Promising Future Biomarkers For Colorectal Cancer: Focus on Targeted Therapies

Promising Future Biomarkers For Colorectal Cancer:

Focus on Targeted Therapies

Lee M. Ellis, MD

Depts of Surgical Oncology and Cancer Biology

UT MD Anderson Cancer Center

Houston, Texas USA

• Prognostic marker– associated with clinical outcome, independent of specific treatment

• Predictive marker– identifies groups receiving different degrees of benefit

from a therapy – specific for a given treatment (i.e., Ras for EGFR MoABs in CRC, HER2

expression for trastuzumab)

• Surrogate / activity marker– modulated by treatment– may be on target tissue (tumor) or surrogate tissue

(i.e., lymphocytes, skin)– might or might not correlate with clinical activity

A Few DefinitionsA “marker” is not a “marker” is not a “marker”

CRYSAL TrialWe Need to Do Better!!

Van Cutsem et al. NEJM 2009

• EGFR– Downstream signaling pathways

• RAS (Lenz)

• Raf

• PTEN/PI3K

– AACR Presentations (including EGFR amplifications)

• VEGF– ?

Biomarkers for Targeted Therapies in CRC

I apologize in advance for some mixing and matching as some studies report more than one marker.

Survival (anti-apoptosis)

Gene transcriptionGene transcriptionCell-cycle progressionCell-cycle progression

Angiogenesis

Invasion andmetastasis

Chemotherapy /radiotherapy resistance

Proliferation

pY

Ligand

Antibodies to EGFRcetuximab, panitumumab

EGFR-TKpY

EGF Receptor:EGF Receptor: Its Role in CRC Therapy Its Role in CRC Therapy

Meyerhardt & Mayer, N Engl J Med 2005Venook, Oncologist 2005

RAS RAF

MEK

MAPK

PI3K

AKTSTAT

PTEN

pY

pY

“Bypass” Pathways and EGFR Resistance

Clin Ca Res, Jan 2005

Now that Mutated K-Ras is an Established Marker of Resistance,

the Next Advance will be in the identification of resistance markers

in K-Ras Wild-type tumors

CRC

K-Ras WTK-Ras MT

B-RafPI3KPTENEGFR copy #

EGFR MoAB?

Bypass Pathways and EGFR Resistance

Camp et al Clin Ca Res 2005

B-Raf and Resistance to EGFR MoABs

• Mutated in 3-15% CRC

• Ras and Raf mutations exclusive of each other

• Gain-of-function mutations– Inability to convert the active form to inactive confirmation

Schubbert et al. Nat Rev Ca, 2007

“We hypothesized that in K-ras wild-type patients, B-raf mutations could have prognostic/predictive value.”

• All pts had progressed on at least one line of therapy– ~50% received monotherapy

with EGFR MoAB– ~50 MoAB with chemotherapy

• In patients with tumors with Mut B-raf, there were NO objective responses

Nicolantonio et al. JCO 2008Wild-Type BRAF is Required for Response to..(EGFR MoABS)

Wild-type K-ras

All Patients

B-Raf Predicts for Benefit of Anti-EGFR Therapy in Patients with WT Ras and the Entire Cohort

PFS OS

Ras and PFS

Bypass Pathways and EGFR Resistance

Camp et al Clin Ca Res 2005

Planchon et. al., J Cell Sci, 2008

Classic PTEN Pathway: Inhibition of the Activation of AKT

• PTEN is a phosphatase that blocks activation of Akt / survival pathway– Loss of function of PTEN associated with an increase in cell

survival signaling

Planchon et. al., J Cell Sci, 2008

PTEN Pathway – Functions in the Cytoplasm and Nucleus

Nuclear PTEN plays a role in chromosome stability, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and cellular stability.

44th ASCO Annual Meeting, 2008

“PTEN …. Intensity was scored according to a four-tier system: 0, no staining; 1, weak; 2, moderate; and 3, strong. We attributed one, two, or three additional points if the percentage of positive cells was less than 25%, 25% to 50%, or greater than 50%, respectively. Specimenswere defined as positive if the score was 4 or greater.”

Loupakis et al. JCO 2009

Logrank Test: p=0.005HR = 0,49 95% CI: 0.20-0.75

PTEN+

PTEN-

PTEN Expression and PFS

• Only PTEN in the metastasis was predictive of efficacy.– PTEN in the primary tumor was NOT predictive of efficacy.

• PTEN in the primary tumor and liver metastasis was concordant in only 60% of cases

• pAKT was NOT predictive of efficacy.

