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Psychotherapy
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Psychotherapy
Includes those means by which a therapist attemps to provide new interpersonal experience for another human being
These experiences are designed to enhance one ability to manage subjective disstress
Psychotherapy
It can not alter the problem of world in which patient lives
But it can enhance self acceptance, empower the patient to make life changes and help patient to cope with enviroment more effectively
Definition Psychotherapy is an interpersonal, relational
intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living. This usually includes increasing individual sense of well-being and reducing subjective discomforting experience. Psychotherapists employ a range of techniques based on experiential relationship building, dialogue, communication and behavior change and that are designed to improve the mental health of a client or patient, or to improve group relationships (such as in a family).
Classification of Psychotherapy according to who is involved in the
treatment an individual a group a couple a family therapy
Classification of Psychotherapy according to the content and
methods used analytic interpersonal cognitive,behavioral, cognitive -
behavioral All psychotherapies are aimed at
changing aspects of the patient
Characteristics common for all psychotherapies Based on interpersonal relationship used verbal communication between
two or more people as healing element
specific expertise on the part of the therapist in using communication and relationshop in healing way
Characteristics common for all psychotherapies based on rationale or conceptual
structure that is used to understand the patient problem
use of the specific procedure in the relationship that is linked to rationale
structure relationship expectation of improvement
Behavior therapy
Aim : change the behavior. derived from British empiricism,
Pavlov ś studies of conditioning, research on stimulus response relationship conducted by behaviorists (such as Skinner, Wolpe, Eysenck.)
Behavior Psychotherapy Assumptions of psychopathology People learn their problems Problems occur naturally through a learning process : Classical conditioning e.g phobias Operant conditioning e.g. , Substance abuse, personality disorders This learning is NOT direct instruction Typically natural and can even be passive Problems are sustained largely through escape and
avoidance of aversive event
Behavior Psychotherapy Thoughts require a slightly modified analysis but
are still understood as both important and as behaviors
The aviodance of thoughts can lead to more problems in living
It is the avoidance that produces the problem, not the thougts.
Interpersonal problems can be fundamental in bringing about and sustaining ineffective behavior (psychopathology)
Behavior Psychotherapy
Assumptions of curative factors If problems are learned, new and more
effective behaviors can be learned as well Real key is exposure and extinction Keep in mind both classical and operant
conditioning Techniques Graduated exposure treatments Flooding
Graduated Exposure Treatment Person gradually taken into the feared situation
or exposed to the fear stimulus or traumatic memory until the anxiety subsides
Systemic desensitization Use coounterconditioning Extinction to reduce fear Work through an “anxiety hierarchy” of situations that lead to
lead fearfull reactions. Imagine fearfull situasitions while remaining relaxed Also use in : Cognitive processing therapies (CPT) for sexual assault.
Flooding Person is taken directly into the feared
situation until the anxiety subsides : Escape response is prevented completely Pros and cons to this
When would you NOT use this
Just as effective as systematic desensitization for phobias
Behavior therapy work with objective, observable
phenomena, referred to as behavior, including physical activities (drinking, eating, talking, completing a serial sequential activities that lead to habit formations and social interaction)
Behavioral techniques do not necessarily help the patient to
understand his motivations and emotions (but some od Bs believes that the change of patient´s behavior may lead to changes in how patient think and feels)
symptoms : phobias, obsessions, eating, sexual disorders, general anxiety, mild depression, alcohol abuse
The forms of behavioral therapy
Work on what the patient does relaxation training systematic desensitization flooding
Relaxation training
used to teach patient to control over their bodies
to achieve voluntary control over their feeling of tension
to achieve relaxation ( they are instructed to move through the muscle groups of the body and make them tense and relaxed)
Systematic desensitization Teaching how to reduce or control the
fear elicited by specific stimuli „trainig“ to reduce tense and anxious
response to feared stimuli ,fe therapist may asked the agoraphobic patient to imagine to visist the shopping mall where the patient typicaly develops panic, the patient is ecourage to use relaxation techniques to diminished panic and place it under voluntary control
Flooding aim : to extinguish anxiety produced by
feared stimuli
how : placing the patients in continuous contact with the stimulus and helping them learn that stimulus does not lead to any feared consequences
Cognitive therapy cognitive structures or schemata
shape the way people react and adapt to a variety of situations that they encounter in their lives
Cognitive therapy aim : to abolish negative thoughts
which allow symptoms to persist (our moods and feelings are influenced
by our thoughts and the psychological disturbances are caused by habitual errors in thinking. By correcting these distorted ways of thinking, therapist restructure patients views of themselves)
Cognitive therapy
The three major cognitive patterns observed in depression (by Beck)
- a negative view of oneself
- a negative interpretation of experience
- a negative view of future
Cognitive therapy treatment of depression the schema that lead to negative
interpretations the goal : to indentify and restructure
those negative schemata (that shape p.perception)
Individual psychotherapy
Covers broad range of psychotherapeutic techniques which are usually done individually - single therapist working with single patient
Psychoanalysis Originally developed by S.Freud ( a
systemic theory to describe the structure and operations of the human psyche)
reorganization of character structure with emphasis on self understanding and correction of development lags
Psychoanalysis basic concept includes stages of psychosexual development (oral, anal,
phallic) the structures of conscious and
uncoscoius thougts (primary versus secondary process thinking)
the structures of drive and motivation (id, ego, superego)
Psychoanalysis Assumptions of curative factors in
psychoanalytic theory Curative process is resolution of the
unconscious tension Need to free up the psychic energy being spent
on defences Techniques : Free association Patient relaxes and freely expresses whatever comes
to mind Dream analysis Determine latent content of dreams
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
concepts are embodied in psychoanalytic theory (it does not involve rigidly defined techniques that charakterized classical psychoanalysis)
Psychodynamic psychotherapy based on idea of self exploration and
self understanding open up the possibilities for change in personality and behaviour
treatment of : personality disorder, sexual dysfunction, somatoform , anxiety disorders, mild depression
Types of psychodynamic psychotherapy
psychoanalysis exploratory psychotherapy - aims at
understanding motivations and uncousious forces (focus on current life)
Types of psychodynamic psychotherapy
supportive psychotherapy - lessening of anxiety through reassurance, advice, modifications of social factor (it helps patients to get through difficult situations), it is incorporated into any of the other types os PT
short term psychotherapy
Insight oriented psychotherapy based on psychodynamic concept focused on interpersonal relationship
- here and now situation the patient are encouraged to achieve
an intellectual understanding of the mainspring of their behavior that will assist in changing it as needed
Interpersonal therapy
based on idea that mental illness may reflect and be expressed in problems with relationship
emphasizes working on improving interpersonal realtionship during the process of psychotherapy
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