View
212
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Preliminary Assessment of Selected Botanicals in the Controlof Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Indranil Roy • Gautam Aditya • Goutam K. Saha
Received: 5 November 2010 / Revised: 7 July 2011 / Accepted: 24 October 2011 / Published online: 10 November 2011
� Zoological Society, Kolkata, India 2011
Abstract The mites Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre,
1933 (Acari: Tetranychidae) are pest of different medicinal
plants. In view of biological regulation of this mite, an
evaluation of certain botanicals in regulation of the mite
population was made under laboratory conditions. In the
present study recorded 72 h after the exposure of T. neo-
caledonicus on the leaf of Withania somnifera to the 3%
aqueous dose of plant extracts, 61.1% mortality was seen
against Eupatorium triplinerve, 75% mortality was recor-
ded against Cassia alata and 82.2% was found against
Ocimum tenuiflorum. On the other hand, 3% methanolic
dose of E. triplinerve and O. tenuiflorum extracts were
responsible for 74.4 and 93.3% mortality of mites,
respectively, whereas highest mortality (97%) was recor-
ded by 3 per cent methanolic dose of C. alata.
Keywords Biopesticide � Mites � Pest � Tetranychus
neocaledonicus
Introduction
The extracts of different angiosperm plants have been
screened for arthropod vector and pest control worldwide
(Arnason et al. 1989; Sarmah et al. 1999; Macchioni et al.
2004; Rahman et al. 2005; Jbilou et al. 2006; Sarmah et al.
2009). Apart from the origin of the resistant strains of
insect and mite pests, use of plant extracts are beneficial
considering the environmental ill effects and cost of the
pesticides, many of them are known to affect crop, orna-
mental and medicinal plants (Sadana 1985; Chhillar et al.
2007). Many of these species are vulnerable to the extracts
of neem (Sundaram et al. 1995; Ismail et al. 2007; Venzon
et al. 2008), Acorus calamus (L.), Xanthium strumarium
(L.), Polygonum hydropiper (L.) and Clerodendron infor-
tunatum (Gaertn) (Sarmah et al. 2009) signifying that plant
extracts can be a viable alternative in regulation of popu-
lation of mite pest in varied conditions.
The spider mite Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre
(Acari: Tetranychidae) is a common phytophagous mite
associated with varieties of crop (Ehara and Yamaguchi
2001), medicinal and ornamental plants (Chhillar et al.
2007; Gupta 2005). It is widely distributed and in certain
instances causes heavy damage to crops (Chhillar et al.
2007). The colonies of T. neocaledonicus are formed on
the underside of the leaf, protected by a screen of silk
threads secreted by the females (Sadana 1985; Chhillar
et al. 2007). All stages (larvae, nymphs and adults) feed
on plant sap causing foliar damage. Feeding leads to the
disappearance of chloroplasts making tiny white spots on
the upper surface of the leaf. To combat the damage by
T. neocaledonicus on economically important plants,
chemical control may provide faster results with a pos-
sibility of backlash in terms of environmental degrada-
tion. Therefore, using fungi and plant products can be an
I. Roy � G. Aditya � G. K. Saha (&)
Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge
Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
e-mail: gkszoo@gmail.com; gkszoo@rediffmail.com
I. Roy
e-mail: indranilzoology@gmail.com
G. Aditya
e-mail: gautamaditya2001@gmail.com
G. Aditya
Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Golapbag,
Burdwan 713104, India
123
Proc Zool Soc (July-Dec 2011) 64(2):124–127
DOI 10.1007/s12595-011-0012-1
TH
EZ
O
OLOGICAL SOC
IET
YKO LK ATA
alternative in management of mite population. In the
present study a preliminary assessment of extracts of three
indigenous plant species has been evaluated in regulation
of mite population. The results are expected to highlight
the importance of these plants as a source of biopesticides
in regulating pest mites.
Materials and Methods
Leaf extracts were prepared from three widely used
medicinal plants viz. Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl.
(Family: Asteraceae) (common name: Ayapan), Cassia
alata Linn. (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) (common name:
Dadmari) and Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. (Family: Lamia-
ceae) (common name: Krishnatulsi). An entomopathogenic
fungus viz. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (1.15% WP)
[T. Stanes & Company Ltd., Coimbatore, India] and Neem
oil (Azadirachtin 0.03% EC) [T. Stanes & Company Ltd.,
Coimbatore, India] were also included to evaluate their
efficacy towards mortality of T. neocaledonicus Andre
under laboratory condition.