Loupakis et al. JCO 2009

•

Challenges with PTEN• Expression in primary tumors does not reflect

expression in metastases– Although it is not lost or mutated in CRC, its expression

can be regulated by methylation or miRNA

• It will be hard to standardize IHC in different labs

Supplemental Figure 1: Representative examples of PTEN positive (A, B) and negative (C, D) cases. The cases reported in A and C panels were evaluated atOspedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda (Milan, Italy) whereas those in B and D at the Institute of Pathology in Locarno (Switzerland).

Sartore-Bianchi et al. Cancer Res 2009.

Bypass Pathways and EGFR Resistance

Camp et al Clin Ca Res 2005

Point Mutations in PIK3CA Observed in Human Tumors

Bader et al., Nat Rev Cancer 2005

Hotspots

Exon 9

Exon 20

CRC

Prenen, H. et al. Clin Cancer Res 2009

Fig. 1

Cetuximab 16

Cetuximab/Irinotecan 184

Sartore-Bianchi, A. et al. Cancer Res 2009

PFS and PIK3CA Mutational Status in mCRC Patients Treated With Panitumumab and Cetuximab

Cetuximab 13%

Panitumumab 20%

Cetuximab/Irinotecan 67%

110 pts> 85% received at least 1 prior Rx

• EGFR– Downstream signaling pathways

• RAS (Lenz)

• Raf

• PTEN/PI3K

– AACR Presentations (including EGFR amplifications)

• VEGF– ?

Biomarkers for Targeted Therapies in CRC

CAIRO -2 STUDY

CAPOX + Bevacizumab +/- Cetuximab755 Pts

Tissue in 545

EGFR copy number 7% no difference in PFS

among arms

Loss PTEN 42% no difference in PFS

Tol et al. Proc AACR, 2009 Abstract 691

EGFR amplification and PTEN did NOT predict for response to chemo + cetuximab therapy

BRAF & EGFR Amplification in Metastatic

CRC with Wild-type K-Ras 173 Pts

Factor RR PFS OS

Raf +/- 8 vs 31 wks 7 vs 15 mos

EGFR Amp

+

PTEN loss - - 12 vs 16 mos

Ras Wt (116)

Ras Mut (57)

PTEN

Negative Positive

EGFRAmplification

Raf Mt

WT Kras/ WT BRAF/ EGFR Amp = 80% RR

Laurent-Puig et al,Proc AACR 2009, A1897

Cetuximab based therapy

Do Mutations / Aberrations in the Primary Tumor Reflect the

Metastasis?

Pathway Primary Tumor Metastasis

K-Ras Mut 16/37 15/37

B-Raf Mut 2/36 2/36

PTEN Loss 8/38 12/38

EGFR Amplification

25/36 29/36

Overall, mutations do not change between the primary and the metastasis.But….expression levels or gene amplification may change.

The Role of PREDICTIVE Markers for Efficacy of EGFR MoABs

The sure thing ProbablyYes

Maybe, jury is still out No

K-Ras B-Raf PI3K mutations EGFR by IHC

EGFR amplification

PTEN

Gene expression arrays

• Excluding patients from EGFR MoAB Rx by use of multiple predictive factors will greatly increase the efficacy of EGFR MoABS • It is imperative to PROSPECTIVELY include biomarkers and tissue procurement in clinical trials

− When possible, biomarkers in primary tumors and liver metastasis should be compared

• Mutational status gives you a “black and white” answer and is more likely to be reproducible relative to other biomarkers (IHC, etc)

• EGFR– Downstream signaling pathways

• RAS (Lenz)

• Raf

• PTEN/PI3K

– AACR Presentations (including EGFR amplifications)

• VEGF– ?

Biomarkers for Targeted Therapies in CRC

What Holds Promise in Anti-VEGF Therapy?

None currently identified in CRC!

Hahn, O. M. et al. J Clin Oncol; 2008

Kaplan-Meier estimates for progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with low and high baseline volume transfer constant of contrast agent (Ktrans) and blood plasma volume fraction (Vp)

Schneider, et al. J Clin Oncol; 2008

Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival (OS) in experimental arm by genotype; (A) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-2578 C/A; (B) VEGF-1154 G/A

VEGF Polymorphisms and Predictive Value in ECOG-2100

(Pac +/- Bev Metastatic Breast Cancer)

Caveats: • Predictive for OS, but not PFS• Small numbers• Did not include Pac Rx alone group

• Prognostic marker– associated with clinical outcome, independent of specific treatment

• Predictive marker– identifies groups receiving different degrees of benefit

from a therapy – specific for a given treatment (i.e., Ras for EGFR MoABs in CRC, HER2

expression for trastuzumab)

• Surrogate / activity marker– modulated by treatment– may be on target tissue (tumor) or surrogate tissue

(i.e., lymphocytes, skin)– might or might not correlate with clinical activity

A Few DefinitionsA “marker” is not a “marker” is not a “marker”

The Harvest of a Decade of

Biomarker Studies for Anti-angiogenic

Therapy

George Sledge

Grade 3/4 Hypertension Is Associated With Improved Median OS in E2100

Median OS:

25.3 mo vs. 38.7 mop=0.002

Schneider et al; J Clin Oncol, 2008

Reference N Malignancy Treatment Main Findings

Scartozzi et al.

