View
218
Download
1
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Process Safety Performance
An EPSC view on the use of lagging indicators in reporting process safety performance
June 2010
Process Safety Performance
EPSC encourages the use of performance indicators in process
safety amongst member and non-member companies. The use
of appropriate metrics serving both internal company and
industry-wide needs will stimulate learning, identify opportunities
for improvements and facilitate communication on
achievements.
Process Safety is distinct to personal safety. Traditional safety
performance indicators such as ‘Lost Time Injuries’ or ‘Total
Recordable Injuries’ do not give sufficient insight in process
safety performance. When over-emphasized these might even
distract attention away from managing process safety
adequately.
Process Safety Performance Reporting
In 2008 in an EPSC position paper, the problems of learning from shared incident data were brought to the attention of CEFIC. Lagging indicator definitions varied, making direct comparisons between shared company performance data difficult.
The Previous best approaches for performance reporting were
accelerated by investigations such as The Baker Panel report...– Company-internal reporting systems for incidents
– External sharing and reporting of incidents
– Reporting of process safety incidents under RC (US, 1995)
– OECD “Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators”(2003/2008)
– EPSC report “Leading Indicators for Process Safety” (2004)
– European legal framework (Seveso, MARS-database)
…and clearly placed ‘process safety’ (again) on the agenda.
• Academic discussions in safety journals • Shared lessons from other companies• Guidance from agencies and industry bodies
Previous Best Approaches For Indicators
Responsible Care® and Lagging Indicators
The principles of Responsible Care® require continual effort in learning and improvement, and industry organizations are developing ways to communicate on performance and share information.
EPSC values efforts from organizations like CCPS, ACC and CEFIC in establishing common ground in reporting on process safety performance through the development of lagging indicators on process safety.
EPSC considers the internal company reporting on process safety incidents a crucial condition for achieving continuous improvements. Work on lagging process safety indicators supports this reporting.
Lagging process safety performance indicators
Developments in the USA:• CCPS developed an approach for lagging and leading
indicators for process safety (Guidelines for Process Safety Metrics)
• The ACC adopted the approach developed by the CCPS. • API used this as a starting point and developed an API-standard
(API- RP754). Further referred to as ‘UN-DG based approach’.
Developments in Europe:• EPSC installed a working party for sharing information,
comparing company approaches and developing joint vision.• The CEFIC discussed an own approach and requested EPSC
technical advice on this. • No recommended standard in Europe (yet).
Approaches (see Annex for more detail)
• The ideas for lagging process safety performance indicators developed by CEFIC and the approach developed in the US by CCPS have a lot of similarity and use the concept of ‘Process Safety Incidents’.– Both define so-called ‘process safety incidents’ based on releases of
substances above a certain threshold or when certain consequences occur due to contact with released substances (e.g. fire, explosion, lost-time injures, etc.
– Both follow a tiered approach.
• On the definition of release thresholds there are crucial differences. In the API standard the classification based on UN-DG is used (further referred to as “UN-DG based approach”), in the CEFIC proposals GHS is used (“GHS-based approach”).
EPSC Working Group – A Comparison of MethodsQualitative and Quantitative results
• EPSC has member companies in favor of either a UN-DG based or a GHS-based approach. The pros and cons were extensively discussed and several attempts to align on one global metrics approach were made. Such alignment was not found.
• Starting in 2009 it was decided to run a comparison study of the level of incident reporting which is offered by two reporting systems, that of GHS-based and UN-DG based.
• Three companies provided historical incident data as input to GHS-based and UN-DG based reporting systems. This provided a sample of 221 incidents that were classified using the two reporting systems.
• The objective of the exercise was to allow EPSC members to make informed choices regarding the potential to report using API-754 and to determine whether more efforts to compare the approaches has added value.
A Comparison of Methods Qualitative and Quantitative results
• Differences in the systems for handling location of release or activity causing release do not greatly influence the results.
• Different classification systems for chemicals are in broad agreement on hazard level of substances.
• Duration of release does not greatly influence the result.
• GHS and API-754 are qualitatively similar.
• For similar data sets, GHS produces approx. 4 times as many PSI reports as API-754 produces Tier 1 reports.
