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Presented by: Maureen A. Hayes, PhD. SHIFT Study. Multi-Year Study Examined the effectiveness of different housing and service models in helping homeless and low-income families establish and maintain residential stability and self-sufficiency over a 30 month period. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT STUDY
Multi-Year Study
Examined the effectiveness of different housing and service models in helping homeless and low-income families establish and maintain residential stability and self-sufficiency over a 30 month period.
Data collected at Baseline, 15 months, and 30 months
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT STUDY
Study Goals
Document the needs of program participants
Understand the effectiveness of different housing programs and services for various subgroups of families
Inform policies and programs so that resources are directed appropriately and effectively
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT STUDY
Unique to have information about the outcomes of families over a long period of time
SHIFT is the first study to: Examine outcomes for as long as 30 months Simultaneously examine different housing
programs models
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
REPRESENTATIVENESS OF SAMPLE
Conducted in Rochester, Buffalo, Syracuse and Albany, NY from 2007 to 2010.
Sample is representative of ES, TH and PS programs in mid-size cities:
More than 40% of ES, 68% of TH, and 32% of PS programs in the cities participated
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
THREE TREATMENT GROUPS:Shelter, Transitional Housing, and Permanent Supportive Housing
Emergency Shelter (ES): Provides temporary or transitional shelter for homeless families short-term (e.g., 1 night to 3 months)
45% of Total Sample
Transitional Housing (TH): Provides housing and services to help families move to independent living within 24 months.
41% of Total Sample
Permanent Supportive Housing (PS): Long-term, community-based housing with supportive services for homeless persons with intense needs. Supportive services may be directly provided or provided by other agencies.
14% of Total Sample
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT STUDY
• Baseline Sample = 292
• 15 Month Follow Up = 192
• 30 Month Follow Up = 184
• Implementation of different participant retention strategies were essential to the success of this study
• Importance of rapport and relationship• Acknowledgment and respect for participants’
contribution• Document everything!• Role of Facebook/Social Media??
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT STUDY
Assessment Domains
• Demographics.
• History of homelessness.
• Income, benefits, employment, education.
• Mother’s physical health, trauma history, mental
health, substance use, parenting.
• Child’s physical health, behavioral problems, mental
health, education.
• Services received (for mother and for children).
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
• Most mothers in their 20’s; never married, with two or three children.
• Majority were African-American; one-quarter Caucasian; 14% Latina or “other.”
• More than one-third with no high school degree or GED.
• One-third graduated high school or obtained GED.
• Slightly less than one-third with some college or two-year degree.
MOTHERS’ CHARACTERISTICS
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
TANF: BASELINE, 15 MONTHS AND 30 MONTHS
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
UNEMPLOYMENT OVER STUDY PERIOD IN ALL TYPES OF HOUSING PROGRAMS
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Housing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%83%
79%
84%
70%
63% 64%60% 59%
68%
BASELINE
15 MONTH
30 MONTH
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
RESIDENTIAL INSTABILITY
Families who moved once and had a rental subsidy were not considered residentially unstable because such a move may indicate a step towards stable housing. Using this conservative definition:
• At Baseline, 87% of families had moved multiple times in the previous 18 months.
• At 15 months, 63% of families were residentially unstable.
• At 30 months, half of families (49%) were still residentially unstable.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY: NUMBER OF MOVES 18 MONTHS BEFORE ENROLLMENT
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Housing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
14% 13%
7%
85%88%
93%
0 Moves
1 Move
2+ Moves
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY: NUMBER OF MOVES BASELINE TO 15 MONTHS
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Housing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0%
24%
52%
25% 25% 24%
75%
51%
24%
0 Moves
1 Move
2+ Moves
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY: NUMBER OF MOVES 15 MONTHS TO 30 MONTHS
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Housing0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
30%
33%
36%36%
24%
36%34%
43%
29%
0 Moves
1 Move
2+ Moves
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
RESIDENTIAL INSTABILITY: 15 MONTHS TO 30 MONTHS
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Total Sample0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
86%
57%
29%
63%
53%56%
36%
49%
15 Months 30 Months
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
CHANGE OVER TIME IN PREDICTORS OF RESIDENTIAL INSTABILITYFour Significant Predictors At 15 Months:
• Lower level of education.• Unemployment.• Poor health.• Lower self-esteem.