39;25;11

Colorectal cancer

5-FU, irinotecan + bevacizumab

20% grade 2-3 HT; response in patients with grade 2-3 HT: 75% (n = 8) versus 32% (n = 31), P = 0.04

Rixie et al. 40; 32 mRCC Sunitinib 22.5% grade 3 HT; response in patients with grade 3 HT: OR 5.69 (95% CI 2.51-12), P = 0.03

Rini et al. 52 Cytokine-resistant mRCC

Axitinib Overall survival in patients with DBP ≥90 mmHg: not reached (n = 32) versus 12.9 months (n = 20)

Rini et al. 62 Sorafenib-resistant mRCC

Axitinib Overall survival in patients with DBP ≥90 mmHg: not reached (n = 39) versus 8.4 months (n = 23)

Spano et al. 69 Pancreatic carcinoma

Gemcitabine + Axitinib

6% grade 3 HT, 22% all-grade HT; overall survival in patients with DBP ≥90 mmHG: 13.0 months (95% CI 8.5-16.6) versus 5.6 months (95% CI 4.8-7.2)

Friberg et al. 52 Pancreatic carcinoma

Gemcitabine + bevacizumab

19% grade 3 HT; overall survival in patients with early HT (<56 days of treatment): 13.7 months versus 8.7 months (P = 0.007)

Rini et al. 32 Melanoma Axitinib Overall survival in patients with DBP ≥90 mmHg: 13 months (n = 19) versus 6.4 months (n = 13)

Rini et al. 32 NSCLC Axitinib Overall survival in patients with DBP ≥90 mmHg: 15 months (n = 19) versus 11.6 months (n = 13)

Rini et al. 60 Thyroid cancer

Axitinib Overall survival in patients with DBP ≥90 mmHg: not reached (n = 39) versus 21.6 months (n = 21)

Schneider et al.

345 Breast cancer Paclitaxel + bevacizumab

Overall survival in patients with grade 3-4 HT (n = 52): 38.7 months versus 25.3 months (n = 293), P = 0.02

Mir et al. Ann Onc 2009

Relationship Between HTN and the Efficacy of Anti-VEGF Rx

Numerous Studies Testing Dose Escalation of VEGF Inhibitors

A Dose Escalation Study of Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006, NSC 724772) in Normotensive Patients with Advanced Malignancies-Michael Maitland, Univ of Chicago

Angiogenic Cytokines Are Increased Prior to Disease Progression In Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients Treated With Bevacizumab

Scott Kopetz, Paulo M. Hoff, Cathy Eng, Michael Overman, Katrina Y. Glover, David Z. Chang, Robert

A. Wolff, James L. Abbruzzese, Lee M. Ellis, John V. Heymach

The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasCentro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Sao Paulo, Brazil

• Sample Collection Study Aim 1:

• Subsequent samples were obtained every two weeks• n=40 with evaluable samples at the selected time points

Study Methods

Bevacizumab

FOLFIRI

Bevacizumab

Cycle 1Day 1

Cycle 2Day 15

Cycle 3Day 29

After Bevacizumab After FOLFIRI + BevBaseline

Cycle 4+Day 43

Bevacizumab

FOLFIRI

Every 2 weeks

Cytokines Increased Prior to Progression

Conclusions: Future PREDICTIVE Biomarkers for Targeted Therapies in mCRC

• EGFR MoABs– K-Ras ---- current and validated!– B-Raf– Not ready for prime time

• PI3K mutations?• PTEN?• EGFR amplifications?• Gene arrays (under study)?

• VEGF MoAB– Wide open– Can we learn from other disease sites?

• VEGF polymorphisms?

– I predict that imaging will be the answer

ASCO 2009…Tons of Colorectal CancerPredictive Biomarker Abstracts

Type: General Poster SessionTime: Sunday May 31, 8:00 AM to 12:00 PMLocation: Level 2, West Hall C

Type: Poster DiscussionTime: Monday June 1, 8:00 AM to 12:00 PMLocation: Level 2, W240ADiscussion: Monday June 1, 11:00 AM to 12:00 PMLocation: Level 2, West Hall E1