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FEASIBILITY STUDY ON BIOMASS TREATMENTFOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN NAMIBIA
Presentation Windhoek
7th November 2013
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Many Thanksto
Acknowledgment
This study has been suppor ted through a Private Public Partnership fund (PPP) viathe Namibian Employers Federation (NEF)and Global Compact Network Namibia (GCNN)
that isfinanced through the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit
and supported by the German Government.
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Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations
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Transworld Cargo -Profile
Market leader in logistics in Namibia, and beyond in the region
Successful market presence since 1986 for > 25 years
ISO 9001 certif ied since 1992
Medium sized company, 110 qualif ied employees
Extensive regional network and facilities
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Transworld CargoScope of Services
International Air Freight
International Sea Freight
Road Freight
Project logist ics with a focus on energy projects, incl. renewableenergy
All in one concept
Scope of Services
Warehousing & Logistics
Customs Clearance
Courier Services
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STEAG Energy Services Group
Plant ServicesEnergy TechnologiesNuclear Technologies System Technologies
Decommissioning and dismantling
of nuclear plants, safety, radiation
protection and realization of final
disposal sites
Design, site supervision and
commissioning of power plants
Operation & Maintenance, Control-
and Acceptance Measurements,
catalyst management and
regeneration, Staff services and
training
Energy Management Systems
Operation Management Systems
Communication Technologies
Site IT
STEAG Energy Services
Revenue 141.2 million
(consolidated)
Employees 1,542
data 2012
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Overview of STEAGEnergy Services Group
STEAG Energy Servicesdo Brasil Ltda.Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Revenue: 10.6 million
Employees: 37
STEAG Energy Services LLCKings Mountain, USA
Revenue: 15.7 million
Employees: 64
STEAG Energy Services GmbHEssen, Herne, Gelsenkirchen, Zwingenberg
Revenue: 87 million
Employees: 329
OPUS Personaldienstleistungen GmbHEssen
Revenue: 7.6 million
Employees: 98
Subsidiary company
Side or branch office
Headquarters
STEAG Ensida Energy Services Ltd.Ankara, Turkey
not consolidated
STEAG Energy Services (India) Pvt. Ltd.Noida, India
Revenue: 26.4 million
Employees: 1,014
Santiago de Chile
STEAG Powitec GmbHEssen
acquired September 1, 2012
STEAG Energy ServicesSchweiz GmbHZurich, Switzerland
not consolidated
STEAG Energy Services SolarSevilla, Spain
founded 2012
Constanta, Romania
STEAG Energy Services iiGJohannesburg, South Africa
Sales (consolidated): 141.2 mill ion
Employees: 1,542
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Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations
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Current and Future PowerSupply Situation
-> 60 % power imports
-annual growth rate of 4.25 %-power supply contracts not secured(from 2016)
-danger of power demand gap
Innovative Policy andStrategic Measures
are required!
NamPower
(Namibia)
Eskom(South Africa)
Zesa(Zimbabwe)
Zesco
(Zambia)
energy demand
gap
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EstimatedLevelized Costs of Electricity
Decentralized BiomassPower Stations:
- competitively viable
-base load capable
-independent on fuelimports
-renewable energy
-independent onwhether conditions
Ruacana
Van Eck
ParatusAnixas
Basic Objective:cost-efficient andcompetitively viablepower generation
Al l data wi thout consideration of taxes/duties and grid use costs !