Preparation of Plant Extracts
Both methanolic and aqueous plant extract were prepared
following Macchioni et al. (2004). Leaves of three plants
were collected from Medicinal Plant Garden of Institute of
Agriculture and The Experimental Garden, Department of
Botany, University of Calcutta, Ballygunge, Kolkata.
Leaves of the plants were washed in tap and distilled water
followed by shade-dry for 2 weeks. The crispy leaves were
crushed in electric grinder. The crushed leaves were suc-
cessively extracted with methanol and water separately by
using Soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. The dried extract was
weighed and measured amount was dissolved in requisite
quantity of methanol and water for desired concentration.
In the present experiment 1, 2, 3 g crude extract was dis-
solved separately in 100 ml methanol and water for getting
1, 2 and 3% concentration.
Experimental Methods
The fresh leaves of Withania somnifera were dipped in the
plant extracts and the solution of biopesticides for 15 min
(Helle and Overmeer 1985) after which it was allowed to
dry for 20 min. Then the leaves were kept on a wet cotton
pad in a Petri dish (10 cm diameter and 1.5 cm in height).
The Petri dishes were placed under a cover of glass-wood
frame of appropriate size to prevent disturbance due to air
circulation in the laboratory at room temperature
(25–28�C) and[80% relative humidity. In case of controls,
the leaves were dipped in methanol and distilled water
respectively and allowed to dry and placed in Petri dish
in similar manner. Ten laboratory-reared adult female
T. neocaledonicus were released to each Petri dish. Nine
replicates were used per dose per plant extract. Three doses
for both aqueous and methanolic crude plant extracts
ranging between 1 and 3% (v/v) were put in use with
reference to the standard fungal and neem oil biopesticides
and the controls with equal number of replicates as treat-
ment. Individual Petri dish was examined under a stereo
binocular after 24, 48 and 72 h for counting the mortality.
The experiment was conducted twice and the data on
mortality, recorded at different intervals, were subjected to
ANOVA (Zar 1999) to infer about the differences among
the treatments.
Results
Both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of three plants
E. triplinerve, C. alata and O. tenuiflorum were found to
affect the survival rate of the mite, T. neocaledonicus on
leaf of W. somnifera, depending on the dose and the
period of exposure. The relative proportion of mortality
was found higher in methanolic extracts as compared to
aqueous extracts. The commercially formulated fungal
and neem oil resulted in higher mortality than the plant
extract but difference appeared insignificant. Aqueous and
methanolic extracts of the plants were found to be
effective only at a higher dose than those of commercial
ones after 72 h (Fig. 1). Exposure of T. neocaledonicus
on the leaf of W. somnifera to 3% aqueous dose of plant
extracts, 61.1% mortality was seen against E. triplinerve,
75% percent mortality was recorded against C. alata,
whereas 82.2% mortality was found against O. tenuiflo-
rum after the same period. On the contrary, 74.4 and
93.3% mortality of mites were observed with the use of
3% methanolic dose of E. triplinerve and O. tenuiflorum
extracts, highest mortality being 97% was recorded by 3%
methanolic dose of C. alata. No mortality was recorded in
the control set-ups. The results of ANOVA (Table 1)
indicate that the effectiveness of the methanolic extracts
differed significantly with the aqueous extracts. The
effectiveness of the extracts varied with the plant species
also, with C. alata exhibiting best results followed by
O. tenuiflorum and E. triplinerve. The result of the present
study shows that the plants C. alata, O. tenuiflorum and
E. triplinerve have the potential in regulation of phy-
tophagous mite species.
