. B. (1934). Extra-Sensory Perception. Boston, MA, US: Bruce Humphries.

Rhine, J. B. (1937). New Frontiers of the Mind. New York, NY, US.

Rhine, J. B., Pratt, J. G., Stuart, C. E., Smith, B. M., Greenwood, J. A. (1940). Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years. New York, NY, US: Henry Holt.

Rhine, J. B. (1947). The Reach of the Mind. New York, NY, US: William Sloane.

Rhine, J. B. (1953). New World of the Mind. New York, NY, US: William Sloane.

Rhine, J. B., & Pratt, J. G. (1957). Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind. Springfield, IL, US Charles C. Thomas.

Rhine, J. B., & Associates (Eds.). (1965). Parapsychology from Duke to FRNM. Durham, NC, US: Parapsychology Press.

Rhine, J. B., & Brier, R. (Eds.). (1968). Parapsychology Today. New York, NY, US: Citadel.

Rhine, J. B. (Ed.). (1971). Progress in Parapsychology. Durham, NC, US: Parapsychology Press.

Theoretical and review papers, and editorials[edit]

Rhine, J. B. (1937). The effect of distance in ESP tests. Journal of Parapsychology, 1, 172184.

Rhine, J. B. (1937). The question of sensory cues and the evidence. Journal of Parapsychology, 1, 276291.

Rhine, J. B. (1938). The hypothesis of deception. Journal of Parapsychology, 2, 151152.

Rhine, J. B. (1942). Hypnotism, "graduate" of parapsychology [Editorial]. Journal of Parapsychology, 6, 159163.

Rhine, J. B. (1943). The mind has real force! [Editorial. Journal of Parapsychology, 7, 6975.

Rhine, J. B. (1945). Telepathy and clairvoyance reconsidered. Journal of Parapsychology, 9, 176193.

Rhine, J. B. (1945). Precognition reconsidered. Journal of Parapsychology, 9, 264277.

Rhine, J. B. (1946). The psychokinetic effect: A review. Journal of Parapsychology, 10, 520.

Rhine, J. B. (1948). Conditions favoring success in psi tests. Journal of Parapsychology, 12, 5875.

Rhine, J. B. (1952). The problem of psi missing. Journal of Parapsychology, 16, 115.

Rhine, J. B. (1958). On the nature and consequences of the unconsciousness of psi. Journal of Parapsychology, 22, 175186.

Rhine, J. B. (1969). Position effects in psi test results. Journal of Parapsychology, 33, 136157.

Rhine, J. B. (1969). Psi-missing re-examined. Journal of Parapsychology, 33, 136157.

Rhine, J. B. (1971). The importance of parapsychology to William McDougall. Journal of Parapsychology, 35, 169188.

Rhine, J. B. (1974). Security versus deception in parapsychology. Journal of Parapsychology, 38, 99121.

Rhine, J. B. (1974). Telepathy and other untestable hypotheses. Journal of Parapsychology,38, 137153.

Rhine, J. B. (1975). Psi methods reexamined. Journal of Parapsychology, 39, 3858.

Rhine, J. B. (1977). History of experimental studies. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of Parapsychology (pp. 2547). New York, NY, US: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Experimental reports[edit]

Rhine, J. B. (1934). Extra-sensory perception of the clairvoyant type. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 29, 151171.

Rhine, J. B. (1936). Some selected experiments in extrasensory perception. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 31, 216228.

Rhine, J. B. (1938). Experiments bearing on the precognition hypothesis: I. Pre-shuffling card calling. Journal of Parapsychology, 2, 3854.

Rhine, J. B. (1941). Terminal salience in ESP performance. Journal of Parapsychology, 5, 183244.

Rhine, J. B. (1942). Evidence of precognition in the covariation of salience ratios. Journal of Parapsychology, 6, 111143.

Rhine, L. E., & Rhine, J. B. (1943). The psychokinetic effect. I. The first experiment. Journal of Parapsychology, 7, 2043.

Rhine, J. B., & Humphrey, B. M. (1944). The PK effect: Special evidence from hit patterns. I. Quarter distribution of the page. Journal of Parapsychology, 8, 1860.

Rhine, J. B. (1946). Confirmatory experiments in PK research. Journal of Parapsychology,10, 7174.

