Preventive Ethics

Preventive EthicsBeyond the Basics

Module 6Identifying Change Strategies to Address an Ethics Quality Gap

Learning Objectives

• Identify major causes and contributing causes for a specific ethics quality gap.

• Select those causes that contribute most to a particular ethics quality gap.

• Identify change strategies to address specific causes of an ethics quality gap.

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ISSUES Link

SELECT a Strategy

Identify the major cause(s) of the ethics quality gap

Brainstorm possible strategies to narrow the gap

Choose one or more strategies to try

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Storyboard Progression

STUDY the IssueRefine the improvement goal to reflect the ethics quality gap (include a time frame, if possible)Reality check 1. Starting point2. Seriousness3. Environment4. ChallengeAchievable Goal: 90%

Increase the percentage of primary care patients who receive requested assistance with completing an advance directive from 10% to 90% by 4th quarter, 20XX.Exclusions: Patients who change their minds about their request for assistance, who withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity.

Advance Directives Issue

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Select a Strategy

• Determine major cause(s) of ethics quality gap and draw “fishbone” or other cause-and-effect diagram.

• Brainstorm possible strategies to narrow gap.• Choose one or more strategies to try based on

likelihood of success, expected net benefit, and resources required to implement the strategy.

• Explain rationale.

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Identify Major Causes

1. Meet with a team of process and content experts.2. Write a “cause question.” 3. Review your process flow diagram. 4. Brainstorm major causes of the ethics quality gap.5. Select the top causes (2 or 3). 6. Drill down to the root cause for selected causes.

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Identify Major Causes

1. Meet with team of process and content experts.• Process experts—specific, hands-on knowledge of

processes resulting in gap• Content experts—deep knowledge of ethics issue

and ethical practice

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Identify Major Causes

2. Write “cause question.”• What causes…• …[current ethics practice]?

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Identify Major Causes

2. Write “cause question.”

Current Ethics Practice10% of primary care patients who had a documented request for assistance with completing an advance directive received it.

Cause QuestionWhat causes primary care patients who have requested assistance to not receive assistance with completing an advance directive?

Cause Question: ShorthandWhat causes patients to not receive assistance with completing an advance directive?

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Fishbone Diagram

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Equipment Process

Policy People

What causes primary care patients to not receive assistance with completing an advance directive?

Identify Major Causes

3. Review process flow diagram.• Start identification of potential causes.

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Process Flow Diagram

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Identify Major Causes

4. Brainstorm major causes of ethics quality gap.• Focus on quantity.• Withhold criticism.• Combine and build on one another’s ideas.• Keep it brief.

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Identify Major Causes

4. Brainstorm major causes of ethics quality gap.

Cause Question:What causes socks to disappear from the laundry?

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Group Activity InstructionsHandout 6.1-A (5 min)

1. Choose recorder and spokesperson.2. Draft cause question.3. Brainstorm major causes and record on flipchart

pages.

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Identify Major Causes

5. Select top causes (2 or 3).• Distinguish “vital few” from “trivial many.”• Pareto Effect aka 80:20 Rule.• Vote on “vital few.”

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Identify Major Causes

Voting on “Vital Few”• Give 3 votes per team member.• Team members can use votes for different causes or

1 cause.• Team leader tallies votes and rank orders the causes.• Team discusses top 3–5 vote getters and comes to

consensus about top 2 or 3 causes.

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Identify Major Causes

6. Drill down to root causes.• Use “5 Whys” to get to root causes of ethics

quality gap.• Decide on top “root causes” for ethics quality gap.

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Drill Down to Root Cause

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5 Whys

Root Cause

5 Why’s

Why was request not received by the Social Worker? Because the unit clerk sends requests to the social work

department’s general fax numberWhy is the request sent to the general fax number?Because that is what is specified in the policyWhy does the policy require requests be sent to general

fax number?Because social work coverage for primary care is

completed by multiple social workers.

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5 Why’s

Why is primary care covered by several social workers? The workload in primary care does not support a

specific designated social worker so coverage is provided when the clerk finds someone who is available

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Group Activity InstructionsHandout 6.1-B (10 min)

1. Choose recorder and (different) spokesperson.2. Select 2 or 3 “vital few” causes, using voting

technique.3. Create 2 or 3 new flipchart pages, each with

selected top cause as page heading.4. Use 5 Whys to identify root causes for each top

cause. Record your 5 Whys questions and answers under each major cause.

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Process for Selecting Strategies to Address Root Causes

1. Match strategy with cause. 2. Assess strategy strength.3. Assess strategy impact/effort.

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Match Strategy to Cause

Cause question: What causes computers to be routinely left unattended with patients’ personal health information visible on the screen?Root cause: Time-outs not being set on computersChange strategy: Set computers to auto time-out after XX minutes of no use.

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Match Strategy to Cause

Ethics Issue: Private patient information (i.e., full name, date of birth, and complete social security number) is included on all patient food items stored in a community refrigerator accessed by patients, visitors, and staff.

Root Cause: Label maker programmed to include private patient information.

Change Strategy: Educate unit staff on safeguarding private patient information.