Proc Zool Soc (July-Dec 2011) 64(2):124–127 125
123
Discussion
Plant extract have been in use as miticides with varied
amount of success, since long. Studies on synthetic pesti-
cides revealed better results with higher mite mortality as
evident from application of dicofol, malathion and carbaryl
(0.1%) causing 100% mortality of mites within 24 h
(Krishnamoorthy 1983; Jagadish and ChannaBasavanna
1989). However, to avoid the toxic effect in environment,
botanical insecticides are being emphasized and presently
botanicals constitute 1% of the world market of insecti-
cides (Gentry 1993; Wink 1993). Extracts of Azadirachta
indica, Clerdendron inerme, Datura repens, Eucalyptus
globulus, Leucas aspera and Vitex negundo were used to
control of mite pest Tetranychus urticae and extracts of
C. inerme recorded 3.75% mortality while extracts of
E. globules recorded 13.75 and 6.25% mortality (Yathiraj
and Jagadish 1999). In the present study, mortality of
T. neocaledonicus recorded in 3% aqueous dose of plant
extracts were, 61.1% against E. triplinerve, 75% against
C. alata and 82.2% was found against O. tenuiflorum after
exposure for 72 h. On the other hand, 3% methanolic dose
of E. triplinerve and O. tenuiflorum extracts were respon-
sible for 74.4 and 93.3% mortality of mites whereas highest
mortality of 97% was recorded in 3% methanolic dose of
C. alata.
Aqueous plant extracts of Acorus calamus, Xanthium
strumarium, Polygonum hydropiper and Clerodendron in-
fortunatum lead to more than 50% mortality of red spider
mite at higher concentration (5 and 10%) under laboratory
conditions (Sarmah et al. 2009). Macchioni et al. (2004)
showed highly significant acaricidal activity of aqueous
extracts of Matricaria chamomilla against the mite
Fig. 1 Results of number of mite species killed after application of
aqueous (a) or methanolic (b) extracts of Eupatorium triplinerve(Ayapan), Cassia alata (Dadmari) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (Krish-
natulsi) in reference to the commercial available neem oil and Fungi
at the end of 72 h period. D1, D2, D3 corresponds to 1, 2 and 3%
concentration of plant extracts
Table 1 Results of ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test for comparison
of the effectiveness of the plant extracts on mortality of mite species
T. neocaledonicus
A. Between plants and solvent type used
Source Sum of squares df Mean squares F-value
Plants 13.339 2 6.670 19.96
Solvent 8.985 1 8.985 26.89
Plants 9 solvent 10.213 2 5.107 15.29
Error 106.569 318 0.334
Total 139.106 323
Post hoc Tukey test for plant species
Contrast Standardized
difference
Critical
value
Pr [ Diff
Dadmari vs. Ayapan 8.330 2.344 0.0001
Dadmari vs. Krishnatulsi 2.844 2.344 0.012
Krishnatulsi vs. Ayapan 3.043 2.344 0.007
Methanolic vs. aqueous 5.193 1.967 0.0001
B. Between plants and dose
Source Sum of squares df Mean squares F-value
Plants 13.271 2 6.636 33.395
Dose 51.966 2 25.983 130.762
Dose 9 plant 10.952 4 2.738 13.779
Error 63.188 315 0.199
Total 139.377 323
C. Between dose and solvent
Source Sum of squares df Mean squares F-value
Dose 52.139 2 26.070 117.698
Solvent 8.989 1 8.989 40.583
Dose 9 solvent 7.138 2 3.569 16.112
Error 70.436 318 0.221
Total 138.702 323
All F-values are significant at P \ 0.05 level
126 Proc Zool Soc (July-Dec 2011) 64(2):124–127
123
Psoroptes cuniculi. In accordance with these findings, the
present study reveals that the methanolic and aqueous
extracts of the plants O. tenuiflorum and C. alata are
effective in regulating the population of the mites. The
results of this study appear to be promising in consideration
of the extent of regulation due to extracts of these plants as
equivalent to the commercially available biopesticides.
However, long-term studies under field conditions are
required to substantiate the potentiality of the extracts of
O. tenuiflorum and C. alata. Besides the formulations of
the plant extracts need to be evaluated since the extracts
of these plants possess antimicrobial activities (Khan et al.
2001; Rahman and Junaid 2008).
Acknowledgments The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for
the critical comments on the earlier draft of this article. The authors
are grateful to the respective Heads, Department of Zoology,
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, and The University of Burdwan,
Burdwan, India, for the facilities provided, including DST-FIST. The
authors gratefully acknowledge the help rendered by Assistant
Secretary, Ramakrishna Mission Ashram, Narendrapur, West Bengal,
India, for allowing the fieldwork in their medicinal plant garden. The
financial assistance from Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India, through the Research Project (Sanction
No. 14/26/2004–ERS/RE) is thankfully acknowledged. We thank
Dr. S. K. Gupta, Senior Acarologist, for identification and valuable
suggestion during preparation of the manuscript.
References
Arnason, J.T., B.J.R. Philogene, and P. Morand. 1989. Insecticides ofplant origin. 224. ACS Symposium Series 387. Washington, DC:
American Chemical Society.
Chhillar, B.S., R. Gulati, and P. Bhatnagar. 2007. Agriculturalacarology, 355. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
Ehara, S., and T. Yamaguchi. 2001. Discovery of Tetranychusneocaledonicus Andre (Acari, Tetranychidae) from Amami-
Oshima Island, Japan. Plant Protection (Tokyo) 55: 268–272.