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Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations
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Current Biomass Situation
Massive Bush Encroachment
- 26-30 mill ion ha is affected
- 8-20 t/ha biomass amount
Decrease of AgricultureProductivity
-loss of grazing land for cattle
-reduction of live-stock capacity
-economic losses of 1.6 bill ion N$/a
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Biomass as PerspectiveFuel Source in Namibia
Energetic Utilization of Biomass-availability of great unused biomassamounts
-cheap national energy source
-renewable energy source (CO2-neutral)
-securing of natural conservation
-increase of agricultural productivi ty
-new job creation
-development of new economic value
chains
-improvement of national energy supplybase
reduction of power imports
potential to bridge a demand gap
3,0%
Potential: 23.4 Mil t/a
3.0%
3,0%
Potential: 23.4 Mil t/a
3.0%
Cement Industry
Schwek Cement
Biomass Power Plant
CBENDBiomass Fuel Production
Ecolog (OBI)
Bushblok (CCF)
Biocoal (Green Coal)
Charcoal
Firewood
Total: 601,000 t/a
Cement Industry
Biomass Power Plant
Biomass Fuel Production
85,000 t/a
272,000 t/a
4,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
200,000 t/a
20,000 t/a
Cement Industry
Schwek Cement
Biomass Power Plant
CBENDBiomass Fuel Production
Ecolog (OBI)
Bushblok (CCF)
Biocoal (Green Coal)
Charcoal
Firewood
Total: 601,000 t/a
Cement Industry
Biomass Power Plant
Biomass Fuel Production
85,000 t/a
272,000 t/a
4,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
200,000 t/a
20,000 t/a
Potential: 23.4 Mil. t/a
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Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations
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Decentralized BiomassPower Plants
-low levelized costs of electricity
-low biomass supply costs with goodfuel properties / combustion behavior
-no additional pre-treatment steps
-locations in proximity to supply anddemand areas
- minimal transportation costs
- minimal energy transmission losses
-capacities in accommodation with
- energy demand profi les of mediumsized towns
- regulatory authorization requirements
Decentralized Biomass Power Plantswith 5 MW Capacities on the Base of Biomass Chips
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Site Selection
Pilot Plant: Okahandja (Otjozondjupa Region)
-part of heavily bush encroached area
-small municipality with industrial cluster(e.g. food industries)
-direct access to national transport infrastructure
(good connectivity to local / international markets)-combination possibility of local strategies withregional/international strategies
GobabisOkahandja
Otjiwarongo
100 km
SwakopmundWalvis Bay
Aran dis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
OmuthiyaOndangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
GobabisOkahandja
Otjiwarongo
100 km100 km
SwakopmundWalvis Bay
Aran dis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
OmuthiyaOndangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/haLocations for Expansion Opportunities:
Otjiwarongo, Grootfontein, Tsumeb,Otavi, Gobabis
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Biomass to Energy Plant(STEAG plant BMK Lnen)
STEAG Group operates 11 decentralizedBiomass Power Stations in Germany:
Power Output: 1 - 20 MWel
District Heating Output: 0 - 18 MWth
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Resource Supply Situation
Power Output [MW]
Population [-]
Theoretical Power Demand [MW]
Biomass Demand (undried) [ t /a]
Bush Density [t/ha] 10 - 15 15 - 20
Average Bush Density [t/ha]
Harvesting Amount [%]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 7,000 - 14,000 5,000 - 10,000
Average Harvest Area [ha/a]
Total Harvest Area for10-Year-Harvest-Cycle
[ha]
Harvest Radius [km] 15.4 - 21.4 12.8 - 18.1
50 50
10,500 7,500
105,000 75,000
12.5 17.5
45,000 45,000
Okahandja Otjiwarongo
5 5
Location
28,000
5.4 6.7
22,500
Assumptions
-Operating Hours: 7,500 h/a-Electrical Efficiency: 25 %
-Water Content (before Drying): 40 %
-Calorif ic Value (before Drying): 12.5 MJ/kg
-Water Content (after Drying): 10 %
-Calorif ic Value (after Drying): 18 MJ/kg
-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %
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Parameter Unit Range No. Scenario 1 No. Scenario 2 No. Scenario 3 No. Scenario 4
