Prologue and Chapter 1. The Pre-Roman World A Bit of Perspective

Ancient Rome

Prologue and Chapter 1

The Pre-Roman World

A Bit of Perspective

Roman civilization – lasted over 1,000 years.

Why? Efficient network of government officials and a

system of laws that protects each citizen Separation of powers System of checks and balances Greatly influenced the framework

for the U.S.

Prologue

Also, the Romans were masters of

diplomacy!

By incorporating the people they conquered into their culture, they

established unity and loyalty. The citizens lived in peace and harmony for a long

time.

Romans

Serious-minded Industrious Disciplined Flexible, compromising

Allowed conquered people to keep their traditions

Made allies with former enemies Respected cultural achievements of other

societies Adopted and adapted customs they liked

Prologue, continued

Prologue, continued

Technology Bridges Roads Aqueducts Amphitheaters Temples

Innovation First hospitals Licensing of

physicians Food inspection

Invention Glass windowpanes Milestones Chemical fertilizer Theater curtains Scissors Ice cream Scales with weights Plane, brace, and bit And many more!

Language

Latin Many languages today have evolved from Latin

(French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian) Almost half of the words in English are derived from

Latin Also inspired our alphabet, months of the year

History We know about Ancient Rome through writings, like

plays, as well as art and ruins

Prologue, continued

Not much of Italy is flat

Land that isn’t mountainous is covered with hills

People built cities on hills to aid in defense Many ancient cities of Italy, including Rome, sat atop hills Rome was built on seven hills (Septimonium)

Also built cities near rivers (gave people a source of fresh water) Rome is on the Tiber River

Climate – similar to southern California

The Geography of Italy

The Geography of Italy

Places to know! Italy Rome Corsica Sardinia Adriatic Sea Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea

Tyrrhenian Sea Po River Arno River Tiber River Apennine Mountains Etruria, Latium,

(regions)

Indo-Europeans migrated to Italy around 1000

B.C.E. Farmers and herdsmen

Rome grew and eventually controlled the entire peninsula, and then the land around the Mediterranean Sea Included land on Asia, Europe, and Africa

Roman civilization lasted for more than 1,000 years

From Village to Empire

Monarchy

Ruled by kings

Republic Rule by the people

Empire Age of emperors Height of Roman civilization

Roman History – 3 Eras

Chapter 1

The Age of Kings

Key Terms

Palatine Hill Paterfamilias Pales Virgil Livy (Titus Livius) Romulus and Remus Senate Pontifex Maximus

Pontifex maximus Ostia Etruscans Augury Haruspicy Servian Wall century

Palatine Hill

First of the seven hills to be settled Hills offered protection How did they build their homes?

The Age of Kings

Rome is 16 miles away from the coast,

which allows people to fish and transport goods.

Rome is far enough inland to be safe from pirates.

City was built on a hill so they could see enemies.

The city looked over the place where the Tiber was most easily crossed.

Advantages to Rome’s Location

Families

Divided into clans, or gens Head of the family (oldest male) -

paterfamilias Religion

Believed in spirits related to nature Pales = goddess of shepherds and

sheep Jupiter = sky god, most important

The Hilltop Villages

Myths and legends give a more interesting take

on the founding of Rome

The Aeneid by Virgil An epic about the final days of the Trojan War and the travelsof Aeneas, a prince of Troy whofled to seek a new home after the war.

Legends of the Founding of Rome

Story passed down over generations

Livy (Titus Livius) Roman historian who recorded the story

Twins born to Rhea Silva and, supposedly, Mars Her father is King Numitor of Alba Longa (descendent of

Aeneas) Uncle, Amulius, overthrows her father and tries to have

the twins killed…why? Servant sends them downstream in a basket, found by a

she-wolf, who nurses them. Later found by a shepherd who raises them.

Romulus and Remus

They return to Alba Longa, kill Amulius, and

return power to Numitor

Return to the place of their discovery, but can’t decide where to build their city. Remus choses Aventine Hill – why? Romulus choses Palatine Hill – why?

Romulus marks his city…what doesRemus do?

Romulus and Remus

After killing his brother, Romulus continues to build

his city Names it after himself – Rome Significance of April 21st ?

Romulus builds an army and expands the territory Sabines

Neighboring tribe Women don’t want to see fighting and end the battle Sabines become allies of Rome

Romulus

What epic poem tells the story of Aeneas? Who was

its author? The Aeneid; Virgil

What was remarkable about the childhood of the legendary Romulus and Remus? The twins were thrown into a river in a basket,

rescued and raised by a wolf, and adopted by a shepherd.

How might a legendary beginning make a country or empire more stable?

Rome’s Legendary Origins

Most of what we know comes from the writings of Livy.

How are Livy and Herodotus similar?