Rhine, J. B., & Pratt, J. G. (1954). A review of the PearcePratt distance series of ESP tests.Journal of Parapsychology, 18, 165177.

Non-parapsychology sources[edit]

(Additional to those included in the above lists)

Rhine, J. B. (1927). One evening's observation on the Margery mediumship. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 21, 401421.

Rhine, J. B., & Rhine, L. E. (1929). An investigation of a mind-reading horse. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 23, 449466.

McDougall, W., & Rhine, J. B. (1933). Third report on a Lamarckian experiment. British Journal of Psychology, 24, 213235.

Rhine, J. B. (1934). Telepathy and clairvoyance in the normal and trance states of a medium.Character and Personality, 3, 91111.

Rhine, J. B. (1938). Comments on Dr. Wolfle's review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 957960.

Rhine, J. B. (1938). ESP: What precautions are being taken to forfend against error in the extrasensory perception research as conducted at Duke University?. Scientific American,158, 328.

Rhine, J. B. (1940). Extra-sensory perception: A review. Scientific Monthly, 51, 450459.

Rhine, J. B. (1950). An introduction to the work on extrasensory perception. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 12, 164168.

Rhine, J. B. (1950). Psi phenomena and psychiatry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 43, 804814.

Rhine, J. B. (1952). Extrasensory perception and hypnosis. In L. M. LeCron (Ed.),Experimental Hypnosis (pp. 359368). New York, NY, US: Macmillan.

Rhine, J. B. (1954). The science of non-physical nature. Journal of Philosophy, 51, 801810.

Rhine, J. B. (1956). Science and the Supernatural [Comment]. Science, 1114.

Rhine, J. B. (1959). How does one decide about ESP?. American Psychologist, 14, 606608.

Rhine, J. B. (1960). On the nature of man. In S. Hook (Ed.), Dimensions of mind. New York, NY, US: New York University Press.

Rhine, J. B. (1965). Parapsychology and medicine. Journal of the Missouri State Medical Association, 6, 378381.

Rhine, J. B. (1972). A brief introduction to parapsychology. Research Journal of Philosophy and Social Sciences, 3, 119.

Rhine, J. B. (1979). Parapsychology a correction. Science, 205, 144.

See also[edit]

Extrasensory perception

Psychokinesis

Zener card

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Denis, Brian. (1982). The Enchanted Voyager. Englewood Cliffs: PrenticeHall

2. Jump up^ Joseph Banks Rhine: 18951980 American Journal of Psychology, December 1981, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 649653.

3. Jump up^ Time-Life Books (1987), Psychic Powers. Mysteries of the Unknown, Alexandria, VA.: Time-Life Books, p. 50, ISBN 978-0-8094-6309-1, OCLC 16091540, retrieved February 26, 2010

4. ^ Jump up to:a b c Christopher, Milbourne (1970). ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really Is. Thomas Y. Crowell. ISBN 0-690-26815-7.

5. Jump up^ Joseph Rinn. (1950). Sixty Years of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Among the Spirits. Truth Seeker Company.

6. Jump up^ Thomas Tietze. (1973). Margery. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0060682354

7. ^ Jump up to:a b c Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Sance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. pp. 134-234. ISBN 978-1591020868

8. ^ Jump up to:a b W. Edward Craighead and Charles B. Nemeroff (2001). "Rhine, Joseph Banks" in The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, John Wiley, p. 1411.

9. Jump up^ Bsch, H. (2004). Reanalyzing a meta-analysis on extra-sensory perception dating from 1940, the first comprehensive meta-analysis in the history of science. In S. Schmidt (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, University of Vienna, (pp. 113).

10. Jump up^ Mauskopf, S. H., & McVaugh, M. R. (1980). The Elusive Science: Origins of Experimental Psychical Research. Baltimore, ML, US: Johns Hopkins University Press.

11. Jump up^ W. Edward Craighead and Charles B. Nemeroff (2001). "Rhine, Joseph Banks" in The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, John Wiley, p. 1412.

12. Jump up^ C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-evaluation. Prometheus Books.ISBN 978-0879751203

13. Jump up^ Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-1573929790 "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."