Two Significant Predictors At 30 Months:
• Severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms.
• Lower self-esteem.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
HIGH PREVALENCE OF LIFETIME TRAUMA FOR MOTHERS
• 93% of mothers had a trauma history• 81% experienced multiple traumas.• 79% traumatized as children.
• Interpersonal violence most common trauma
• 42% mothers sexually abused as children.
• 70% mothers had a lifetime occurrence of physical abuse.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
PREVALENCE OF PHYSICAL ASSAULT FOR MOTHERS
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Total Sample0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
34%
50%
43% 42%
50% 51%
57%
51%
66%
77%
62%
70%
Childhood PhysicalAbuse
Adulthood Physical Abuse
Lifetime Physical Abuse
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
PREVALENCE OF SEXUAL ASSAULTFOR MOTHERS
Emergency Shel-ter
Transitional Housing
Permanent Supportive
Total Sample0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
34%
46%
60%
42%
12%10%
19%
12%
41%
51%
67%
49%
Childhood Sexual Assault
Adulthood Sexual Assault
Lifetime Sexual Assault
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
MOTHERS’ MENTAL HEALTH: MAJOR DEPRESSION AND PTSD• Major depressive symptoms reported by majority of mothers.
• Decreased slightly at 15 Months, then remained steady at 30 Months.
• Maternal depression predicted educational and emotional problems for children.
• Half of mothers met diagnostic criteria for PTSD at Baseline (decreased to 40% at 30 months).
• PTSD symptom severity (e.g., not just the diagnosis) in mothers predicted major depression, unemployment, poor child outcomes, and residential instability.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
PRESENTATION OF PTSD AMONG HOMELESS MOTHERS• PTSD presents complexly for survivors of interpersonal violence:
• Impacts all aspects of functioning (i.e. cognitive, affective, relational, functional impairments).
• Does not mirror PTSD presentation after acute events or combat (i.e. flashbacks as primary symptom).
• Results in severe impairment and loss of resources:• Severely impacts ability to establish safety and stability.• Depressive symptoms often most prevalent. • Negatively effects mother’s parenting skills and responsiveness
to children’s developmental needs.• Trauma can be transmitted intergenerationally to children.
• To achieve long term stability services must also target:• Safety, stabilization, mental health, parenting & children’s
development, and skills to build resiliency.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
MOTHERS’ MENTAL HEALTH: PERMANENT SUPPORTIVE HOUSING• 49% of mothers in PS (N = 42) reported an inpatient
mental health hospitalization, compared to 12% in ES and 21% in TH.
o78% had been sexually abused as children.o100% had been physically abused in lifetime
(71% as adults).
• PS selects for those with greatest needs, but this rate is very high and warrants further research.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
CHILD OUTCOMES: ENTIRE SAMPLE
• 55% of mothers reported having a child living apart from them prior to the study.
• 40% of mothers reported having a child living apart from them during the course of the study.
Predicted by:• Residential instability• Younger mothers• More children• Unemployment• Maternal mental health treatment • Attending Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics
Anonymous (AA/NA)
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
Children Living Apart from Mother at 15 Month and 30 Month Follow Ups
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Total Sample0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
44%
39%
19%
41%
36%
32%
50%
36%
Baseline to 15 Months 15 Months to 30 Months
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
CPS Involvement at 15 Months and 30 Months
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Housing0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
25%
38% 39%
36%
22%
29%
Baseline to 15 Month 15 month to 30 Month
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
CHILD OUTCOMES: ENTIRE SAMPLE
• One-quarter of mothers reported having a child with medical or physical disability affecting child’s functioning.