Harvesting Amount [t/a] - - 30.000 - 30.000 - 30.000 - 30.000
Biomass Price [N$/t] 0 - 50 - 0 - 0 - 50 - 50
Availabil ity Factor [%] 50 - 100% - 100% - 50% - 100% - 50%
Excavator [N$] 1.500.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000
Mobile Chipper [N$] 2.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000
Tractor (with Gripper Arm) [N$] 1.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000
Trailer [N$] 500.000 4 2.000.000 6 3.000.000 4 2.000.000 6 3.000.000
Truck [N$] 1.000.000 4 4.000.000 6 6.000.000 4 4.000.000 6 6.000.000
Investment Costs [N$] - 24.000.000 27.000.000 24.000.000 27.000.000
Service Lifetime [a] 10 - 10 - 10 - 10 - 10
Maintenance Costs [N$] 2 % of Inv. / a - 480.000 - 540.000 - 480.000 - 540.000
Personnel Costs [N$/a] - 41 1.175.000 45 1.275.000 41 1.175.000 45 1.275.000
Fuel Costs [N$/a] - - 3.254.400 - 3.384.000 - 3.254.400 - 3.384.000
Biomass Supply Costs [N$/t] - - 275,0 - 298,0 - 325,0 - 348,0
Biomass Plant [N$] 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000
Skip Loader [N$] 1.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000
Maintenance Costs [N$/a] 3 % of Inv. / a - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000
Personnel Costs [N$/a] - 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000
LCOE [N$/kWh] - - 1,027 - 1,046 - 1,067 - 1,086
19
Economic Analysis
Rough estimated Levelized Costs of Electricity between 1.0 and 1.1 N$/kWhCompetitiveness of Biomass based Power Generation
Recommendation: Realization of a 5 MW Pilot Plant in Okahandja
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Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations
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Decentralized HybridPower Plants
Decentralized Hybrid Power Plants (combined Biomass Solar Plants)with 5 MW Capacities on the Base of Biomass Chips
-low levelized costs of electricity
-innovation
-sustainability
-diversification of supply
-utilization of high i rradiation conditions
-good adjustment to energy demand profiles
-biomass for base load power generation-solar for peak load power generation
Recommendation:
Feasibili ty Study in a Namibian Context
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Decentralized HybridPower Plants
Film?Hybrid Power Plant
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Concentrated Solar Power Plant(STEAG plant Arenales/Spain)
Solar Field
Capacity: 50 MW (170 GWh/a)
Total Area: 295 ha
Parabolic Trough: 156 loops (510,000 m2)
Thermal Molten Salt Storage
Capacity: 7 h full load operationduring nighttime
Commissioning
October / November 2013
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Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations
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Production of BiomassBased Fuels
Biomass Chips
Biomass Pellets
BiomassBriquettes/Logs
Torrefied Biomass/Biocoal Pellets
Pelletizing
BriquettingDrying
TorrefactionFine
GrindingPelletizing
Fine
Grinding
F
ine
Grinding
CoarseGrinding
Pelletizing
BriquettingDrying
TorrefactionFine
GrindingPelletizing
Fine
Grinding
F
ine
Grinding
CoarseGrinding
Raw Biomass(Invader Bush)
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Biomass Based Fuels- Chips -
Typical Material Properties
Calor ific Value: 9-12 MJ/kgMoisture Content: 30-45 wt.-%
Volatile Matter: 70-75 wt.-%
Ash Content: 0-2 wt.-%
Bulk Density: 150-250 kg/m3
Energy Density: 2-3 GJ/m3
Hydrophobic: No
Grindabili ty in Coal Mills: No
Production Costs: Low
Transportation Costs: High
Fields of Application
wide biomass power plants,industr ial furnaces
Potential Evaluation National Consumption
great potential low production costs,good combustion behavior
Potential Evaluation Export
no potential missing competitiveness
(low bulk/energy density,high transportation costs)
particle size:0 100 mm
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Biomass Based Fuels- White Pellets -
Typical Material Properties
Calor ific Value: 16-18 MJ/kgMoisture Content: 8-12 wt.-%
Volatile Matter: 70-75 wt.-%
Ash Content: 0-2 wt.-%
Bulk Density: 550-750 kg/m3
Energy Density: 7.5-11 GJ/m3
Hydrophobic: No
Grindabili ty in Coal Mills: No
Production Costs: High
Transportation Costs: Medium
Fields of Application
great coal-fired power plants, industr ialfurnaces, households
