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From bacterial finches to bactivorous meiofauna : Microbial biogeography of the deep crustal biosphere. T.C. Onstott 1 , C. Chehoud 1 , E. van Heerden 2 , D. Litthauer 2 , A. Jugdave 2 , K. Albertyn 2 , T. Kieft 3 , G. Borgonie 4 , A. García-Moyano 5 and D. Chivian 6. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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From bacterial finches to bactivorous meiofauna:
Microbial biogeography of the deep crustal biosphere
T.C. Onstott1, C. Chehoud1, E. van Heerden2, D. Litthauer2, A. Jugdave2, K. Albertyn2, T. Kieft3, G. Borgonie4, A. García-
Moyano5 and D. Chivian6
1. Princeton University, 2. University of the Free State, South Africa, 3. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 4. University of Ghent, Belgium, 5. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 6. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, USA (DCChivian@lbl.gov)
South Africa
WitwatersrandBasin
How long can deep, sequestered microbial communities survive?
Evander
Northam Platinum Mine – Bushveld Igneous Complex
Barnes et al., 2004; Scoates et al., 2008; Wanger et al., 2008
Cr, PGE, V
Age: 2054 Ma
Temp: 42°C – 53°CpH: 8 – 11
16S rRNA gene sequence analysis1. 1,916 sequences deposited in NCBI from 58 sites and 84 sites+time
points.2. 983 OTUs identified at 97% identity3. 718 OTUs occur only once4. 16S rRNA gene sequences classified as contaminants because
a. Present in 10 sites of mining water, mine air and acid mine waterb. Present in same OTU as found in mining water, mine air and acid
mine waterc. Guilt by association – closely associated with contaminant OTUs
on phylogenetic tree. 5. 279 OTUs labeled as contaminants6. %contaminated sequences varied from 0 to 97% with 8 sites+time
points with ≥50% contaminants were removed from canonical analysis.
7. Taxonomic identification to the family level with 80% confidence.
279 Contaminant OTUs out of 982 total OTUs.
Guilt by association
Family Richness in 8 Mines
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sampled Sequences
Obs
erve
d O
TU’s
Beatrix (Lin et al. 2006)
Kloof, Mponeng and Driefontein combined
Mining Water from Kloof, Driefontein, Mponeng and Evander
Evander 2 and 8 shaft combined
Mine Archaeal Family Compositions
Mine Bacterial Family Composition
Mine Bacterial Family Composition
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.00
2
4
6
8
10
12
Depth (kmbls.)
Spec
ies n
umbe
rbiofilms
borehole water
rock cartridges
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.00.00.61.21.82.43.03.64.24.85.46.06.67.27.88.49.09.6
10.2
Depth (kmbls.)
Even
ess
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000.01
0.10
1.00
f(x) = − 0.000341073359824178 x + 0.165683090788688R² = 0.0970561867914718
Y = -3.4x10-4 x+ 0.165R2 = 0.01
Horizontal Distance (km)
Sor
ense
n Si
mila
rity
Inde
x
Only 50 OTUs occur at more than one site and only 3 OTUs are distributed across the basin.
Tree Showing the Distances between the OTUs
1 km
1.5 km
1.7 km
2.0 km
2.7 km
2.8 km
3.2 km
3.3 km
Conclusion• The lack of overlap in OTUs between 37 fractures
sampled to date suggests an “desert oases” biogeographical pattern that could encompass ~8,000 OTUs within the Witwatersrand Basin.
• A combination of pyrosequencing and rock filters may reveal a greater diversity – hopefully with the help of the CoDL.
• Singe cell genomes of the “finches” will enable a more direct correlation of genome structure, environment and geographic dispersion.
Tom Kieft
Duane Moser
Esta vanHeerden
Derek Litthauer
Gaetan Borgonie
Acknowledgements
• NSF - Geobiology and Low-Temperature Geochemistry Program
• Sloan Foundation through the Deep Carbon Observatory
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