Presentation on Upstream and Downstream Industry

8/15/2019 Presentation on Upstream and Downstream Industry

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A PRESENTATIONON

UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAMINDUSTRY

PRESENTED BY: PIYUSHSHANKER VERMA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: MR. AJAYKUMAR SAXENA

UNDER THE MENTOR : MR. RPSHRIWAS

HISTORY OF CONTINENTS The theory of

platetet!"#$ isreason behindthe formationof continents

and also whygeographicalstructures aredierentaround the

world. Becauseof the changesearth hasundergone inmillions of

years, we are

Plates slide on Asthenosphere which is so hot

that it oats.

These movements happened over millions of years and so the plants

and animals remains buried deeper and deeper and enormous heat and

pressure turned them into oils and gases. This is how crude oil was

formed.

I+"e!,$ rocks are formed from the melted rock that has cooled

and solidified. at the surface from the cooling of volcanic lava,

Igneous rocks do not normally contain hydrocarbons.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by the metamorphosis of

existing rock, be it igneous or sedimentary, by extreme heat and

pressure. These factors cause re-crystallization of the minerals in

the rock, Metamorphic rocks do not normally containhydrocarbons

CRUDE OI% IS FOUND IN TRAPS

CRUDE OI% EXP%ORATION STRATEGY

• #eismic sur)eys are done by sending high(energysound wa)es into the ground and measuring how

long they take to reect back to the surface. #incesound tra)els at dierent speeds as it passes throughdierent materials, computers can use seismic datato create a *(+ map of what lies below the surface.

• hen the data indicate a likely site for oil and naturalgas reser)es, an e-ploration well is often drilled. ocksamples from the well are brought to the surface andanaly/ed. ell logs measure the electrical, magnetic

and radioacti)e properties of the rocks.• 0igh(resolution aero(magnetic sur)eys done by

special aircraft can also show fault traces anddierentiate between dierent rock types near the

surface.

CREATING A DRI%%ING SITE

• Ac1uiring pet'!le,) -'#ll#"+ '#+t$.

• The -'#ll#"+ -e''#/ is used to position andsupport the drill string.

• D'#ll '#+$ now run to supply the power to turnthe bit and raise and lower the drill pipe.

The -'#ll *#t uses three conical shaped cuttingsurfaces to grind rock into rice(si/ed particles.

• As the drill cuts into the rock, -'#ll#"+ ),- isadded to the drill hole through the drill bit.

• D#'t a"- '!/ ,tt#"+$ are remo)ed from thehole and temporarily stored nearby.

• All aspects of the drilling operations are closely)!"#t!'e- to ensure e3cient drilling and safety

DRI%%ING RIGS

There are many

dierent types ofdrilling rigs andselection dependson the speci4c

re1uirements ofeach drill site, someare!

• 5and based

• &shore 6ack(up

• #emi(submersible

• +rill ship

%or e-ploration targetsfarther oshore,

specially designed rigsmounted on $#p$ candrill a well in waterdepths up to 78,888

feet.Ja/0,p '#+$ may beused in relati)elyshallow water less

than *88 feet deep. A6ack up rig is a oatingbarge containing thedrilling structure that

is out4tted with longsu ort le s that can

DRI%%ING TECHNI1UES

&il and natural gas wells ha)e traditionallybeen drilled )ertically. Today, ad)ances indrilling technology allow oil and natural gascompanies to reach more reser)es by!•0ori/ontal drilling•Comple- path drilling•'-tended path drilling

DRI%% BIT

Rock drill bit is a roller-type bit made up of three cone-

shaped, toothed cuttersThe mud that is being pumpeddown s!ueezes through holes in the drill bit and

circulates back to the surface through the annulus,

carrying the rock cuttings along with it.

EXTRACTING OI% AND NATURA% GAS

Ad)anced technology allows productionof about 98 percent of the a)ailableresources reco)ered from wells.

• The reco)ery takes place in threestages!