Potential Evaluation National Consumption
great potential high bulk/energy density,medium transportation costs
Potential Evaluation Export
great potential high biomass demand (industrial pellets
in Europe), high bulk/energy density,medium transportation costs
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Biomass Based Fuels- White Pellets -
[26] - IEA bioenergy - Global wood pellet industry market and trade study
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
20152014201320122011
Sweden
Denmark
UK
Belgium
NL
Woodpelletdemandmetrictonnes
Source: IEA Bioenergy
High Biomass Demand in Countr ies with Financial Support System for Co-firingin existing Coal-fired Power Plants (Increasing Demand in Future)
High Biomass Import Rates due to limited Biomass Resources in Europe
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Biomass Based Fuels- Black / Bio-Coal Pellets -
Typical Material Properties
Calorif ic Value: 20-25 MJ/kgMoisture Content : 1-5 wt.-%
Volatile Matter: 55-65 wt.-%
Ash Content: 0-2 wt .-%
Bulk Density: 800-850 kg/m3
Energy Density: 22-24 GJ/m3
Hydrophobic: Yes
Grindability in Coal Mills : Yes
Product ion Costs: Very High
Transportation Costs: Low
Source: Andritz
Fields of Application
great coal-fired power plants,industrial furnaces
Potential Evaluation National Consumption
great potential if bio-coal market will established(e.g. Van Eck PP / NamPower)
Potential Evaluation Export
great potential if bio-coal market will be established
(better material properties incomparison to white pellets)
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Biomass Based Fuels- Concept Development -
Biomass Based Fuel Production in Combinationwith Decentralized Biomass or Hybrid Power Plants
-utilization of synergy effects
- logistic / harvesting structures
- heat and power demand from
decentralized power plant- personal stuf f
- increase of product quality(separation of fine and coarse particles,combust ion in biomass power plant)
-pi lot plant capacity of 50,000-100,000 t/aat Okahandja (Otjozondjupa Region)
-potential markets:
- Windhoek (NamPower, Meatco, Namibia Breweries, )
- Erongo Region (Mining Sector, Gecko Vision Industr ial Park, )
- Europe (Coal-fired Power Plants in UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, )
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Economic Analysis
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Parameter Unit ChipsWhite
Pellets
Bio-Coal
Pellets
Harvesting Amount [t/a] 145,000 145,000 210,000
Biomass Price [N$/t] 0 - 50 0 - 50 0 - 50
Availability Factor [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100 50 - 100
Service Lifetime [a] 10 10 10
Harvesting Costs [N$/t] 287 - 375 287 - 375 287 - 375
Investment Costs per Plant [N$] - 96,000,000 300,000,000
Pellet Production Costs [N$/t] - 572 - 660 905 - 1,030
Transport Costs (< 250 km) [N$/t] 100 - 325 32 - 85 28 - 58
Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 356 - 444 640 - 724 973 - 1,098
Su pply Co st s p er Energy [N$/GJ ] 19.7 - 24.6 35.5 - 40.5 44.2 - 49.9
Transport Costs (< 600 km) [N$/t] 380 - 730 100 - 230 80 - 150
Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 757 - 845 710 - 794 1,023 - 1,148
Su pply Co st s p er Energy [N$/GJ ] 42.0 - 46.9 39.4 - 44.1 46.5 - 52.2
Transport Costs (ARA) [N$/t] 1,300 630 580
Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 2,057 - 2,145 1,340 - 1,424 1,583 - 1,708
Su pp ly Co st s per Energy [N$/GJ ] 114 - 119 74.4 - 79.1 71.2 - 77.6
Process
Harvesting
E
urope
ErongoRegion
Windhoek
Transpor tation Distancedefines the
Biomass based Product
with the lowestSupply Costs per Energy!
Lowest Supply Costs:
Windhoek Chips
Erongo Region White Pellets
Europe Black Pellets
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3333
Economic Analysis
Discussion:
Chips vs. Bio-coal as Fuel Supply for Van Eck
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Chips
Pellets
Torrefied
Biomass
Chips
Pellets
Torrefied
Biomass
Chips
Pellets
Torrefied
Biomass
Windhoek Erongo Region Europe
BiomassSupplyCost
[N$/GJ]
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Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations
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Summary / Recommendations
Recommendation Concept Decentralized Biomass Power Plants:
Realization of a 5 MW Pilot Plant in Okahandja