• GHS produces approx. 2 times as many PSIs as API-754 Tier 1 and Tier 2 combined.
• Quantitative difference: The CEFIC GHS system defines more incidents as reportable.
Observations – Ease of use• When the classifications are known (UNDG and GHS), or when the
substance is in the PSI Evaluation tool (CCPS for UNDG or EU-lists for GHS) the thresholds are easily found.
• When not: classification according to UNDG requires some toxicity data, flash point, boiling point and sometimes volatility. Although already requiring specialist knowledge, this is still very simple compared to having to establish the GHS classification when it is not yet available.
• In practice missing GHS data were compensated by the use of present classification with hazard symbols.
• Releases of mixtures, intermediates and products are often easier to classify in the GHS based approach when the current classification with hazard symbols is used rather than a GHS classification. GHS classification for mixtures are often not (yet) available.
Observations - Incident reporting systems
• Companies will likely have to expand the scope of current internal reporting to record enough data to use either system fully.
• A tiered approach has benefits: different levels of reporting, different levels of scrutinizing data.
• API-754 Tier 1 alone does not provide enough incident data to run improvement programs and be able to demonstrate improvement. Internal to an organisation you want to get as many incidents reported as possible.
• Quality and accuracy of data collected has a strong influence on the number of results returned – good reporting habits are important.
• The set of substances used in a workplace influences the coverage of specific types of incidents.
DRAFT Results sub-group PSI/March 2010
Conclusions
• Not one system catches all hazardous events. Some incidents are reported only in GHS, other incidents are reported only in API-754 T1 and T2.
• From a technical perspective either GHS or API-754 T1+T2 will work.
• Tier 1 alone of API-754 returns too few reports and should not be used unless to complement a separate internal reporting system.
• With an extended dataset it is possible to extract reports according to both approaches at the cost of additional effort.
• Distinction between the two systems is primarily in quantity of reported data.
The Future
• EPSC will work together with volunteering companies develop a
tool to support using either one of the approaches for classifying
process safety incidents.
• Real world use of both systems will reveal areas of potential
improvement and may reveal opportunities to further harmonise
the systems for unified global reporting.
• Whilst it is crucial that external reporting systems for the sake of
transparency are carefully defined at their margins it is evident
that increasing the definition for internal reporting results in
decreasing returns – it would be better to focus on the
promotion of such a system across the business and encourage
the full and accurate workforce reporting of process safety
incidents.
Annex
1. Characteristics of UN-DG based approach
2. Characteristics of GHS based approach
N.B. Characteristics are presented as needed for the purpose of comparing the approaches and are as understood by the EPSC working party. They do not contain the full scope of definitions and guidance on either one of the approaches. For complete information on the approaches we refer to CCPS, API RP754 and CEFIC publications.
Characteristics UN-DG Based Approach
• Tier 1 represents lost time injury, fatality, event causing significant cost or with significant loss of hazardous material.
• Tier 2 is a less significant but potentially dangerous event. It uses the same definitions but with lower criteria.
• Tiers 3 and 4 represent deviations from ideal procedure in equipment and human activities.
Graded Scale of Events UN-DG Based Approach
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 4Operating Discipline & Management System
Performance Indicators
Leading Indicators
Lagging IndicatorsLOPC Events of
Greater Consequence
LOPC Events of Lesser Consequence
Challenges to Safety Systems
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 4Operating Discipline & Management System
Performance Indicators
Leading Indicators
Lagging IndicatorsLOPC Events of
Greater Consequence
LOPC Events of Lesser Consequence
Challenges to Safety Systems
Large loss of primary containment (LOPC) event
Small loss of primary containment event
Challenges to thesafety system
Operating discipline & management system
Thresholds for Reporting Event as Tier 1 UN-DG Based Approach
Threshold Release Category
UN Dangerous Goods Material Hazard Classification Threshold Quantity(outdoors)
Threshold Quantity(indoors2)
1 TIH Hazard Zone A Materials 5 kg 2.5 kg2 TIH Hazard Zone B Materials 25 kg 12.5 kg
3 TIH Hazard Zone C Materials 100 kg 50 kg
4 TIH Hazard Zone D Materials 200 kg 100 kg
5 Flammable Gases
or
Liquids with Boiling Point < 35 °C (95 °F) and Flash Point < 23 °C (73 °F)
or
Other Packing Group I Materials
500 kg 250 kg
6 Liquids with Boiling Point > 35 oC (95 °F) and Flash Point < 23 oC (73°F)
or
Other Packing Group II Materials
1000 kg
or
7 bbls
500 kg
or
3.5 bbls7 Liquids with Flash Point ≥ 23 °C (73 °F) and < 60 °C (140
°F)
or
Liquids with Flash Point > 60 °C (140 °F) released at a temperature at or above Flash Point
or
strong acids/bases
or
Other Packing Group III Materials
2000 kgor
14 bbls
1000 kg
or
7 bbls
Inhalation toxicity and volatilityUN-DG based approach
In the UN-DG based approach inhalation toxicity and volatility is taken into account in order to represent accurately the inherent human hazards of a toxic release.
