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Retrospective on California’s Air Quality Program
February 21, 2002
Air Resources BoardCalifornia Environmental Protection Agency
Twenty Years Ago...
• Unhealthy levels of lead, NO2, SO2,carbon monoxide, ozone, particulatematter, and toxics
• In the South Coast:– Over 100 Stage 1 alerts– 49 pphm peak ozone level
Today...
Lead: AttainNO2: AttainSO2: AttainCO: All but 2 counties attainOzone: No Stage 1 alerts
South Coast peak cut over 50%PM10: Annual levels reduced 20+%Toxics: Nearly 50% risk reduction
Peak Ozone Levels in California
Sacramento Valley
South Coast
San Joaquin Valley
San Francisco Bay Area
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Peak
1-H
our O
zone
Lev
el (p
pm)
State 1-Hour Ozone Standard (0.09 ppm)
Annual Average PM10 Levelsin California
0
20
40
60
80
100
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Max
imum
Ann
ual G
eom
etric
Mea
n PM
10 L
evel
(ug/
m3)
State Standard (30ug/m3)
Sacramento Valley
San Joaquin Valley
South Coast
San Francisco Bay Area
Estimated Statewide DieselParticulate Matter Levels
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
1990 1995 2000
Estim
ated
Ann
ual A
vera
geD
iese
l PM
Lev
el (u
g/m
3)
75 % Risk Reduction Goal = 0.45 ug/m3
Statewide Benzene Levels
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Annu
al A
vera
ge B
enze
ne L
evel
(ppb
)
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Rel
ativ
e C
hang
e
Vehicle Miles Traveled
Population
More People,Even More Miles Traveled
How is clean air progress achieved?
• ARB programs• Complementary federal actions• Local air district programs• Transportation plans and other
local actions
ARB’s Role in Reducing Vehicle Emissions
Key Motor Vehicle RegulationsARB Adoption
Diesel Trucks
1990
On-Board Diagnostics II
Roadside Truck Inspections
Low Emission Vehicle I + Phase I Gasoline
Phase II GasolineGasoline Trucks
Diesel TrucksLow Emission Vehicle II
On-Road MotorcyclesUrban Transit Buses
Diesel Trucks
1995 2000
Statewide Motor Vehicle EmissionsOzone Precursors
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
7500
9000
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Tons
per
day
RO
G +
NO
x
Without ARB Program
With ARB Program
Evolution of ARB Auto ControlsImplementation: 1963 - 1993
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
g/m
ile H
C +
NO
x
Positive Crankcase VentilationExhaust Standards
EGR
Oxidation Catalyst
Three Way CatalystOn-Board Computer
Advanced ComputerFuel Injection
02 Sensor
Phase 1 Gas
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
g/m
ile H
C +
NO
xEvolution of ARB Auto Controls
Implementation: 1994 - 2010
Low Emission Vehicle I
Phase 2 Gasoline
Low Emission Vehicle II
Heavy-Duty TruckEngine Standards
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pre-1988 1988 1991 1994 1998 2002 2007
Exha
ust g
/ bh
p-hr
Model Year
NOx
PM (x10)
Cleaner Lawn and GardenEquipment
1990 2000 2010
100%
33%
10%
67%
18%
100%
100%
Cleaner Watercraft
1990 2000 2010
11%
88%
100%91%
12%
Reducing Life Cycle EmissionsGasoline
2000 - 2010A Decade of Cleaner Engines
CarsTrucks Motorcycles
Watercraft
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Forklifts
Community Health
Key ARB Actions to Reduce ToxicsFacilities and Products
Platers
Medical waste incinerators
Dry cleanersMetal melting Gas cans
Cooling towers
1990 2000
Asbestos/roadsDiesel Risk Reduction Plan
Automotive products
Asbestos/roadsSterilizers and aerators
Gas stations
Asbestos/miningAuto coatings
Key ARB Actions to Reduce ToxicsMobile Sources
Diesel trucks
1990
Roadside truck inspections
Low Emission Vehicle I + Phase I gasoline
Phase II gasoline Diesel trucksLow Emission Vehicle II
Marine pleasurecraftUrban transit buses
Diesel trucks2000
Lawn and garden equipment
Diesel RiskReduction Plan
1990Air Toxics Cancer Risk/Million
CurrentAir Toxics Cancer Risk/Million
2010Air Toxics Cancer Risk/Million
(with diesel risk reduction 75% from 2000)
ConsumerProducts
Key ARB Actions to ReduceEmissions from Consumer Products
1990 2000
Mid-term measures II
Architectural coatingsAntiperspirants and deodorants
Consumer products tier IConsumer products tier II
Aerosol coatingsMid-term measures
Architectural coatings
Offsetting Growth inConsumer Product Use
200
250
300
350
400
450
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Tons
per
day
RO
G
Without ARB Program
With ARB Program
The Challenge…Over 90% of Californians Breathe Unhealthy Air at Times
Days Over StateOzone Standard
Days Over StatePM10 Standard
0-5 Days >100 Days6-50 Days 50-100 Days
Based on 2000Monitoring Data
Need for Further ARB Programs
• To meet air quality standards• To reduce risk from air toxics• To address community health and
environmental justice
Air Pollution Health Effects
• Air pollution in California contributesannually to as many as:– 17,000 premature deaths– 55,000 hospital admissions– 1,300,000 asthma attacks– 3,300,000 lost work days
• We are all part of a ‘vulnerablepopulation’ at some point in our lives
ARB Health Studies
• Lung growth and asthma in children– Children’s Health Study (Southern CA)
• Asthma progression in children– Fresno Asthmatic Children’s Environment
Study• Cardiovascular system in the elderly
– Cardiovascular Health Study (Sacramento)• Diesel particle effects
– Freeway Emission Study (Los Angeles)
Strategies for a Healthy Future
ARB’s Clean Air Plan: 2002 - 2020
One Atmosphere
Ozone(ROG + NOx)
Haze
Particles (PM10/PM2.5)(NOx, SOx, ROG, ammonia)
Toxics- Diesel particles- Benzene- Chromium- Asbestos
Greenhouse Gases
- CO2, methane
Near Term Needs andLong Term Vision
• Define new strategies to meetattainment deadlines
• Reduce air toxics risk as quickly aspossible
• Promote technologiesof the future
Clean Air Plan Strategies
• Requirements for cleaner vehicles,equipment, fuels, and products
• Continued federal action• Tighter controls on air toxics• Recommended local strategies• Opportunities to increase efficiency
TrapControls/RetrofitsControls/Retrofits
ReformulationReformulation
Countdown to Zero
Zero Emission FutureZero Emission Future
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