Recommendation Concept Decentralized (CSP / Biomass) Hybrid Power Plants:
Feasibili ty Study in a Namibian Context
Discussion Concept Production Biomass based Fuels:
Chips vs. Bio-coal as Fuel Supply for Van Eck
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C t P S l
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Current Power SupplySituation
National Power Generation (2012)
500 MW capacity 1,500 GWh/a generation
National Power Demand (2012)
550 MW demand 4,000 GWh/a demand
gap between power generation and power demand
Power Station Energy Source Power Capacity Commissioning Operation Mode
Ruacana(Kunene River)
Water249 MW (till 2012)
332 MW1972
(2012 upgraded)Base Load
Van Eck(Windhoek)
Coal120 MW
(4 x 30 MW)1972 Peak Load
Paratus
(Walvis Bay)Heavy Fuel Oil
24 MW
(4 x 6 MW)1976 Peak Load
Anixas(Walvis Bay)
Heavy Fuel Oil 22,5 MW 2011 Peak Load
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Plant Description and Typical Plant Site
Fuel Storage
-delivery via truck
-open/canopied fuel storage(capacity: appr. 500 t for 4-5 days)
-bunker system with push floors(capacity: appr. 100 t for 1 day)
-intermediate bunker at combustor(capacity: appr. 8 t for 1-2 hours)
Combustor
-grate furnace with primary/secondaryair staging system for combustion control
Boiler System-economizer, evaporator and super heater
(typical steam parameters: 60 bar; 430 C)
Flue Gas Cleaning System
-baghouse filter or E-filter, stack
Steam Turbine/Generator
Grate Type
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Grate TypeBiomass to Energy Plant
intermediate fuel bunker
fuel through put
travel gratefurnace
superheater
evaporator
economizer
primary / secondary air
wet ash extractorflue gas cleaning
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Harvesting Options
40
manual harvesting mechanical harvestingwith s kid-steer loader
mechanical harvestingwith excavator
mechanical harvestingwith vehicle type
kangaroo
-different harvesting methods are appl ied in Namibia
-every mechanical harvesting method has a capacityof appr. 100.000 tons per year and vehicle
slight advantages of mechanical harvesting with excavator
evaluationmatrix
Plant Description and
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Plant Description andTypical Plant Site
1 Boiler House2 Biomass Combustor3 Boiler
4 Cyclones5 Baghouse Filter or E-Filter6 ID Fan7 Stack8 Residue Silo9 Air-cooled Condenser
10 Open Biomass Fuel Storage11 Storage Boxes12 Push Floor (canopied)13 Fuel Oil Tanks14 Turbine Room
15 Control Room16 Water Treatment17 Pipe Rack18 Trafo Boxes19 Unit Transformer20 Pipe Rack21 Solar Field22 Absorber
Possible Size for Solar Field with Absorber
1 Boiler House2 Biomass Combustor3 Boiler
4 Cyclones5 Baghouse Filter or E-Filter6 ID Fan7 Stack8 Residue Silo9 Air-cooled Condenser
10 Open Biomass Fuel Storage11 Storage Boxes12 Push Floor (canopied)13 Fuel Oil Tanks14 Turbine Room
15 Control Room16 Water Treatment17 Pipe Rack18 Trafo Boxes19 Unit Transformer20 Pipe Rack21 Solar Field22 Absorber
Possible Size for Solar Field with Absorber
Single axistracking
Direct steam generation
Fixed receiver
Combination via joint Water-Steam-Cycle
with one Turbine / GeneratorBiomass Combustion Plant
Design and function corresponds todecentralized biomass pp concept
Solar Thermal Plant
Technology: Fresnel reflectors
Heat Transfer Medium: saturated steam(typical parameters: 55 bar / 270 C)
pre-heating / vaporizing of feed water forthe biomass combustion boi ler
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Resource Supply Situation
Power Output [MW]
Population [-]
Theoretical Power Demand [MW]
Biomass Demand (undried) [ t /a]
Bush Density [t/ha] 10 - 15 15 - 20
Average Bush Density [t/ha]
Harvesting Amount [%]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 7,000 - 14,000 5,000 - 10,000
Average Harvest Area [ha/a]
Total Harvest Area for10-Year-Harvest-Cycle
[ha]
Harvest Radius [km] 15.4 - 21.4 12.8 - 18.1
50 50
10,500 7,500
105,000 75,000
12.5 17.5
45,000 45,000
Okahandja Otjiwarongo
5 5
Location
28,000
5.4 6.7
22,500
Assumptions
-Operating Hours: 7,500 h/a-Electrical Efficiency: 25 %
-Water Content (before Drying): 40 %
-Calorif ic Value (before Drying): 12.5 MJ/kg
-Water Content (after Drying): 10 %
-Calorif ic Value (after Drying): 18 MJ/kg
-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %
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Economic Analysis