14. Jump up^ Cox, W. S. (1936). An experiment in ESP. Journal of Experimental Psychology 12: 437.

15. Jump up^ Joseph Jastrow. (1938). ESP, House of Cards. The American Scholar. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp. 13-22. "Rhines results fail to be confirmed. At Colgate University (40, 000 tests, 7 subjects), at Chicago (extensive series on 315 students), at Southern Methodist College (75, 000 tests), at Glasgow, Scotland (6, 650 tests), at London University (105, 000 tests), not a single individual was found who under rigidly conducted experiments could score above chance. At Stanford University it has been convincingly shown that the conditions favorable to the intrusion of subtle errors produce above-chance records which come down to chance when sources of error are eliminated."

16. Jump up^ Cited in C. E. M. Hansel The Search for a Demonstration of ESP. In Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 105-127. ISBN 0-87975-300-5

Adam, E. T. (1938). A summary of some negative experiments. Journal of Parapsychology 2: 232-236.

Crumbaugh, J. C. (1938). An experimental study of extra-sensory perception. Masters thesis. Southern Methodist University.

Heinlein, C. P; Heinlein, J. H. (1938). Critique of the premises of statistical methodology of parapsychology. Journal of Parapsychology 5: 135-148.

Willoughby, R. R. (1938). Further card-guessing experiments. Journal of Psychology 18: 3-13.

17. Jump up^ Crumbaugh, J. (1966). A Scientific Critique of Parapsychology. International Journal of

Neuropsychiatry 5: 52129.

18. Jump up^ Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins. (2001). Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-309-07309-7"In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book, Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the testers eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the testers facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections."

19. Jump up^ Leonard Zusne, Warren Jones. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Psychology Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0805805086

20. ^ Jump up to:a b Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 119-120.ISBN 978-1573929790

21. Jump up^ Jonathan C. Smith. (2009). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405181228. "Today,

researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."

22. Jump up^ Harold Gulliksen. (1938). Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623-634.

23. Jump up^ C. E. M. Hansel. The Search for a Demonstration of ESP. In Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 97-127. ISBN 0-87975-300-5

24. Jump up^ Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins. (2001). Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins. Joseph Henry Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-309-07309-7"The same Dr. Rhine who studied ESP also studied and felt he had evidence for PK. Attempts to replicate Rhine's findings under controlled conditions all failed. Successful tests of PK reported by him were the result of inadequate controls or falsification of data."

25. Jump up^ John Sladek. (1974). The New Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Sciences and Occult Beliefs. Panther. pp. 172-174. ISBN 0-87281-712-1

26. Jump up^ Paul Kurtz. (2001). Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal Inquirers. Chapter Confessions of a Skeptic by Martin Gardner. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-884-4

27. Jump up^ Kendrick Frazier. (1991). The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 169. ISBN 978-0879756550

28. Jump up^ Lawrie Reznek. (2010). Delusions and the Madness of the Masses. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 978-1442206052

29. Jump up^ Louisa Rhine. (1983). Something Hidden. McFarland & Company. p. 226. ISBN 978-0786467549Also quoted in Kendrick Frazier. (1991). The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 168. ISBN 978-0879756550

30. Jump up^ James Alcock. (2011). Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair. Skeptical Inquirer. "Despite Rhines confidence that he had established the reality of extrasensory perception, he had not done so. Methodological problems with his experiments eventually came to light, and as a result parapsychologists no longer run card-guessing studies and rarely even refer to Rhines work."

31. Jump up^ Victor Stenger. (1990). Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World Beyond the Senses. Prometheus Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-0879755751

Further reading[edit]

Brian, Denis. (1982). The Enchanted Voyager. Englewood Cliffs: PrenticeHall. (A full-length biography of Rhine).

Evans, Bergen. (1954). The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense. Knopf.

Gulliksen, Harold. (1938). Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623-634.

Jastrow, Joseph. (1938). ESP, House of Cards. The American Scholar. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp. 13-22

Gardner, Martin. (1988). The Obligation to Disclose Fraud. Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. XII No. 3.

Gardner, Martin. (1986). Fads and Fallacies: In the Name of Science. New American Library (second edition). Chapter 25: ESP and PK.

Mauskopf, S. H., & McVaugh, M. R. (1980). The Elusive Science: Origins of Experimental Psychical Research. Baltimore, ML, US: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Moore, R. L. (1977). In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

External links[edit]

Review of the PearcePratt Distance Series of ESP tests

Rhine Research Center and Institute for Parapsychology, originally part of Duke University, now an independent research center.