Characteristics of GHS-Based Approach
• A binary system, divides events into Process Safety Incidents (PSI) or not.
• Intended to be used alongside other reporting systems for internal use and to complement existing reporting systems.
• Based on Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labeling of Chemicals.
Schematic overview GHS-based Approach
Was a chemical substance or a chemical process directly involved in the damage
caused
Did the incident occur in production, distribution, storage, utilities, pilot plants laboratories within the site boundaries of
a companies facility?
Was there a release of material or energy (e.g. fire, explosion, implosion)
from a chemical process unit that resulted in …
Injury resulting in a Lost Time Accident or a Fatality or Hospitalisation (>24h) of
any people on or off site?
Damage > € 25.000 of direct costs to the company
Reportable Process Safety Incident
Does not meet the criteria for a Process
Safety incident
No
No
No
NoYes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes Yes
2000 kg (recommended)
Thresholds (8h rule applies)100 kg5 kg
Health Hazards1 2
Physical Hazards
Environmental Hazards
All categories
Acute Toxic
Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Mutagenic
STOT single exposure
All categories
1
all other categories
Not G
HS classified
substances
GHS classified
2000 kg (recommended)
Thresholds (8h rule applies)100 kg5 kg
Health Hazards1 2
Physical Hazards
Environmental Hazards
All categories
Acute Toxic
Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Mutagenic
STOT single exposure
All categories
1
all other categories
Not G
HS classified
substances
GHS classified
Was a chemical substance or a chemical process directly involved in the damage
caused
Did the incident occur in production, distribution, storage, utilities, pilot plants laboratories within the site boundaries of
a companies facility?
Was there a release of material or energy (e.g. fire, explosion, implosion)
from a chemical process unit that resulted in …
Injury resulting in a Lost Time Accident or a Fatality or Hospitalisation (>24h) of
any people on or off site?
Damage > € 25.000 of direct costs to the company
Reportable Process Safety Incident
Does not meet the criteria for a Process
Safety incident
No
No
No
NoYes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes Yes
2000 kg (recommended)
Thresholds (8h rule applies)100 kg5 kg
Health Hazards1 2
Physical Hazards
Environmental Hazards
All categories
Acute Toxic
Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Mutagenic
STOT single exposure
All categories
1
all other categories
Not G
HS classified
substances
GHS classified
2000 kg (recommended)
Thresholds (8h rule applies)100 kg5 kg
Health Hazards1 2
Physical Hazards
Environmental Hazards
All categories
Acute Toxic
Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Mutagenic
STOT single exposure
All categories
1
all other categories
Not G
HS classified
substances
GHS classified
Thresholds for Loss of Containment becoming a PSI GHS-Based Approach
2000 kg (recommended)
Thresholds (8h rule applies)100 kg5 kg
Health Hazards1 2
Physical Hazards
Environmental Hazards
All categories
Acute Toxic
Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Mutagenic
STOT single exposure
All categories
1
all other categories
Not G
HS classified
substances
GHS classified
2000 kg (recommended)
Thresholds (8h rule applies)100 kg5 kg
Health Hazards1 2
Physical Hazards
Environmental Hazards
All categories
Acute Toxic
Carcinogenic, Reproductive, Mutagenic
STOT single exposure
All categories
1
all other categories
Not G
HS classified
substances
GHS classified
Recommended