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Presented by Sandra Cruz-Pol, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering
UPRM CASA PI
Aug 9, 2006 ONR Visit to UPRM
CASA an NSF ERC
“There is insufficient knowledge about what is actually happening (or is likely to happen) at theEarth’s surface where people live.” [NRC 1998]
CASA: dense networks of low power radars
10,000 ft
tornado
wind
earth surface
snow
3.05
km
3.05
km
0 40 80 120 160 200 240RANGE (km)
Colorado State University
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
IBM
Mount Holyoke College
National Science Foundation
NOAA/National Weather Service
Oklahoma Climatological Survey
OneNet
Raytheon Company
Rice University
Texas Medical Center
University of Delaware
University of Massachusetts
University of Oklahoma
University of Puerto Rico
University of Virginia
Viasala
Vieux and Associates
Year 3 of a 10 year program
Initial 5 year investment $42 M
(includes $17M Engineering Research Center grant from NSF)
$6-7M per year annual cash budget
Critical site visit review April 2006 in MA
Today’s Radar NetworksToday’s Radar NetworksComprehensive Coverage > 3 km
10,000 ft
tornado
wind
earth surface
snow
3.05
km
0 40 80 120 160 200 240RANGE (km)
Horz. Scale: 1” = 50 kmVert. Scale: 1” -=- 2 km
5.4
km
1 km 2
km
4 km
gap
> 3 km - 100%
2 km - 67%
1 km - 33%
500 m - 11%
“Keyhole” Coverage
Coverage at different heights
# Sensors Required for US Nation-Wide Coverage
300 m floor
3 km floor
NetRad -OTG
NetRad - @TG
Projects IP1, IP2, IP3
Rain, Urban Flooding (Houston)
Wind, storm prediction (Oklahoma)
Rain, mountainous terrain (Puerto Rico – student led)
Wind mapping (100’s m resolution, 10’s second update) for detecting, pinpointing, forecasting wind events; 30 km node spacing.
Rain mapping, distributed hydro. modeling, flood predicting & response in urban zone.
Off-the-Grid Radar Network for QPE over complex terrain, student-led project
IP2
IP1
IP3
Project IP1 - Initial 4-Node Test Bed
Annual storm climatology for 7,000 sq km test bed region:
• 4 tornado warnings (2 touchdowns)
• 50 thunderstorms
User Driven System Design Users: NWS Forecast Office, Emergency Managers, & atmospheric scientists
will use the Oklahoma test bed Severe weather [severe thunder storms, hail, and tornados] impacts 90% of
EMs in Oklahoma. Tornado Pinpointing cited by EMs as important for managing deployment
and protection of first responders. Tornado Anticipation cited by NWS and EMs as most important for
increasing lead time. All users cited more frequent updates of radar data as a critical need. There is a need for lower troposphere, high resolution data for detecting:
convergence lines, gust fronts, straight line winds.
Sources: Structured surveys (N=72) of Oklahoma Emergency Managers; In-Depth Interviews (N=37) of EMs and NWS using snowball sampling and content analysis to extract information; test bed user group.
3 km
NEXRAD
NEXRAD: Map winds, rain above 3 km (10,000’)
> 3 km covered by current technology
3 km
25 km
NetRad System “underneath” NEXRAD
NetRad IP1 Goal: Map winds below 3 km with 500 m resolution
Water spout at Mayaguez, PR- Sept 2005
3 km
6 km
25 km
NetRad Elevation coverage
1234567
Goal: IP1 - Map winds below 3 km.
2o “pencil beam” antenna yields median 500 m resolution
7 elevation beam positions scan 0-14 degrees
3 km
25 km
“Cone of silence” observed by neighboring radar
1234567
Goal: Map winds below 3 km.
7 elevation beam positions scan 0o-14o
Neighbor radars map “cone of silence” above a radar.
Multiple-Doppler wind measurement throughout.
R1 R2
R1 configurations R2 configurations
Sit-and-Spin Mode
Limited sector Mode
NetRad Sampling Modes
Samples the Atmosphere When, Where the End-User Need is Greatest
NetRad: adaptive data pull
End users: weather services,
emergencyresponse
streamingstorage
storage
queryinterface
data
Resource planning,optimization
data policy
resource allocation
SNR
Meteorological DetectionAlgorithms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9A G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3B G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3C G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3D G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3E G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3F G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3G G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3H R1 R1 R2 R2 R1 G3 C2 G3 G3I R1 F1 F2, R1 F2,H2 R1 G3 C2 G3 G3J R1 H1,F1 H1,F1 T2,R1 R1 G3 C2 G3 G3K R1 H1 T2,H1 T2,R1 R1 G3 G3 G3 G3
Feature Repository
MC&C: Meteorological command and control
Meteorological Task
Generation
an end-to-end system
Elevation Scan
Ball-screw linear actuator
Range: - 5o to + 30o
Scan: 20o/sec
Azimuth Scan
Mfr: Kollmorgan
Scan: 120o/sec
Acceleration
Prototype IP1 Radar
11x14x23 in.
