Psy 100 unit 2 week 3 ch 2

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UNIT

2Chapter 2: The Biological Basis of Behavior

PSYCHOLOGY100: Unit 2: Weeks 2 & 3: Spring 2013

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Enduring Issues

To what extent is behavior caused by internal processes,

as opposed to environmental factors?

Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-

Universality

Stability-ChangeStability-Change

Mind-BodyMind-Body

Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture

Person-SituationPerson-Situation

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Enduring Issues

To what extent does heredity affect behavior?

Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-

Universality

Stability-ChangeStability-Change

Mind-BodyMind-Body

Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture

Person-SituationPerson-Situation

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Enduring Issues

Does the nervous system change due to experience?

Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-

Universality

Stability-ChangeStability-Change

Mind-BodyMind-Body

Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture

Person-SituationPerson-Situation

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Enduring Issues

Are there differences between men and women in the way that the brain works?

Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-

Universality

Stability-ChangeStability-Change

Mind-BodyMind-Body

Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture

Person-SituationPerson-Situation

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Enduring Issues

What is the connection between what we experience and our biological processes?

Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-

Universality

Stability-ChangeStability-Change

Mind-BodyMind-Body

Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture

Person-SituationPerson-Situation

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Psychobiology and Neuroscience

Psychobiology:Focuses on biological bases of behavior and mental processes

Neuroscience:The study of the brain and the nervous system

Neurons: The Messengers

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Complex network of

cells that carry

information to and from all parts of the

body

ervous systemervous system

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The Neuron

Terminal buttons

Axon

Cell body (soma)

MyelinDendrites

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Three Types of Neurons

Afferent (sensory) neurons

Efferent (motor) neurons

Association neurons (interneurons)

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The Neural Impulse

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All-or-None Law

The neuron either fires completely or it does not fire at all.

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The Synapse

Terminal button

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Neurotransmitters

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Applying Psychology

• Caffeine

• Cocaine

• Antidepressants

• Botulism

• Black widow spider

• Antipsychotics

Drugs and Behavior

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Effects of Cocaine

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Neural Plasticity and Neurogenesis

Neural plasticity: Experience can change the brain structurally and chemically.

• Rosenzweig (1984)

Neurogenesis: Adult brains can produce new brain cells.

Source: From “Brain changes in response to experience” by M. R. Rosenzweig, E. L. Bennett, and M. C. Diamond. Copyright © 1972, Scientific American, Inc.

The Central Nervous System

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The Organization of the Nervous System

PERIPHERAL

Autonomic Somatic

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Brain

CENTRAL

Spinal Cord

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The Brain

The human brain is the product of millions of years of evolution in three stages:

• Central core

• Cerebral cortex

• Limbic system

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The Central Core

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Reticular formation

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Structures in the Hindbrain

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Outer surface

of the two

cerebral

hemispheres

that regulates

most complex

behavior

erebral cortexerebral cortex

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Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

Both the left and right hemispheres can be roughly divided into four sections.

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The Limbic System

Limbic system: Ring of structures that plays a role in learning and emotional behavior

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Hemispheric Specialization

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The Split-Brain Experiment

The corpus callosum is sometimes severed to reduce seizures.

• Left visual field right hemisphere

• Right visual field left hemisphere

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Broca’s Area & Wernicke’s Area

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• Microelectrode techniques

• Macroelectrode techniques–EEG

• Structural imaging–CAT or CT scanning–MRI

• Functional imaging–EEG imaging–MEG, MSI–PET scanning–fMRI

Tools for Studying the Brain

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The Spinal Cord

Spinal cord:

• Complex cable of neurons that runs down the spine, connecting the brain to most of the rest of the body

• Functions as a “communication superhighway”

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The Spinal Cord and Reflex Action

Motor neurons

Sensory neurons

Interneurons

The Peripheral Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System

Parasympathetic

PERIPHERAL

Autonomic

Sympathetic

Somatic

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Peripheral Nervous System

Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Links the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body• Afferent neurons• Efferent neurons

PERIPHERAL

Autonomic Somatic

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Autonomic NS: Sympathetic

“Fight or flight”

Source: Adapted from General Biology, revised edition, 1st edition by Willis Johnson, Richard A. Laubengayer, and Louis E. Delanney, Copyright © 1961. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, an

imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

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Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic

Source: Adapted from General Biology, revised edition, 1st edition by Willis Johnson, Richard A. Laubengayer, and Louis E. Delanney, Copyright © 1961. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

“Rest and digest”

The Endocrine System

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The Endocrine System

Genes, Evolution, and Behavior

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Behavior Genetics

Genes, Evolution, and Behavior

Two different but related fields contribute to the understanding of the influence of heredity

on behavior:

Evolutionary

Psychology

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Genetics

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B = dominant gene

Transmission of Eye Color

b = recessive gene

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Behavior Genetics

Animal behavior genetics• Strain studies• Selection studies

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Behavior Genetics

Human behavior genetics

•Family studies

•Twin studies– identical twins– fraternal twins

•Adoption studies

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Social Implications

New challenges have arisen as a result of our better understanding of genes.

• Modern prenatal screening can detect genetic defects; do parents have the right to abort because of this?

• Over-simplified reporting of genetic technologies in mass media can lead to misinterpretation of complex research findings.

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Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology examines adaptive value of behaviors from an evolutionary perspective.• Darwin’s natural selection

Charles Darwin

Acknowledgments: See other PPT

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