At the Moment no Economic Analysis possible due to limited Dataconcerning the Development of Plant Design
Important Parameters:
-solar share due to energy demand fluctuations during the whole day(daytime / nighttime demand)
-solar i rradiation conditions (DNI Index Direct Normal Irradiation)
(e.g. appr. 0.5 t/h saturated steam per 1,000 m2land areaat 800 W/m2corrected DNI)
-implementation point for saturated steam f rom solar field
(EBSILON calculation)
Recommendation:
Further Detail Study in due Consideration of Namibian Conditions
Biomass Based Fuels
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Fields of Application
limited households, small-scale industr ialapplications
Potential Evaluation National Consumption
low potential limited demand andexisting supply
Potential Evaluation Export
low potential limited demand andexisting supply
Biomass Based Fuels- Briquettes/Logs -
Typical Material Properties
Calor ific Value: 16-18 MJ/kgMoisture Content: 8-12 wt.-%
Volatile Matter: 70-75 wt.-%
Ash Content: 0-2 wt.-%
Bulk Density: 350-500 kg/m3
Energy Density: 5.2-7.4 GJ/m3Hydrophobic: No
Grindabili ty in Coal Mills: No
Production Costs: Medium
Transportation Costs: Medium
Briquette
Biomass Dust
Screw Feeder
Cooling Zone
Fly Wheel
Piston
Eccentric Tappet
Feed Duct
Shape Duct(Variable)
Pressed Biomass
Briquette
Biomass Dust
Screw Feeder
Cooling Zone
Fly Wheel
Piston
Eccentric Tappet
Feed Duct
Shape Duct(Variable)
Pressed Biomass
particle size:20 x 6 x 6 cm
Biomass Based Fuels
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Biomass Based Fuels- Briquettes/Logs -
Diameter mm
Length mm
Moisture Content %
Ash Content %
Net Calor if ic Value MJ/kg
Particle Density g/cm3
Add it ives wt%
S %
N %
Cl %
As mg/kg
Cd mg/kg
Cr mg/kg
Cu mg/kg
Pb mg/kg
Hg mg/kg
Zn mg/kg
Unit
0.03
0.04 - 0.11
15.5 15.9 - 18.2
0.3 0.51 - 0.65
0.05 - 0.07
PhysicalParameter
Parameter
Elementary
Composition
< 0.43
< 2.13
Traceelements
10.0
0.5
< 10.7
< 0.27
< 5.33
< 3.73
10.0
0.1
100
< 1.81
n.a.
n.a.
1.7 - 6.6
4.3 - 10.2
n.a.
n.a.
Invader Bush"ENplus"
Briquetts
variable
variablevariable
DIN EN 14961-3
100
0.1
10.0
10.0
"DINplus"
variable
Briquetts
1.0
1.0
0.02
0.7
12 15
1.5
15.3
1.0
0.03
0.5
< 2 % Biomass Only
0.02
1.0
0.5
10.0
10.0
Quality Standards existent, but not required for Marketing Opportunities in Europe
Biomass Based Fuels
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Biomass Based Fuels- White Pellets -
" DINplus" " ENplus A1" " ENplus A2" Class B
Pellets Pellets Pellets Pellets
Diameter mm 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 n.a.
Length mm 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 n.a.
Moisture Content % 10 10 10 10 4.3 - 10.2
Ash Content % 0.7 0.7 1.5 3.0 1,7 - 6,6
Bulk Density kg/m 600 600 600 600 n.a.
Net Calorific Value MJ/kg 16.5 - 19.0 16.5 - 19.0 16.3 - 19.0 16.0 - 19.0 15.9 - 18.2
Ash Melt ing Behavi or C 1,200 1,200 1,100 n.a. n.a.
Fines < 3,15mm 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 n.a.
Addit ives wt% n.a.
S % 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.05 - 0.07
N % 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.51 - 0.65
Cl % 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 - 0.11
As mg/kg 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 < 2.13
Cd mg/kg 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 < 0.43Cr mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 1.81
Cu mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 3.73
Pb mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 5.33
Hg mg/kg 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 < 0.27
Zn mg/kg 100 100 100 100 < 10.7
< 2 % Biomass Only
PhysicalParameter
TraceElements
Elementary
Composition
Invader Bush
DIN EN 14961-2
UnitParameter
Quality Standards in Europe existent, but only required for Marketing Opportunities
of h igh Quality Pellets (certif icated DINplus/ENplus Pellets)
Biomass Based Fuels
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Multiple Heat Furnace
Rotary Kiln Reactor
Torbed Reactor
Screw Conveyor ReactorMoving Bed ReactorOscillating Belt Reactor
Multiple Heat Furnace
Rotary Kiln Reactor
Torbed Reactor
Screw Conveyor ReactorMoving Bed ReactorOscillating Belt Reactor
Source: ECN
Biomass Based Fuels- Black / Bio-Coal Pellets -
Biomass Based Fuels