Seven kings ruled Rome (Romulus was the 1st) King advised by the Senate (older men, “senex”) Comitia Curiata

Assembly of ordinary townsmen

Kings duties to:1. Lead the army2. Judge major disputes3. Offer sacrifices to the gods

The First Roman Kings

Numa Pompilius (King #2)

Created special priesthoods for religiousceremonies Pontifices Pontifex maximus (highest priest) Flamens (sacred priests) Vestal Virgins (guarded the sacred flames of the hearth

in Rome)

The First Roman Kings

Numa built a Temple to Janus – god of

beginnings and transitions

Revised the lunar calendar Organized the workers of Rome into guilds Distributed land to the poor

Numa ruled peacefully for many years.

Numa Pompilius

Total opposite of Numa Warlike, wanted to expand Tullus attacked Alba Longa Rather then go to war, they each selected a family brothers to fight it out.

Tullus Hostilius (#3)

Built Rome’s first:

Prison Bridge – Pons Sublicious (“bridge

on pilings”)

Took control of the mouth of the Tiber and founded Ostia – a port city and salt collection center.

Ancus Marcius (#4)

Trade, as we have seen, leads the Romans to the

Etruscans Arrived from Asia Minor around 800 B.C.E.

Settled in Etruria (north of the Tiber) Created farmland Mined for iron, copper, and tin

Traded their tools and weapons Expanded their territory

Women held high place in culture; heredity traced through females

The Etruscans

Etruscans and Greeks

Greeks settled on the SE coast of Italy and Sicily Etruscans and Greeks traded

Trade spreads culture Etruscans adapted many Greek

religious beliefs Augury Haruspicy

Also , the written alphabet –

basis for ours!

Etruscans and Greeks

Believed in an afterlife Wealthy class buried in stone tombs dug into

large mounds of earth Had multiple rooms, decorated with

frescoes

Etruscan Way of Life

Etruscan civilization grew to include

land between the Tiber and Arno Rivers

Wealthy Etruscans lured by the seven hills of Rome

The Etruscans Rule Rome

Wealthy Etruscan nobleman Moved to Rome with his wife,

Tanaquil She was a prophetess Saw the eagle taking his cap, flying away, then

returning the cap, as an omen that he would be king

He got to know Ancus Marcius (King #4) When Ancus died, Tarquinius sent his sons away

and took over the throne

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (#5)

Raised the number of Senators to 300 Increased the size of the army

Defeated the Sabines and others Expanded the empire into Latium

Built the: Cloaca Maxima (main sewer of the city) Circus Maximus (“great circle”)

A racetrack where chariot races were held He started the temple of Jupiter

(King #7 finished it)

Tarquinius

Etruscans brought new ideas in

farming: Drained the marshes to aid in

farming Crop rotation and fertilization Crops – olives and grapes

Tarquinius was killed by the sons of Ancus

(What happened when Ancus died?)

Servius Tullius becomes King #6 Was not elected by the Senate He was popular

Built first fortification around the seven hills – the Servian Wall Five miles around 19 gates

The Later Kings

Also built: Temple of Diana on Aventine Hill Continued work on temple of Jupiter on Capitoline

Hill

Implemented the world’s first census Counted all landowners Conducted every 5 years Divided the people into 5 classes based on wealth

Each class had to contribute to the army He had a daughter named Tullia

Servius Tullius (#6)

Tullia was married to Lucius Tarquinius

He was the son of Tarquinius Priscus (King #5) Tullia wanted her husband to be king

He went to the Senate , in royal robes, and proclaimed himself king.

Servius hears of this, but is stabbed by assassins hired by Tarquinius.

When Tullia was on her way home, her carriage ran over the body of her father, Servius Street renamed “Vicus Sceleratus” – the street of shame

The Death of Servius

(Lucius) Tarquinius Superbus (#7)

“Tarquin the Proud”

Tyrant, haughty and cruel Expanded army and territory

Completed the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and other projects to show his power

Romans did not like the Etruscans

They resented their rule – Etruscan leaders (Kings 5, 6, and 7)

Things go from bad to worse… A son of Tarquinius attacks Lucretia, the

wife of a well-known Roman She was known for her beauty and honor She was so upset by the attack that she

took her own life

The Etruscans Are Defeated

A rebellion by Brutus and

Collatinus (Lucretia’s husband) drove the Etruscans out

Senate declared they wanted no more kings

Leads to the founding of the republic

The Etruscans Are Defeated

Tarquinius Superbus

The Death of Lucretia, Jerome Preudhomme, 1784

1. According to legend, Remus named the city of

Rome after his brother Romulus.FALSE! Romulus named the city after himself.

2. Roman records show that Rome’s last three kings were not Romans, but Etruscans.

TRUE!

3. The Roman Republic is said to have been founded by Rome’s last king, who was known for his visionary leadership and kindness.

FALSE! The last Roman king was said to have been cruel, and a group of nobles rose up against him to create a new government.

True or False?