Presented by : Mohammad Soltanieh National Project Manager Climate Change Office

Addressing the Problems and Gaps in Estimating the GHG Inventory from Fugitive

Sources During Preparation of the Initial National Communication of Iran

Presented by :

Mohammad Soltanieh

National Project Manager

Climate Change Office

Department of Environment

Islamic Republic of Iran

UNFCCC’s CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

8-12 Feb., 2005

Shanghai, China

Presentation Overview

Energy sector in Iran GHG inventory and share of the fugitive emissions Trend of fugitive emissions in Iran Problems and gaps in estimating the fugitive GHG

inventory for Initial National Communication What are the approaches for removing the barriers

in preparing the 2nd National Communication

Energy sector in Iran:Energy sector and its share in GDP

GDP Growth by Sector(bn. Rial- constamt price 1982)

Agriculture

Mining

Manufacturing

O il

Water, Electricity and

Gas

Construction

Services

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Energy sector in Iran:Trend of primary energy production, domestic consumption,

import and export (MBOE, 1971-2002)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Production Import Export Domestic Supply

O thers0%

Final consumption

39%

Consumed by energy industry

4%

Losses9%

Export48%

Energy sector in Iran:Energy balance in 2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381

Res./Com. Buildings Industry Transport Agriculture Power Plants

Energy sector in Iran: Contribution of oil products in sectoral energy demand(%)

Energy sector in Iran : Trend of CO2 emissions by fuel type

(Fuel combustion-ktonnes)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000Petroleum Products Natural Gas Solid Fuel

Energy sector in Iran: Trend of CO2 emission per capita (tonnes/capita)

and per GDP (tonnes/Mn. Rial-constant price 1982 )

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

per capita per GDP

National GHG Inventory : Contribution of different sectors to total CO2 Eq.

emissions in 1994 (Gg)

SourcesCO2CH4N2OTotal

1 . Energy285,8911,5598.79 

Fuel Combustion254,35480.68.8 

Fugitive Emissions31,5371,4780.0 

2 . Industry24,7541.92.2 

3 . Agriculture0.064354.2 

4 . Forestry31,4177.00.04 

5 .Waste0.0326.74.6 

Total GHG Emissions342,0622,53869.9 

GWP121310 

Total CO2 Equivalent 342,06253,29121,658417,010

National GHG Inventory : Contribution of different sectors to total CO2 Eq.

emissions in 1994 (%)

Fugitive sources are responsible for 9.2% of the total CO2, 58% of the total CH4 and 15% of the total GHG emissions, respectively.

Industry6%

Energy77%

Forest8%

Agriculture7% Waste

2%

`

National GHG Inventory : Contribution of different energy sub-sectors to GHG

emissions in 1994 (Gg)

SourcesCO2CH4N2OTotal

Fuel Combustion254,35480.68.8 

Fugitive Emissions31,5371,4780.0 

Total GHG Emissions285,8911,5598.8 

GWP121310 

Total CO2 Equivalent 285,89132,7402,726321,357

The table shows that fugitive emissions are responsible for 11% of the CO2 emission and 95% of the CH4 emission in energy sector.

National GHGs Inventory : Contribution of different fugitive emission sources to the

total fugitive emissions in 1994 (Gg)

SourcesCO2CH4

Fugitive Emissions (total)31,5371,478

Oil Activities 41.9

Gas Activities 491.6

Venting & Flaring31,537931

Coal Mining 14.5

Trend of fugitive emissions in Iran CO2 and methane emissions from fugitive sources (Gg)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

1990 1994 1998 2002

CO2 from Flaring CO2 Equ. Of Methane

Fugitive Sources of Emission

Oil Activities– Exploration– Production– Transport– Refining– Storage

Gas Activities– Production/Processing– Transmission/Distribution– Leakage

Venting and Flaring from Oil/Gas Production Coal Mining

Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG Inventory from Fugitive Sources (hot flare)

Hot flaring in normal operations: Methane burning on well heads and oil and gas refineries is one of the major CO2 emission sources and the IPCC 1996 Guidelines have not provided the methodology for this type of GHG emission. Expert judgment was used for estimations.

Cold flaring in drilling operations: No national emission factors were available. Thus, for well drilling activity other international emission factors were used which include: US EPA (EPA-600/R96, 1996); Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (VOC and Methane Emissions for Canadian Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Calgary, AB 1999) and the information from the Stockholm Environmental Institute, Boston Center.

Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG Inventory from Fugitive Sources (hot flare)-continued

In startup, overhaul of operations, accidents, repair and maintenance operations: The volume of gaseous components that are sent to the flare is closely related to the type of process, skill of the personnel, safety considerations and systems and management, resulting in uncertain estimation. Here again, rough estimates were made by expert judgment.

Leakage in pump stations and gas pipelines: The volume of leakage is closely related to the level of repair and maintenance operations and the type of technology. An average of 1% loss in the gas pipeline was assumed.

The IPCC Tier 1 methodology was used for fugitive emissions from oil refining, i.e. 1200 kg CH4/PJ of refined oil and for storage 135 kg CH4/PJ of refined oil.

Leakage in unit operations and storage tanks: There is little information available at national level for estimation of such emissions, except for evaporative losses from storage and handling of gasoline.

Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG Inventory from Fugitive Sources (cold flare)

What are the approaches for removing the barriers in preparing the 2nd National

Communication

Installing the measurement tools in refinery flares. Installing gas analyzers in refinery flares. Using the mass balance approaches for estimation of GHG

emissions from process equipments. Using the mass balance approaches in natural gas networks. Installing measurement tools in storage tanks and using mass

balance approach. Collecting activity data in storage tanks in terms of

throughput capacity instead of volume of crude oil and oil products.

Thank you

For

Your attention.