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Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy. 2012. Presentation from Session 13: Framing Entitlements and Benefit-Sharing for Dam-Affected Communities
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Profile of Current Practices for Benefit Sharing and Compensation Allocation in Hydropower
Development Projects in Mekong Countries
Mekong Project 4 on Water Governance14 November 2012
Hanoi, Vietnam
Hydropower Dam Development
Outcomes(Distributive
Equity)
Results of allocation
Benefits Costs
Monetary Non-monetary
Envi-ronment
Social
Inclusiveness of stakeholders’ participation
Inclusiveness of stakeholders’ interests in the agenda setting
Research Focus
a
b
Processes(Procedural
Equity)
Theun-HinbounExpansion, Lao PDR
Yaly,
Vietnam
Lower Se San 2, Cambodia
Case Study Projects
Yalyoperating since 2002
THXPUnder construction/
finish 2012
LS2Under planning/
start 2012
Outcomes Case study projects/ Countries
Yali, Vietnam THXP, Lao PDR LS2, Cambodia
1. Sharing of project services
Electricity national power grid national power grid national power grid
Water supply Free supply resettles supply resettles
2. Sharing of non-monetary benefits
Resources entitlements
Priority in hiring during dam construction dam construction
3. Sharing of monetary benefits
Development funds provided & managed by
Project
provided by Project/
managed by Gov.
Taxes to provincial Gov. to national Gov. to national Gov.
Revenue sharing
Sharing of ownership
Sharing of Benefits to Local Communities
• Non-monetary benefits relating to livelihood options could be explored more.
• Development funds/taxes to local authorities need mechanisms to ensure the revenue used for local development.
• More direct sharing schemes have not been widely used.
Outcomes Case study projects/ Countries
Yali, Vietnam THXP, Lao PDR LS2, Cambodia
1. Compensation to resettles
Houses new houses built new houses built Details are not
available. But it is
expected that
compensation
package in terms
of cash and lost
assets will be
provided.
Agricultural land land sizes of each HH
surveyed and allocated
average land size is
allocated across all HHs.
Crops monetary calculation monetary calculation
Public utilities road/electricity/ water road/electricity/ water
Health/ education health centers/ schools health centers/ schools
Other supports agricultural extension Food supplied till income
target reached
2. Compensation to
other affected areas
made to Cambodians
after the incidences.
3. Compensation to loss
of ecosystem
Forestry tax provided to
provincial Gov.
Budget provided/
managed by the Project
Budget provided
to restore impacts
Compensation of Costs to Local Communities
• Impacts areas recognized are ONLY areas flooded -- resettles provided with compensation packages BUT other affected areas are not eligible. Noted that within the eligible group, there are often subsequent issues after compensation.
• Impacts on ecosystem is another area needed attention. Need clear plan on what impacts, how to implement and how to monitor the restoration works under the funds.
Local communities is not the target beneficiaries of hydropower projects
Benefits of services - Electricity targets urban sectors and some is exported.- Electricity supplied to national power grid. need facilities for local to benefit.- Improvement of physical infrastructure provided. Other benefits to enhance
livelihood options could be explored more.
Selected Key Issues on Outcomes
Monetary Benefits- In forms of development funds/ taxes to local authorities. need to ensure the use
of revenue (more difficult to secure when it is sent to the state’s budget).- A more direct sharing schemes ?
Yaly Hydropower Company
Electricity users
EVN power gridNatural resource tax
Value added tax
Forestry tax
Kon Tum % (NRT)/ 50% (VAT)
Gia Lia % (NRT)/ 50% (VAT)
Provincial fund for forest protection
Annual provincial budget
- As a result of such scoping, eligible persons for compensation are only those losing their physical assets during dam construction.
- Others that would affect during post-construction and operational periods are not considered.
- These affected groups are also not included in information sharing.
- Need a thorough study of impacts and a continue monitoring on arisen impacts.
Impact areas of dam development recognize only the areas flooded and tend to exclude other anticipated and possible impacted areas.
Eligible
Other impacts (more floods, less fish, water shortage, poor water quality)
Area flooded = impact zone
NOT Eligible
?
Compensation package
Negative impact on ecosystem has not been adequately addressed in allocation of compensation.
- Scoping of environmental costs too is still debatable + often has no representing agent.
- Details ecosystem impacts are usually limited. - In the case studies – Yaly has ‘forestry tax’ and LS2 has
budget for ‘restoration of environmental impacts’ --Need clear plan on implementation and monitoring of the restoration works under the funds.
Agricultural land included in compensation package often has subsequent issues after allocation.
- Main principle is to provide equivalent size. Types and quality are often unknown.
- Let to disputes on unfair allocation/ changes in livelihoods due to unsuitable land.
Compensation package provided by the projects may not be responsive to the actual needs of the affected communities.
- Compensation package often provided uniformly across all groups whereas there are actually diversity in locations, ethnics, and genders.
- A careful analysis of different groups and their direct participation in the planning process would help enhancing efficiency in allocation of compensation.
ethnics
GenderUpstream-
Downstream
Selected Key Issues on Procedures
Primary discourse to legitimize hydropower projects is to stimulate national macro-economic development, benefiting the local project area and people are not the principal concern.
Key agencies responsible for hydropower development are from energysector and may overlook social and environmental aspects.
Water for domestic/irrigation
Min. of Agricultural & Rural Development
Water for hydropower
Min. of Industry & Trade
primary mandate to provide energy supply to industrymandate on livelihoods
?
generate electricity supplying growth
contributing to national economy
Local project area and people ???
Limited representation and meaningful participation of local communitiesin project development in general and in decision-makings on allocation ofcompensation in particular.- Questionable public participation / acceptability of EIA
- Resettled residents directly involved in certain procedures but not on decision (e.g. survey for lost assets but not on identification of prices, inform of prescribed relocation sites but not consulted on their preferred locations).
No follow-up mechanism to address concerns of resettled communities after compensation allocation process is done .
- The official reports of all cases stated that the resettled residents have accepted all compensation packages allocated.
- The study however found many concerns arisen after relocations BUT there is no mechanism for people to make claims.
More Issues ?
We need your opinions!
GROUP DISCUSSION Two small group discussions
Each group will:a) Validate and firm up the list of agenda issues (a matrix of initial list is provided),b) Select three key issues and brainstorm on appropriate approaches to address them, andc) Brainstorm on appropriate mechanisms to operationalize the approaches (i.e. lead
responsible agencies and budgeting resources )
Each team thereafter report back to the plenary to exchange opinions.
Immediate and ongoing impacts of
dam development and management
Long-term impacts of dam development and
management
No Agenda issues Validity /
Distributive equity issues1 Unfulfilled compensation terms based on people’s
understandings of promised compensation package2 Terms delivered but turned out to be defective or undesirable
(e.g. farm land with poor soil quality)(please add more items)
Procedural equity issues1 Lack of full disclosure of information relevant to planning during
construction and operation of dam projects2 Gender difference is not critically considered particularly in the
accounting and decision-making for compensation of affectedgroups(please add more items)
Matrix A: validation of key findings and agenda issues (a)
No Selected key agenda issues (a)
Approaches/ mechanisms to address the issues (b)
Operationalizedmechanisms (c)
1
23
Matrix B: appropriate approaches to address and operationalize key issues (b)/(c)
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