[hide]

V

T

E

Parapsychology

Outline

Topics

Apparitional experience

Astral projection

Auras

Bilocation

Clairvoyance

Deathbed phenomena

Dermo-optical perception

Dream telepathy

Extrasensory perception

Ganzfeld experiment

Ghosts

Kirlian photography

Materialization

Mediumship

Near-death experience

Out-of-body experience

Pam Reynolds case

Past life regression

Plant perception (paranormal)

Poltergeist

Precognition

Psychic

Psychic abilities

Psychic detective

Psychic reading

Psychic surgery

Psychokinesis

Psychometry

Pyrokinesis

Reincarnation

Remote viewing

Retrocognition

Second sight

Sensory leakage

Spoon bending

Telepathy

Xenoglossy

Zener cards

Organizations

American Society for Psychical Research

College of Psychic Studies

Institute of Noetic Sciences

International Association for Near-Death Studies

Koestler Parapsychology Unit

National Laboratory of Psychical Research

Parapsychological Association

Parapsychology Foundation

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory

Rhine Research Center

Society for Psychical Research

Parapsychologists

William F. Barrett

Mary Rose Barrington

Daryl Bem

Hans Bender

Stephen E. Braude

Whately Carington

Hereward Carrington

Tony Cornell

William Crookes

Deborah Delanoy

Eric Dingwall

Peter Fenwick

Camille Flammarion

Nandor Fodor

Bruce Greyson

Erlendur Haraldsson

John Hasted

Rosalind Heywood

Richard Hodgson

Hans Holzer

Charles Honorton

James Hyslop

Brian Inglis

Robert G. Jahn

William James

Raynor Johnson

Brian Josephson

Stanley Krippner

Thomas Lethbridge

Oliver Lodge

James McKenzie

Edgar Mitchell

Raymond Moody

Gardner Murphy

Frederic Myers

Karlis Osis

Sam Parnia

Michael Persinger

Guy Lyon Playfair

Frank Podmore

Joseph Gaither Pratt

Harry Price

Walter Franklin Prince

Andrija Puharich

Harold Puthoff

Dean Radin

J. B. Rhine

Charles Richet

D. Scott Rogo

William Roll

Helmut Schmidt

Gary Schwartz

Rupert Sheldrake

Henry Sidgwick

Samuel Soal

Ian Stevenson

Ingo Swann

Russell Targ

Charles Tart

Montague Ullman

Jessica Utts

Evan Harris Walker

Caroline Watt

Publications

Extrasensory Perception

Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century

Journal of Near-Death Studies

Journal of Parapsychology

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Life After Life: The Investigation of a PhenomenonSurvival of Bodily Death

Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children's Memories of Previous Lives

Mental Radio

Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence For Past Lives

Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind

The Roots of Coincidence

Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation

Varieties of Anomalous Experience

Skeptics

James Alcock

Robert Baker

Barry Beyerstein

Susan Blackmore

John Booth

Derren Brown

Mario Bunge

William Carpenter

Robert Todd Carroll

Sean Carroll

Milbourne Christopher

Edward Clodd

Brian Dunning

Bergen Evans

Antony Flew

Kendrick Frazier

Chris French

Martin Gardner

Thomas Gilovich

Henry Gordon

G. Stanley Hall

Trevor Hall

C. E. M. Hansel

Daniel Webster Hering

Terence Hines

Bruce Hood

Harry Houdini

Nicholas Humphrey

Ray Hyman

Joseph Jastrow

Paul Kurtz

Daniel Loxton

Charles Mackay

David Marks

Joseph McCabe

Albert Moll

Joe Nickell

Steven Novella

Robert Park

Henry Maudsley

Massimo Pigliucci

Massimo Polidoro

George Price

Benjamin Radford

James Randi

Graham Reed

Joseph Rinn

Milton Rothman

Carl Sagan

Theodore Schick

Michael Shermer

John Sladek

Gordon Stein

Victor Stenger

Stuart Sutherland

John Taylor

Ivor Lloyd Tuckett

John Wheeler

Richard Wiseman

Category

Commons

Authority control

WorldCat

VIAF: 57445782

LCCN: n50044843

ISNI:0000 0001 1876 5501

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Categories:

1895 births

1980 deaths

Parapsychologists

Duke University faculty

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People associated with the Human Potential Movement