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Gas Loop linked toBurner (low O2)
Gas Loop withExchanger (no O2)
Torrefaction
Indirect heating Direct heating
- Stramproy Green (Netherlands)Oscillating Belt Reactor
- 4Energy Invest (Belgium)Oscillating Belt Reactor
- ECN (Netherlands)Moving Bed Reactor
- Rotawave (United Kingdom)(Micro Wave Reactor)
- Thermya/Areva (France)Moving Bed Reactor
- Topell Energy (Netherlands)Torbed Reactor
- ThyssenKrupp Polysius (Germany)Multiple Hearth Furnace
-Andr itz (Denmark)Multiple Hearth Furnace
-Andr itz (Austria)
Rotary Kiln Reactor- TorrCoal (Netherlands)
Rotary Kiln Reactor
- Fox Coal (Netherlands)Screw Conveyor Reactor
- BioLake (Netherlands)
Screw Conveyor Reactor
Gas Loop linked toBurner (low O2)
Gas Loop withExchanger (no O2)
Torrefaction
Indirect heating Direct heating
- Stramproy Green (Netherlands)Oscillating Belt Reactor
- 4Energy Invest (Belgium)Oscillating Belt Reactor
- ECN (Netherlands)Moving Bed Reactor
- Rotawave (United Kingdom)(Micro Wave Reactor)
- Thermya/Areva (France)Moving Bed Reactor
- Topell Energy (Netherlands)Torbed Reactor
- ThyssenKrupp Polysius (Germany)Multiple Hearth Furnace
-Andr itz (Denmark)Multiple Hearth Furnace
-Andr itz (Austria)
Rotary Kiln Reactor- TorrCoal (Netherlands)
Rotary Kiln Reactor
- Fox Coal (Netherlands)Screw Conveyor Reactor
- BioLake (Netherlands)
Screw Conveyor Reactor
Biomass Based Fuels- Black / Bio-Coal Pellets -
Biomass Based Fuels
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[N$/t] - - 400 - 650
[N$/GJ] - - 31 - 50
[N$/t] 1,000 - 1,500 1,500 - 2,600 2,000 - 3,000
[N$/GJ] 56 - 83 83 - 144 111 - 167
[N$/t] - - 3,000 - 3,250
[N$/GJ] - - 167 - 181
[N$/t] - 2,000 - 2,500 1,650 - 1,850
[N$/GJ] - 111 - 139 89 - 103
[N$/t] - - 1,950 - 2,350
[N$/GJ] - - 89 - 103
Namibia South Africa Europa
Chips*
Briquetts**
DinPlus
Industrial
White Pellets**
Black Pellets***
* calorific Value: 12 - 13 MJ/kg
** calorific value: 17 - 18 MJ/kg
*** calorific value: 22 - 25 MJ/kg
Biomass Based Fuels- Price Comparison -
Plant Description
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Plant Description- White / Black Pellets -
TorrefactionReactor
Air or WaterCooling System
Hot Steam/Hot Water
PelletizationScrew Feeder
Air Cool ingSystem
Dosage,Pressing
Add it ives
ConveyorBelt
TransportSystem
HammerMill
Heat Exchange(Indirect Supply)
Conditioning
Loading or Storage Silo
Storage withChipped Raw
Material
Only forTorrefaction
TorrefactionReactor
Air or WaterCooling System
Hot Steam/Hot Water
PelletizationScrew Feeder
Air Cool ingSystem
Dosage,Pressing
Add it ives
ConveyorBelt
TransportSystem
HammerMill
Heat Exchange(Indirect Supply)
Conditioning
Loading or Storage Silo
Storage withChipped Raw
Material
Only forTorrefaction
Resource Supply Situation
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Gobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthiya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Addi tionalDemand forBiomass PelletProduction
MaxBiomassDemand forDecentralizedPower Plant
Max
OkahandjaGobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthiya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Addi tionalDemand forBiomass PelletProduction
MaxBiomassDemand forDecentralizedPower Plant
Max
Okahandja
Power Output [MW]
Pellet Output [t/a]
Biomass Demand (undried) [ t /a]
Bush Density [t/ha] 10 - 15 15 - 20
Average Bush Density [t/ha]
Harvesting Amount [%]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 23,000 - 46,000 17,000 - 34,000
Average Harvest Area [ha/a]
Total Harvest Area for10-Year-Harvest-Cycle
[ha]
Harvest Radius [km] 27.2 - 38.4 23.0 - 32.5
350,000 255,000
12.5
35,000
145,000
17.5
25,500
50 50
Location Okahandja Otjiwarongo
5
100,000
5
100,000
145,000
Assumptions
-Operating Hours: 7,500 h/a-Electrical Efficiency: 25 %
-Water Content (before Drying): 40 %
-Calorif ic Value (before Drying): 12.5 MJ/kg
-Water Content (after Drying): 10 %
-Calorif ic Value (after Drying): 18 MJ/kg
-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a
-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %
Resource Supply Situation- White Pellets -
Resource Supply Situation
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Gobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthiya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Addi tionalDemand forBio-coal PelletProduction
MaxBiomassDemand forDecentralizedPower Plant