(in Japanese).
Gentry, A. H. 1993. Tropical forests diversity and the potential for
new medicinal plants. In Human medicinal agents from plants,
eds. A.D. Kinghorn, and M. F. Balandrin, 13–24. ACS Sympo-
sium Series 534, Washington DC: American Chemical Society.
Gupta, S.K. 2005. Insects and mites infesting medicinal plants inIndia, 214. Narendrapur: Kolkata: Ramakrishna Mission
Ashrama.
Helle, W., and W.P.J. Overmeer. 1985. Rearing techniques. In Spidermites. Their biology, natural enemies and control. world croppest, vol. 1A, eds. W. Helle, and M.W. Sabelis, 331–335.
Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Ismail, M.S.M., M.F.M. Soliman, M.H. El Naggar, and
M.M. Ghallab. 2007. Acaricidal activity of spinosad and
abamectin against two-spotted spider mites. Experimental andApplied Acarology 43: 129–135.
Jagadish, P.S., and G.P. ChannaBasavanna. 1989. Toxicity of pesti-
cides on Amblyseius tetranychivorous (Acari: Phytoseiidae) an
effective predator of Tetranychus ludeni (Acari:Tetranychidae).
In Progress in Acarology, vol. 2, eds. G.P. ChannaBasavanna,
and C.A. Viraktamath, 449–452. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH
Publishing.
Jbilou, R., A. Ennabili, and F. Sayah. 2006. Insecticidal activity of four
medicinal plant extracts against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). African Journal of Biotechnology 5:
936–940.
Khan, M.R., M. Kihara, and A.D. Omoloso. 2001. Antimicrobial
activity of Cassia alata. Fitoterapia 72: 561–564.
Krishnamoorthy, A. 1983. Effect of some pesticides on the predatory
mite Amblyseius tetranychivorus (Gupta) (Acarina: Phytoseii-
dae). Entomon 8: 229–234.
Macchioni, F., S. Perrucci, F. Cecchi, P.L. Cioni, I. Morelli, and S.
Pampiglione. 2004. Acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of
chamomile flowers, Matricaria chamomillai, against the mite
Psoroptes cuniculi. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18:
205–207.
Rahman, M.S., and M. Junaid. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of leaf
extracts of Eupatorium triplinerve Vehl. against some human
pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. BangladeshJournal of Botany 37(1): 89–92.
Rahman, A., M. Sarmah, A.K. Phukan, M. Borthakur, and G.
Gurusubramanian. 2005. A plant having insecticidal property forthe management of tea pests. In Proceedings of 2005 interna-tional symposium on innovation in tea science and sustainabledevelopment in tea industry, 11–15 November, 2005, 731–748.
Hangzhou: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science.
Sadana, G.L. 1985. Plant feeding mites of India, 99. New Delhi:
Kalyani Publishers.
Sarmah, M., A. Basit, and L.K. Hazarika. 1999. Effect of Polygonumhydropiper L. and Lantana camara L. on tea red spider mite.
Oligonychus coffeae. Two and a Bud 46: 20–22.
Sarmah, M., A. Rahman, A.K. Phukan, and G. Gurusubramanian.
2009. Effect of aqueous plant extracts on tea red spider mite,
Oligonychus coffeae, Neitner (Tetranychidae: Acarina) and
Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant. African Journal of Biotechnology8: 417–423.
Sundaram, K.M.S., R. Campbell, L. Sloane, and J. Studens. 1995.
Uptake, translocation persistence and fate of azadirachtin in
aspen plants (Populustremuloides Michx.) and its effect on
pestiferous two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch).
Crop Protection 14: 415–421.
Venzon, M., M.C. Rosado, A.J. Molina-Rugama, V.S. Duarte, R.
Dias, and A. Pallini. 2008. Acaricidal efficacy of neem against
Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae).
Crop Protection 27: 869–872.
Wink, M. 1993 Production and application of phytochemicals from an
agricultural perspective. In Phytochemistry and agriculture,
proceedings of phytochemical society of Europe Vol. 34 eds.
T.A. Van Beek, and H. Breteler, 171–213. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Yathiraj, B.R., and P.S. Jagadish. 1999. Plant extracts—future
promising tools in the integrated management of spider mite,
Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Acarol-ogy 15: 40–43.
Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis, 4th ed, 663. New Delhi:
Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd. (Indian Branch).
Proc Zool Soc (July-Dec 2011) 64(2):124–127 127
123
Recommended