Actual Change Strategy Selected: Program and produce new labels that exclude unnecessary patient identifiers, and educate staff on implementing the new process to protect private patient information.

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Activity InstructionsHandout 6.2 (2 min)

1. Choose 1 strategy for each of 3 issues on handout.2. Prepare to share rationale for your choices with

whole group.

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Ethics Issue: Advance Directives

Ethics Issue: A chart audit revealed that advance directives of chronic dialysis patients are not accurately completed (e.g., missing information), making it unclear whether the documents were valid and accurately reflected patient preferences about future care if they lost decision-making capacity.

Root Cause: It is unclear who is responsible for ensuring that the advance directives are completed.

Change Strategy: Revise the job description of the dialysis social worker to coordinate the advance care planning process.

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Ethics Issue: AMA Patients

Ethics Issue: Patients discharged from the institution against medical advice (AMA) are frequently discharged without follow-up clinic appointments, and previously scheduled appointments are automatically cancelled.

Root Cause: An AMA discharge generates an auto-cancel feature for all future appointments.

Change Strategy: Remove the auto-cancel feature for future appointments for all AMA discharges.

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Ethics Issue: Staff Ethical Concerns

Ethics Issue: Staff members with ethical concerns have not reported their concern so it can be addressed.

Root Cause: Most staff do not know how to locate or use the Web-based tool for referring ethical concerns to the institution’s consultation service.

Change Strategy: Develop printed materials explaining how to navigate the service’s new Web site.

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Process for Selecting Strategies to Address Root Causes

1. Match strategy with cause.2. Assess strategy strength:

– Stronger– Intermediate– Weaker

3. Assess strategy impact/effort.

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Assess Strategy Strength

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Assess Strategy Strength

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Ethics Issue Goal Process Changes Measures Result

Chart audit revealed that advance directives of chronic dialysis patients were not updated, making it unclear if the document reflected current preferences.

Increase the percentage of advance directives of chronic dialysis patients that are updated [at least] annually from 58% to 90% by [date].

• Revised job description of SW to coordinate process

• Simplified and clarified process

• Conducted quality check prior to scanning

• Provided routine patient education

• Updated internal unit policy to reflect the addition of the coordinator role

% updated advance directives

Increased updated advance directives from 58% to 96%

Assess Strategy Strength

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Ethics Issue Goal Process Changes Strategy Strength

Chart audit revealed that advance directives of chronic dialysis patients were not updated, making it unclear if the document reflected current preferences.

Increase the percentage of advance directives of chronic dialysis patients that are updated [at least] annually from 58% to 90% by [date].

• Revised job description of SW to coordinate process

• Simplified and clarified process

• Conducted quality check prior to scanning

• Provided routine patient education

• Updated internal unit policy to reflect the addition of the coordinator role

Intermediate

Strong

Intermediate

Intermediate

Weak

Group Activity InstructionsHandouts 6.3 and 6.4 (5 min)

1. Choose (different) spokesperson.2. Select 1 root cause and identify change strategies to

address it.3. Determine if strategies are weak, intermediate, or

strong.

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Process for Selecting Strategies to Address Root Causes

1. Match cause with strategy. 2. Assess strategy strength.3. Assess strategy impact/effort:

– Impact/Effort Grid

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Impact/Effort Grid

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(HL)Quick Wins

(Focus on these asmuch as you can)

(HH)Major Projects(Complex/Time

Consuming)

(LL)Fill Ins (Quick Fix)

(LH)Thankless Tasks(Time Wasters)

High

High

LowEFFORT

IMPA

CT

Highest Priority

Place each improvement strategy in the quadrant that best reflects the impact expected and the effort it would require.

Impact/Effort Grid

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(IMPACT HIGH) Action stops information from being available. (EFFORT LOW) Doesn’t require much time or many resources to reprogram labeler.

High

High

LowEFFORT

IMPA

CT

Highest Priority

Place each improvement strategy in the quadrant that best reflects the impact expected and the effort it would require.

(IMPACT HIGH) Auto alert addresses time frame. Template ensures info available. (EFFORT HIGH) Template may require large time commitment to create.

Group Activity InstructionsHandouts 6.4 and 6.5 (5 min)

For each strategy listed on Handout 6.4:1. Assign impact level (H or L).2. Assign effort level (H or L).3. Answer question: Which strategy will you

recommend to leadership for implementation? Explain.

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Storyboard Progression

SELECT a StrategyDetermine the major cause(s) and rank order them based on those that contribute most to the ethics quality gap.• Delay in process within social work due to having to find a social worker to complete the consult• Unclear delineation on who is to determine if patient wants information on updating or

completing an advance directive• Information provided to patient has large amount of variation

Brainstorm possible strategies to address top causes.Delay in process within social work due to having to find a social worker to complete the consult• Appoint social workers to specific primary care clinics.• Develop coverage schedule for primary care clinics.• Have clerk rotate consults through all social work staff.

Advance Directives Issue

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Takeaways

Identifying change strategies to address an ethics quality gap• Identifying major causes• Selecting causes• Identifying change strategies• Selecting strategies

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Questions?