7. Primary : only 78; of oil in a deposit<

=. #econdary:additional =8; of oil<usingwater in6ection

*. 'nhanced reco)ery: 98; of reser)es <using steam in6ection.

WATER INJECTION

THE REFINING PROCESS

&nce disco)ered, drilled, and brought tothe earths surface, crude oil istransported to re4nery by pipeline, shipor both. At the re4nery, it is treated and

con)erted into consumer and industrialproducts. Three ma6or re4nery processthat changes crude oil are!

#eparationCon)ersion

Puri4cation

FIRST CRUDE OI% IS PASSED

FIRST CRUDE OI% IS PASSEDTHROUGH DESA%TER

#alt must be remo)ed from crude oil prior to

processing. Crude oil is pumped from storagetanks and preheated before going in atmosphericdistillation unit. "norganic salts are remo)ed byemulsifying crude oil with water and separatingthem in a desalter.

The continuous )apori/ation and condensation of material

on each tray of the fractionation tower is what creates the

separation of petroleum products within the tower.

CRUDE DISTI%%ATION UNIT

VACUUM DISTI%%ATION UNIT

• The longer the carbon chain, the hea)ier the product willbe. Con)erting hea)ier 0C into lighter 0C or changing theform of chain is the function of %CC unit. The reduction in

density has bene4t of )olume gain. The %CC uses catalystwhich is much 4ner and mo)es with the gas oil and thecatalyst con)erts gas oil into 5P>, gasoline anddiesel.%CC? also regenerates catalyst by burning o coke.

DE%AYED COKERUNIT"t is used to con)ert hea)y )acuum resid to more

)aluable product by heating to break hydrocarbon

chains. #ome resid is actually sold in market to blendwith asphalt. "t produces relati)ely low )alued

petroleum coke as by product. The heated feed is fed

to a coke drum and coke forms in the drum. The

lighter products are withdrawn from the top sectionof the dela ed coker. After cokin the coke drum is

NOTE: Totalhydrogenre1uirement inre4nery for

)arioushydrotreatingis produced inreformingprocess.

HYDROTREATING

&nce crude oil has undergone separation andcon)ersion, resulting products are ready for

puri4cation which is basically sulphur remo)al.?n4nished products are reacted with hydrogenunder heat and high pressure in presence ofcatalyst resulting in hydrogen sulphide and

desuphuri/ed product. This is later sent to a)#"e'e!3e'( ,"#t where hydrogen sulphide isremo)ed.

HYDROCRACK ING• The only dierence between hydrotreating and

hydrocracking is that in (-'!'a/#"+ 4e" 4e ,$e

atal($t #t *'ea/$ (-'!a'*!" a#".• The only dierence between hydrocracking and %CCis that in hydrocracking atal($t $ta($ at !"e plaea"- +a$ !#l pa$$e$ !3e' #t where as catalyst is 4ner

in %CC and mo)es with gas oil. Butane is produced

CATA%YTIC REFORMING AND

CATA%YTIC REFORMING ANDMEROX UNIT

• Catalytic eforming con)erts straight chain and

saturated molecules into unsaturated cyclic andaromatic compounds. "n doing so, it increases the octanenumber of gasoline blend components.

• $ero- is mercaptan o-idation and this processes withinoil re4neries or natural gas processing plants thatremo)e mercaptans and hydrogen sul4de :0=#< are

commonly referred to as $4eete"#"+ p'!e$$e$because they results in products which no longerha)e the sour, foul odors of mercaptans and

hydrogen sul4de. The li1uid hydrocarbon disul4desmay remain in the sweetened products, they may beused as part of the re4nery or natural gas processingplant fuel or processed later.

ACKNOW%EDGEMENT

• "e are grateful to you #$ay sir for all the

knowledge we have received about oil and gas

industry and to all the members of %rotecon

who have provided us an opportunity to learnand be prepared for industry and to my batch

mates who helped me in understanding different

process when I stumbled and acted as amotivation.

THANK YOU

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