Max
Okahandja Gobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthiya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Addi tionalDemand forBio-coal PelletProduction
MaxBiomassDemand forDecentralizedPower Plant
Max
Okahandja
Power Output [MW]
Torrefied Pellet Output [t/a]
Biomass Demand (undried) [ t /a]
Bush Density [t/ha] 10 - 15 15 - 20
Average Bush Density [t/ha]
Harvesting Amount [%]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 34,000 - 68,000 24,000 - 48,000
Average Harvest Area [ha/a]
Total Harvest Area for10-Year-Harvest-Cycle
[ha]
Harvest Radius [km] 32.7 - 46.3 27.6 - 39.1
50 50
Otjiwarongo
5
Location Okahandja
5
100,000 100,000
210,000
12.5
210,000
17.5
51,000
510,000 360,000
36,000
Assumptions
-Operating Hours: 7,500 h/a
-Electrical Efficiency: 25 %
-Water Content (before Drying): 40 %
-Calorif ic Value (before Drying): 12.5 MJ/kg
-Water Content (after Drying): 10 %
-Calorif ic Value (after Drying): 18 MJ/kg
-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a
-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %
Resource Supply Situation- Black Pellets -
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[N$/t] 400 - 650 1,650 - 1,850 1,950 - 2,350
[N$/GJ] 31 - 50 89 - 103 89 - 103
[N$/t] 2,057 - 2,145 1,340 - 1,424 1,583 - 1,708
[N$/GJ] 114 - 119 74.4 - 79.1 71.2 - 77.6
* calorific Value: 12 - 13 MJ/kg
** calorific value: 17 - 18 MJ/kg
*** calorific value: 22 - 25 MJ/kg
Chips* White Pellets** Black Pellets***
Current Market Prices (ARA)
Biomass Supply Costs (ARA)
Economic Analysis
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Supply Chain Costs
Supply Chain cost crit ical for the viability of biomass uti lisation projects due tits impact on generation costs
< 30 % for local destinations
50 % for international destinations
Pref. on local consumption model vs. export
Namibia transport
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Namibia transportinfrastructure
(1) Defined linear network with N-S and W-E extension
(2) Large distances between population/economic hubs
(3) Defined transport /trade patterns and corresponding trade flows
These patterns
Favour harvesting areas along these transport network lines
Dis-favour areas that are de-linked from these networks (prohibit ive
additional costs) for equipment mobilisation and transportation)
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Supply Chain Steps
Three Supply Chain Steps Local level: from Farm (harvesting) to Site (processing) Regional level: f rom Site (supply) to local/regional Markets (demand) International level: from Site supply) to International Port Destination (demand)
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(1) Local level: farm to site
Core parameters
Transport costs
Specialised equipment: to cater for low bulk density product
Distance: Harvesting radius of current biomass utilisation programs
vary between 25 75 km (supported by recent Nampower study)
20 N$ per running km
Additional costs
Storage. Handling and packing
+/- 60 N$
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(2) Regional level: plant to site
Core parameters Distance between Processing site and Market (12.5 N$ p. running km)
Alignment of biomass transport with existing trade patterns
One way versus return rates for on-/off areas (+ 100% transport costs)
Varying modal ton/km transport rates (differ by a factor of 2.5)
Absolute variation between 0.2 N$ and 1 N$ per t/km (factor 5)
Destination Distance [km] Rail [N$/t] Road [N$/t]
Walvis Bay 353 141 138Windhoek 70 77 28
Tsumeb 530 213 208
Oshakati 810 388 319Keetmanshoop 580 230 228Johannesburg 1500 n.a. 303
(3 International level: plant to
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(3 International level: plant toint. port destinations
Include inland transport, port charges, ocean freight Break bulk transport preferable due to available transport
infrastructure and (sea freight) services
Impact of economy of scales
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Conclusions
Supply chain costs impact on viability of biomass util ization projects, due to
its relative share of generation costs
More specifically: transport economics are a critical component for
locational options
Decision on biomass processing projects need to analyse the underlying
transport economics on a case by case mode
Recommended