100”(8’4”)
99” (8’3”)
Tour of the IP1 Sites• Avg. Separation 25.3 km• Coverage 6947 km2
• 98% coverage below NEXRAD• 41% coverage is dual-Doppler (2850 km2)• 25% coverage below 250 m • Avg. AGL NetRad – 364 m• Avg. AGL NEXRAD – 1000 m
RushSprings
Chickasha
Lawton
WOSC Altus
Snyder
Cameron
Lawton Repeater
USAO Chickasha
RushSprings
Velma
Radio tower
Newcastle
OU Engineering
DS-3
DS-3 DS
-3
DS-3
DS-3
DS
-3
DS-3
DS-3
DS-3
OneNetHub-Altus
Tower-Altus
100MbTower-Snyder
OneNetHub-
Lawton
Tower-Lawton
Tower-RushSpri
ngs
Tower-Velma
Tower-Ardmore
OneNetHub-
Ardmore
100 Mb
Tower-Newcast
TowerChickash
OneNetHub-Chick
DS-3 SONET
OneNetHub-OKC
45Mb-Ethernet
WesternHeights
Tower Lexington
802.11B
3550
Each Hub Has existingFiber Based DS-3 to
OneNethub-OKC
DS-3
DS-3DS-3DS-3
Cyril
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Where are we now?IP1 Project: End-to-End DCAS network of 4 rapid scan radar nodes. -2 pol magnetron Radars cost $200k in parts; replacement cost insurance coverage was $1.5 M for 4 radars during shipment to OK.
- Custom towers & tower-top positions to host radars.
-Infrastructure:
-Weight: 1,500#
-Site: tower top
- HVAC, radome
- Ethernet, fiber, 802.11 access to node
- Software: closed-loop, MC&C, policy mechanism but no
decision-based policy as yet.
NetRad – prototype
Est. $500k to buy & install these radars
IP3: Student Led Test Bed in Puerto Rico :The Off-the-Grid Network
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
IP3: Student Led TestBed in Puerto Rico The Off-the-Grid Network
2-D video disdrometer deployed at SJ –NWS and at
UPRM to characterize rain statistics during normal rain
and T.S. Jeanne and Frances
R-Z relation cal
Puerto Rico Testbed IP3
• Update:1st radar is here http://casa.ece.uprm.edu
*Recent interest from Argentina
Weather Research and Tracking (“WeatherRats” K12 Initiative)
CASA’s Vision
touching people’s lives...
… saving lives/property, reducing vulnerability, providing economic benefits through improved warning and response to hazards
… diverse education, outreach
… industrial opportunities, commercial development
Revolutionize our ability to observe, understand, predict and respond to weather hazards by creating DCAS networks that sample the atmosphere where and when end-user needs are greatest.
1/041/03 1/05 1/06 1/07 1/08 1/09 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13
IP2 – Rain & Urban Flooding
IP1 – Wind and storm prediction
IP5 - 2nd Gen. NetRad System
IP4 - CLEAR
IP3 – OTG/Complex Terrain
OK System Test-Bed
FR Technology Test-Bed
PR Technology Test-Bed
MA Technology Test-Bed (and PR Tech Test-Bed)
OK System Test-Bed
Goal: System build-out beyond 4 nodes.
Plans for next 5 years
Goal: 1st end-to-end system; use rapid mscan to quantify value of DCAS (ie, extra 10 dB)
Goal: QPE, closed DCAS loop via hydro models; reduce infra. costs
Goal: QPE in irregular terrain; minimal infrastructure system; energy balance; education
Technology Goals: escan panel radars; bistatic, Fabry
We are open to collaboration
Mi CASA es tu CASA
Contacts• Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol- Microwave Remote Sensing and
atmospheric attenuation• Dr. José Colom – Microwave Radars & Circuits• Dr. Rafael Rodríguez – Microwave Antennas• Dr. Wilson Rivera- Wireless networks• Dr. Walter Díaz – Social Sciences• Dr. Mario Ierkic – Atmospheric phenomena• Dr. Héctor Monroy – EM propagation• Dr. Lionel Orama – PowerAll emails & webs are on http://ece.uprm.edu
RF Hardware Cost
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
1 10 100 1000
# of Radars
Dol
lars
/Rad
ar
Phase Phase Si(Low estimate)
Phase Phase Si(High estimate)
Freq Phase GaAs
Freq Phase GaAs-Si
Si wafer mask design & setup
Very Low Cost Phased Array Radars - Semiconductor Cost
$30k
$80k
100 Radar Buildout Semiconductor Cost: $8M GaAs vs. $3M Si
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