• Nearly one-third of mothers reported having a child with learning or emotional problems.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
CHILD OUTCOMES
Medical Condition or Physical Disability Learning or Emotional Problem Target Child - Special Education/Class/School
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
18%
25%26%
31%32%
26%
22%
37%
42%
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
CHILD OUTCOMES: TARGET CHILD
• Study conducted in-depth interview with mothers about one “target child” in family.
• At baseline, 41% of “target” children had significant difficulties:
oDifficulties decreased over time for children in TH and PS programs.
oDifficulties increased over time for children in ES programs.
• Throughout study, more than 40% had peer problems.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
Target Child SDQ: Total Difficulties by Housing Group and Time
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
15%
25%
23%
18%
12%
27%
16%
29%
16%
30%
18%
16%
22%
19%
6%
19%
25%
8%
16%
26%
17%
23%
17%
20%
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Total Sample
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
CHILD OUTCOMES: TARGET CHILD
• 65% had conduct problems or hyperactivity at Baseline:
• Decreased slightly over course of study.
• 14% had emotional problems at Baseline:• Increased to 39% at 15 Months.• Decreased at 30 Months to Baseline
levels for total sample.• Children in ES programs struggled most
with emotional problems after 30 months.
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
Target Child SDQ: Emotional Symptoms by Housing Group and Time
Basel
ine:
BORDERLIN
E
Basel
ine:
ABNORM
AL
15 M
onth: B
ORDERLINE
15 M
onth:
ABNORMAL
30 M
onth:
BORDERLINE
30 M
onth: A
BNORMAL
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
14%
11%
3%
37%
4%
24%
10%
19%
6%
41%
15%
12%
17%
13%
36%
4%
13%
4%
13% 14%
4%
39%
16%
10%
Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent Supportive Total Sample
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT ANALYSIS OF PROGRAM COSTS:PER FAMILY, PER DAY
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT COST ANALYSISFINDINGSCosts of Mainstream Services
Baseline PS costs significantly higher than ES and TH
At follow-up, dental and medical service usage dropped significantly
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
• Mothers’ employment status improved but unemployment remained high across all types of housing programs.
• Many children (30% to 60%) struggled with physical and emotional problems throughout the study period.
• ES programs showed highest costs and least improvement in outcomes.
SHIFT STUDY FINDINGS:AFTER 30 MONTHS
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
• Trauma and interpersonal violence were prevalent for homeless families.
• Homeless mothers had high rates of major depressive symptoms and PTSD and severe PTSD symptoms that impacted their residential stability.
• Residential instability remained high across all types of housing programs after 30 months.
• Mothers’ PTSD symptom severity and lower self esteem were the only two predictors of residential instability after 30 months.
SHIFT STUDY FINDINGS:AFTER 30 MONTHS
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
Housing programs need to address:• Mothers’ trauma histories and mental health consequences to achieve
residential stability for the family over time.• Children’s health and emotional problems to ensure family stability.
An effective response to family homelessness should include:• Housing.• Case management to address immediate needs including income,
education and employment.• Comprehensive Assessments of mothers and children that are tailored
to the characteristics and needs of this subgroup of the homeless population; results used to target service delivery.
• Trauma-informed care.• Parenting supports and skills training. • Mental health services for mothers’ depression and PTSD.• Child-centered services and programs that promote and support
healthy development for young children (e.g., play spaces).
SHIFT POLICY IMPLICATIONS
A partnership between the Marie C. and Joseph C. Wilson Foundation
and the National Center on Family Homelessness
SHIFT STUDY
Thank You!
maureen.hayes@familyhomelessness.org202-680-0488
www.familyhomelessness.org
The SHIFT Study Final Report:http://www.familyhomelessness.org/media/389.pdf
Information about Trauma Informed Care:http://www.familyhomelessness.org/trauma.php?p=sm
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