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Psy 311: Death and Dying
DEATH AND DYING
Biological Psychological Social Developmental
Psy 311: Death and Dying
What Causes Aging?
What Causes Death?
Psy 311: Death and Dying
What Causes Aging?
1. Programmed theories– Genes
2. Damage theories– Wear and tear
Psy 311: Death and Dying
What Causes Aging?
PROGRAMMED Theoriesgeneticpre-programmed inevitableuniversal
Psy 311: Death and Dying
What Causes Death?
1. Programmed theories of aging genes turn on & off premature aging endocrine or immune systems directs
program
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Maximum life span
Maximum number of years any member of a species has lived–110 to 120 years (for humans)
Psy 311: Death and Dying
What Causes Aging?
DAMAGE theories of agingwear & teardiseasedisuse
Psy 311: Death and Dying
What Causes Death (cont)?2. Damage theories Repair lags behind damage As you age--
– damage more easily– repair more slowly
Evidence– Physical: diet, exercise, substance abuse– Psychological: stress, activity, outlook
Psy 311: Death and Dying
DEATH AND DYING
Life expectancy average number of years a newborn can be expected to live
76.5 years (US Census Bureau, 2000)
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Society and Death
Historical changes in death1900-average life expectancy= 49 yrs.
half of children died, two wives
Psy 311: Death and Dying
DEATH AND DYING–Caucasian African-American
Males 74.9 68
Females 79.9 75
(US Census Bureau, 2000)
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Factors which affect life expectancy:
nutrition medical care poverty sanitation child birth procedures public health
Psy 311: Death and Dying
What Causes Aging?What Causes Death?
Aging and Death are processes. Genetics Environment Own activity Biological, psychological, social INTERACTIONS over TIME
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Process of Dying
Process of Bereavement
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Cultural Differences in the Process of Dying
Meaning of death Process of dying
–where?–with whom?–how?
Psy 311: Death and Dying
PROCESS OF DYING
Aging & Death: future & past Shift to “years left” Reminisce- satisfied with life Fear decreases as grow older Elderly: comfort in loved ones &
achievements
Psy 311: Death and Dying
PROCESS OF DYING (cont.)The Experience of Dying 1. Denial and isolation 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
Psy 311: Death and Dying
PROCESS OF DYING (cont.)Critique and Alternatives 1. Not stages 2. Depends on illness process 3. Individual and social influences
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Cultural Differences in BEREAVEMENT
1. Expressions of grief 2. Duration of mourning 3. Continuing relationship with the
dead
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Bereavement
Experience of grieving 1. Shock & numbness 2. Yearning 3. Depression 4. Reorganization (yearly cycle)
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Bereavement
CHALLENGES to the
GRIEF WORK Perspective 1. Confront loss 2. Deal with emotion 3. Detach from person
Psy 311: Death and Dying
BEREAVEMENT (cont.)Critique and Alternatives 1. Not stages 2. Depends on loss process 3. Individual and social influences
Psy 311: Death and Dying
BEREAVEMENT (cont.)Depends on Loss Process 1. Relationship
– Parent, spouse, child, friend– Closeness, dependency
2. Cause of death– On time vs. off-time– Preventable, meaningful
3. Supports and stressors
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Social SupportHelping People who are Dying or
Grieving 1. Not easy 2. Remain engaged 3. Respect individuality 4. Take some of the load 5. Patience Hospice care or Professional help
Psy 311: Death and Dying
ChildrenDying and Bereavement
Experiences shaped by:
1. Developmental level and tasks.
2. Conception of death.
3. Cultural context.
4. Specific experiences.
Parental and social support.
Psy 311: Death and Dying
PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
1. Aware of dying. 2. Show distress indirectly. 3. Few coping strategies (escape). 4. Developmental tasks/ issues:
– Attachment/ Abandonment.
– Self-regulation/ Opposition.
Psy 311: Death and Dying
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
1. Can talk about it more directly.
2. Express distress more directly.
3. Pragmatic coping strategies.
4. Developmental Tasks/ Issues:– Peer relationships/ Rejection.
– Social comparison/ Competencies.
Psy 311: Death and Dying
ADOLESCENT CHILDREN
1. Understand all the implications.
2. Distress over lost possibilities.
3. Many coping strategies.
4. Developmental tasks/ issues:– Body image/ Appearance.
– Identity/ Future lost.
– Autonomy/ Dependence on parents.
Psy 311: Death and Dying
Children and Bereavement
Understanding of death is consistent with cognitive level.
Psy 311: Death and Dying
MATURE CONCEPTION
DEATH IS:– Final
– Irreversible
– Universal
– Caused by internal processes
Psy 311: Death and Dying
INFANTS
No concept of death. Temporary grief from separation. Long-term effects depend on
replacement.
Psy 311: Death and Dying
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Full-blown attachment Few coping strategies Biggest negative long-term effects
Psy 311: Death and Dying
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Conception of Death Dead retain life functions Death is reversible
Psy 311: Death and Dying
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
Conception of Death Cessation of life Irreversible Universal Not understand causality of death
Psy 311: Death and Dying
ADOLESCENCE
Mature conception of death
Psy 311: Death and Dying
LAST NAME, first name 1. According to theories of
PROGRAMMED aging, what causes aging and death?
2. According to DAMAGE theories of aging, what causes aging and death?
3. Name 3 factors that influence how children experience dying and bereavement.
Psy 311: Death and Dying
END
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